Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
1. What are the floors of the building supported by?
2. What does the core bear on?
3. How does the loading in the umbrella structure differ (отличаться) from that in the conventional column construction?
4. What was the sequence of operations in the construction of the top umbrella?
5. Why are the floors built up to 44mm high at the perimeter?
6. How is the building clad?
Фонетическое задание
Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.
['xdItIv]; ['sWkjVlq]; [kqn'venSqnql]; [paIl]; [prq'sJGq]; [reIz]; [rI'djHs]; [traI'xNgjVlq]
Лексические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания.
additive (adj.), concrete raft, floor load, hanging bar, mat foundation, preassembled floor, reflective glass, reinforced concrete core, umbrella structure, vertical prestress.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:
учитывать; так же, как и; по сравнению с; общепринятая схема; деформация; удваивать; закреплять в положении; опалубка; подвешивать; вместо; домкрат; нижняя половина; устанавливать; процесс; сравнительно; укорочение; пространство; стальная свая; всё же; подвесной; треугольная ферма; вверх.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:
Steel Piles
Steel pipes and H-sections are widely used for piles, especially where great length or load capacity (1)… or where driving is difficult and requires excessive driving force. (2)… the piles are expensive their higher load capacity, and the relative ease of cutting or splicing (наращивание) them may be (3)… advantages for their use. As with timber piles of great length, their relative flexibility (4)… the problems of assuring straightness during driving.
Rusting above the ground water level can be a problem. One solution is (5)… a concrete jacket (оболочка) around the steel pile down to a point (6)… the water level.
When placed in groups, piles are driven as close to (7)… as possible. The spacing allowable is related to the pile size and the driving technique. Ordinary (8)… is 2 ft 6in. for small timber piles and 3 ft for most other piles of the size range used in building foundations. Pile layouts typically follow conventional patterns, based on the (9)… of piles in the group.
Pile caps function like column footings, and will generally be of a size close to (10)… of a column footing for the same total load with a relatively high soil pressure.
Грамматические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания.
давление грунтовых вод, ленточный фундамент, уровень третьего этажа, балка перекрытия, стена центрального ствола здания, система бетонных балок, периметр здания, толщина плиты, навесная стена, сооружение стоимостью 30 миллионов долларов, плитный фундамент, здание малой этажности, несущая способность, шов бетонирования.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол would.
1. At this scale many effects which would not be significant in a smaller span structure must be considered.
2. Engineers supposed that this building would be an interesting alternative to a series of trusses across the shorter dimension on plan.
3. Higher prestressing forces would have increased the size of the beam.
4. The simple cast-in-place slab floor system is used where there are irregular floor designs that would make it difficult to form similar precast units.
5. If it were decided to use a square footing, it would need to be larger, since it would also have to support part of the wall.
6. It is estimated that with laminated timber replaced by steelwork, which would normally be desirable, the weight of steelwork would amount to 35 kg per sq m.
Текст B
ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING
FOR AN ALUMINIUM CONCERN IN SAN FRANCISCO, USA
The building is located in an earthquake zone, the horizontal seismic forces being much greater than the wind forces. To cope with them, the structure is provided with diagonal bracings, left externally exposed as characteristic features of the elevational treatment. In front of each façade there are lattice panels comprising continuous columns and two sets of diagonal members. This lattice system stiffens the building against lateral deflection. Additional stiffening of the building is provided by rigid frames in the central core which can resist 25% of the seismic forces. The external lattice system consists of welded box-sections with plate thicknesses up to 100 mm. The diagonals are 410 x 410 mm in cross-section, being arranged at a distance of 350 mm from the facade. The columns, which are 960 x 510 mm in cross-section, are incorporated into the facade. Each corner column is actually a pair of columns, connected at right angles to one another.
Floor loads are supported in the interior by the core walls and at the periphery of the building by the external columns and by hangers. The latter are connected, at every sixth floor, to the intersection points of the diagonal elevation of the building. Floor edge beams positioned just behind the facade are connected to the columns and hangers by means of brackets. The floors span without intermediate columns between these edge beams and the walls of the core. Each floor comprises main and secondary beams and a 6.5 cm thick in-situ concrete slab on steel trough decking.
Curtain wall with mullions and transoms of aluminium sections are attached to the edges of the floor. Mullions are spaced at 1.57 m centres, while transoms are at 1.98 m. Infilling consists of double glazing.
Notes:
cope (with) v. зд. противодействовать
elevational treatment отделка фасада
seismic forces сейсмические силы/воздействия