Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
1. Why was the site a difficult one?
2. What were the three footing types the engineers used?
3. What did the use of spread footings result in?
4. Why were drilled piers placed near the channel's edge?
5. What is the structure of the arena floor?
6. How do the cast-in-place columns under the floor area function?
7. What are the trusses of the roof system made of?
8. How are they joined?
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IV семестр Урок 4.1
Текст A
MULTI-STOREY CAR PARK IN BREMEN, GERMANY
This multi-storey car park has 748 parking bays on seven floors. On the six upper floors the parking bays are positioned at right angles to two access roads. Vehicles entering the park use a semi-helical ramp built at one end of the building; a second semi-helical ramp, protruding from one of the longitudinal faces, is used by leaving vehicles. Staircases are accommodated in two cores, one of which additionally contains two lifts.
The overall dimensions of the car park are 78.06 x 32.77 m. The height above ground level is 20.80 m. The external radius of the semi-helical ramps is 11.60 m, the radius of centre-line is 9.05 m, the gradient being 9%.
Layout comprises two 6.00 m wide access roads. On each side of them there are 5.00 m deep rows of parking bays on each upper floor. Corresponding to this layout the structural system has been designed as a pin-jointed framework comprising a row of columns in each of the two longitudinal facades, a row of columns extending along the longitudinal centre-line, and floor beams spanning 16.00 m from the central to the external columns. Columns are spaced at 2.50 m centres longitudinally, corresponding to the width of a parking bay. External columns consist of HE 180 A and B, internal columns of HE 300 A and B, floor beams of IPE 450. Floors are of composite construction comprising 10 cm thick precast concrete slabs (2.50 x 8.07 m) spanning between the floor beams and interconnecting the structural steelwork in the longitudinal direction. Composite action is ensured by stud shear connectors and in-situ concrete in the joints. The imposed load on floors is 350 kg/m2. Wind forces are transmitted through floors to vertical diagonal bracing in the end and longitudinal walls.
Semi-helical ramps are structurally separate from the main building. The ramp structure comprises inner and outer columns, radially placed floor beams and an in-situ concrete deck slab. Horizontal forces due to wind and traffic are transmitted by three groups of bracing erected between the outer columns.
Spandrel panels of 8 mm thick asbestos cement, 1.20 m high are used for the facades. Above these are horizontal slats. The end walls and the two semi-helical ramps feature cladding consisting of plastic-coated sheet-steel troughing units.
Notes:
deck slab опорная плита
enter v. въезжать в
gradient n. уклон
parking bay парковочный карман
protrude v. выступать
semi-helical adj. полуспиральный