Ответьте на вопросы к тексту
1. Why was steel shell structure chosen?
2. What does the shell of the building consist of?
3. How are arch panels joined together?
4. What is there between the outer and inner shell?
5. How are the shells supported at ground level?
6. What is the structure of the building facade?
Лексические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите на английский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:
распорка, всего лишь, оболочковая конструкция, умеренный, цементное тесто, варьироваться, четверть, дюйм, даже, основной, расчётная нагрузка, пластмасса, такой как, относительно, размер, температурные изменения, нехватка, изогнутая панель гофрированной стали, звукоизоляция, в остальном, определять, панель свода, оцинкованная сталь, просверленное отверстие, ряд, располагать в шахматном порядке, сечение, фактическая прочность на изгиб, значительный, термоизоляция, бетонирование, ленточный фундамент мелкого заложения, опираться, краевая балка, навесная стена, жёсткость, модифицированный, деталь болтового соединения панелей.
Упражнение 2. Переведите данные существительные и образуйте с их помощью группы существительных, характерные для строительной терминологии. Переведите их на русский язык.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:
Schulitz House, Beverly Hills, California, USA
The (1)… is a steel frame with 6 x 6 in (2)… tubular columns that (3)… two main channel beams (швеллерная балка) on either side; these support steel joists of standard length, (4)… supporting a metal deck and lightweight concrete floor slab. The four lines of columns are supported by three rows of concrete columns, cast on top of piles, and by the retaining wall at (5)… . The columns are stabilised by a grid of reinforced concrete tie beams cast on the surface of the sloping (6)… . The cladding is of aluminium panels with (7)… . Window frames are also in aluminium. The dimensions are modular: 4in in both horizontal directions and 6in vertically. The various building elements must fit (8)… this modular grid with sufficient (9)… to allow easy erection, and any dimensional variations or errors whether in construction (10)… in production of the components.
Грамматические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.
1. They have square cross-section and are weakly glued one to the other.
2. The development of reliable wood glues has brought in a range of manufactured products.
3. Materials have to perform under specific conditions of usage.
4. Fabric structures have been in use for a very long time as temporary forms of construction.
5. It is important to build with timber which has about the same moisture content as the one it will have in the building.
6. Wood has decreased strength under long-term loads and at high temperatures.
7. Large spans have quite often to be obtained.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом.
1. This width of the beam is considered to be sufficient.
2. The engineer is said to have changed the design of the roof.
3. Steel is known to be widely used in building.
4. The strength of the fabric is known to depend mainly on the fibre which is used.
5. Wood is expected to have low strength under long term loads and at high temperatures.
6. The strength of the hardened concrete depends greatly on the water to cement ratio.
7. Cement powder is believed to be one of the most versatile binders.
8. The design chosen is thought to be the best for owner requirements.
Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые слова.
1. The action of shear unit stresses is complex compared to that of the axial unit stresses, tension and compression.
2. Various kinds of cement are available, for example, those which harden rapidly.
3. This arrangement allows the structure to be positioned on a steep slope.
4. The cabins were built in 18 months, work in the factory starting two months ahead of that on site.
5. Those grades of steel which have higher carbon contents are stronger.
6. That brick is still so popular is largely due to this geometrical idea and the consequent flexibility it allows in the plan shape of buildings.
7. The six-person two-storey house contains three main walls in the long direction; these support the two monopitch roofs and the floor above ground level.
8. The house is unusual in that the main central wall is both an internal and an external wall and is therefore of cavity construction throughout.
9. Different proportions of these materials produce concrete with different strength and weight.
10. The basic components of a steel structure are steel sections, these usually prefabricated in a factory.
Упражнение 4. Образуйте существительные от следующих слов, используя суффикс –ness, и переведите их на русский язык.
thick, stiff, effective, hard, weak, light
Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. Glass is a strong material in compression but is only able to realize its full strength in tension with specimens that are free of scratches.
2. In this case the glass wall is hung from supports to avoid buckling.
3. The wire enables the glass to be transparent and strong at the same time.
4. Wired glass is often used to provide fire resistance for periods of about half an hour.
5. A film or coating is usually applied to a fabric to increase its life and improve other properties.
6. Other alternatives are synthetic rubber which is easy to stretch and put into shape but not very durable or thin metal sheet such as stainless steel which is strong and very stable but hard to get into shape.
7. To achieve the result required prestressed concrete was used.
Упражнение 6. Работа в парах.
Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.
Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.
Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.
Текст B
EISSTADION, BRAUNLAGE, WEST GERMANY
Part I
An asymmetrical but balanced-looking arrangement of masts and cables that cover this ice-skating stadium are visible from a long way away.
The principal cable-supported frame has two steel masts of rectangular section, each leaning slightly outwards and supporting twin box-section ridge beams passing either side of it. The span is 82 metres. The ridge beams have an apex which is nine metres nearer to the mast on the south side. There are two cables at each suspension point except the two central points which have four to compensate for the shallower cable angle there; the cables pass in the gap between the twin beams and are attached to 1.60m diameter steel cylinders which are cut in and welded to the beams.
The cylinders are subsequently filled with concrete to ensure that the cables are properly anchored to them. Twin 200 x 1650 mm laminated timber beams span 24m between the ridge beams and slender steel columns set in from the perimeter; the columns have pinned connections top and bottom to eliminate any bending moment, which would increase their size. Timber purlins at 3.75m centres span between the laminated beams and prevent buckling or twisting; steel angles, in turn, span between the third points of the purlins and brace them. Each 9m bay of the roof is cross-braced with steel flats. Galvanised steel sheet, with a plastic coating is attached to the purlins. Timber secondary roof members were selected being preferred to steel as this was thought to be more suitable for a building in a holiday area.
Two transverse frames, one at each end, are connected to four concrete columns at the corners of the building. These columns absorb all torsion on the building as well as the wind forces in the east-west direction transferred to it by the roof.
Notes:
cross-brace v. соединять крестовыми связями
holiday area зона отдыха
ice-skating stadium ледовый стадион
lean v. наклоняться
suspension point точка подвески
torsion n. кручение