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Appendix 2 Supplementary reading

to be read after Unit 1

My biography

1. My name is Alexander Goncharov. I am eighteen years old. I was born on the 18-th (eighteenth) of January, 1995 in the village of Gubkino, Maloarkhangelsk district, Orel region. My parents are doctors. I am the only child in the family.

2. I spent my childhood in my native village. In 1999 our family moved to the city of Orel. My parents got the job at the hospital there.

3. I left secondary school number 22 and after passing entrance exams I was enrolled into the State University – Education Science and Production Complex. Now I am a first-year student of the Technological Institute. I wish to be a first-rate engineer.

   1. I attend all lectures, seminars, laboratory and practical classes. My favourite subjects are higher mathematics and physics. I am good at them. I also like the Russian History, English and Physical Training.

4. It is easy and interesting for me to study at the university. I am going to do my best to get high scores and take exams with good and excellent marks. I would like to receive the supplementary scholarship. You see my biography is not long. I hope my dream will come true and I shall graduate from the university and become an engineer.

to be read after Unit 2

My family

I would like to tell you about my family. It is rather large. We are five: father, mother, grandfather, grandmother and I. But I am not the only child in the family. I have an elder brother but he does not live with us. He has a family of his own.

My father is forty-six. He works at a big joint-stock company as the head of commercial department. He likes his job and spends much time there. My father is a jolly and kind-hearted man. He likes meeting friends and relatives. He is fond of the fishing and hunting.

My mother is forty-five. She works at a hospital as a doctor. She is a first-rate specialist. My mother is a pleasant-looking woman. She looks young for her age. My mother is fond of music. She plays the piano well.

I have a grandpa and a grandma. They are my mother’s parents. My grandfather is a retired officer. He is seventy-two but he is still full of life and energy. He is fond of gardening and spends much time on it. My grandma is sixty-eight years old. She is a kind-hearted woman and takes care of all of us. My grandmother is a pensioner. She has a lot of work to do about the house and does all the cooking for the family.

My brother’s name is Alex. He is twenty-eight. Alex is a manager at a private firm. He is a very busy man and spends most of his time at the work. Alex is fond of chess. His wife Ann is a teacher. She works at a secondary school. She teaches biology and chemistry. Alex and Ann have a little daughter, Kate by name. She is six years old. My niece is a funny girl but sometimes she is naughty. Kate looks like her father. She has dark hair and brown eyes.

I can say we are a friendly and happy family. We like to spend time together. In the evenings we watch TV, play table games, talk about the politics and art. Sometimes our parents do not agree with what we say but they listen to our opinion.

I also have relatives: uncles, aunts, cousins. We are always glad to see each other.

5. 1. To be read after Unit 3

How to write a contract for renting a flat

6. To rent out a flat (which is a British term for a one-level condo or apartment) you need to draw up a clear and concise agreement that can be easily digested by your renter. Freeholder (landlord) and tenant disputes frequently go to court because of confusion about the arrangement and maintenance issues. A well written contract will help you avoid future disputes regarding the property.

7. Instructions:

   1. 1. Write your full name or company name and the full name of the renter. Notate in the beginning that from that point on you will refer to yourself as the «freeholder (landlord)» and the person who you are renting to as «renter». Write the full address of the location to be rented, including the flat (apartment) number.

8. 2. Start with general terms, including the length of the rental, the amount of each monthly (or weekly) payment, amount of the security deposit, when payment is due, how the renter is to make payments and any late fees.

9. 3. Write a separate section about security deposits to make it clear to your renter what needs to be done if she wants her security deposit back at the end of the lease (such as cleaning the apartment and returning keys).

10. 4. List the tenants who are allowed to occupy the space along with the main renter (such as children).

11. 5. Define who will pay what utilities, including cooking gas, hot water, heat and electricity.

12. 6. Write a section outlining your pet policy. If pets are acceptable, let the tenant know the rules of keeping a pet at the flat along with any pet fees that they may be charged.

13. 7. Create another section that defines what is grounds for termination of the agreement. That may include an unruly tenant, violence, trashing of the premises, non-payment of rent, pet problems or an unauthorized tenant. If for whatever reason you can't deliver possession at the beginning of the lease, write in that the agreement can be terminated. Define what type of notice you will be giving the tenant, and what type of notice he has to give you if he does not want to renew at the end of the lease agreement. Discuss the renter's responsibilities (such as being responsible for the remainder of rental payments on the lease) if he chooses to break the lease.

14. 8. Add clear information in your flat rental contract about your policies regarding the following: noise complaints, renter's insurance requirements, parking, waterbeds and other questionable items, damage to property, whether or not the flat can be modified or altered by the renter, garbage disposal rules, any house rules, the landlord's requirement to have 24 hours notice before entering the premises, whether the renter can sublet the flat, keys, mail, furniture, legal fees, and arbitration requirements.

15. 9. Write a section confirming that the renter has seen the condition of the premises, considers it acceptable and will keep the flat in that condition. Let the renter know in the contract that the terms of the rental arrangement can be changed by you (the landlord) with proper notice once the initial lease expires. You want to be covered in the case that you need to raise the rent at renewal to keep up with costs.

16. 10. Add what is called a «Joint and Several Liability» clause at the end of your contract that basically just states that all parties are both individually and jointly responsible for the terms of the agreement. Finally, include a «No Waiver» clause that basically states that even if one part of your agreement is deemed unenforceable by a court of law, the rest of the agreement remains in tact. The «No Waiver» should also explain that if you excuse a breach of one part of the agreement by the renter, that does not mean you will excuse a breach of all the other terms.

17. 11. Include a space for both you and the renter to sign, print your name and write the date at the bottom of the agreement.

To be read after Unit 4 – 5

Text 1. The Nizhny Novgorod State University

There are a lot of different higher educational establishments and their branches in Nizhny Novgorod. But the Nizhny Novgorod State University is one of the most famous, important and oldest.

It was opened in 1916 as the Public University and it was one of three public universities in Russia. Since 1918 it has been the State University.

Nowadays it is one of the leading universities of Russia and it represents the largest educational scientific and cultural complex in Privolzhsky Federal okrug.

The University is of complex structure. There are 18 faculties at the University. They are: Biological, Chemical, Historical, the Faculty of International Relations, Radiophysics, Physics, Applied Mathematics and Cybernetics, Mechanics and Mathematics, Economics, Philological, Financial, Law, Higher School of General and Applied Physics, the Fa-culty of Social Sciences, the Faculty of Physical Training, the Faculty of Management and Business, the Faculty of the Destination Study, the Preparatory Faculty called Centre «Education». These faculties include 125 departments. More than 30000 students and about 1000 post-graduates study here.

The University has 5 branches and 6 representations it towns and provincial centers of Nizhny Novgorod region. There is the Institute of post-graduate and doctorate studies, the Centre of the supplementary professional education, the Internet centre, the Printing House, the Centre of Slavonic culture, the Centre of economic preparation, the Regional centre of ecological education, the Centre of Humane studies and other units.

The University comprises several museums: Zoological (with largest collection of exhibits in the whole region of Volga and Vyatka), Archaelogical, Ethnographic, the Historical museum with the art gallery, the Scientific museum «Nizhegorodskaya radio-laboratory», the Virtual branch of the Russian museum (which is situated in Saint-Petersburg).

The University fundamental library contains more than 2 million units of books, textbooks and scientific literature, there are 11 specialized rea-ding halls.

The academic year is divided into 2 terms Examinations are taken twice a year. Lectures are given and classes are conducted by highly qualified professors and teachers. More than 70% of the teaching staff possess science degrees of doctors of science (D. Sc.) and candidates of science (Ph. D.).

It takes 5 years to study Diploma Specialist programs. They are offered in 46 specialties. Bachelor’s programs (4 years) are taught in 23 areas. There are 56 Master’s programs (6 years). The educational process of post-graduates is carried out 52 specialties.

In the official ratings the Nizhny Novgorod State University regularly takes the first place among classical universities of Privolzhsky Federal okrug and it is included in the list of 10 leading Russian universities.

Text 2. The Bauman Moscow State Technical University

The Bauman University is the Citadel of Russia’s engineering education. It survived two Russian revolutions, Civil War, World War II, demise of the Soviet Union. It was several times renamed and reorganized. The phenomenon of Bauman longevity and firmness is its intangible spirit and unique system of training engineers.

1830 is the official date of Bauman foundation when Emperor Nicholas I confirmed the «statute of the industrial school» to be opened in Moscow. Actually the school was established by his mother the Empress Maria Fyodorovna, non-Russian by the origin. In 1826 as an act of charity she personally founded workshop for different crafts for the orphans of a foundling hospital. The aim of the new school was to create a new social class of free people who can contribute to the industrial development of Russia. The school developed very rapidly mainly due to the creation of a system of theoretical and practical training interconnected with the industry. By 1868 the academic standards of the school were so high that it was reorganized to a special institution of higher learning – Imperial Moscow Technical School (IMTS). During the 1876 Exhibition in Philadelphia the methods used by the School were acknowledged as «Russian system» of training engineers.

Two Russian revolutions greatly influenced the destiny of the School but actually they left untouchable the idea of unique training method. The School was renamed as Moscow Higher Technical School (MHTS). The name of Nikolai Bauman, a revolutionary, was added to the title due to the historical events in the region. Year by year Bauman name fused with different titles of the university and nowadays is considered as a logo or brand well known all over the world.

The World War II was a serious test for the School. Continuing the process of education MHTS workshops rapidly switched to ammunition production.

Then was an arms race and space race, Bauman triumph. 11 Russian cosmonauts originate from the Bauman University.

With the fall of iron curtain defense industry oriented the Bauman University had to adapt to market economy and activity in the open international society.

Within limited time Linguistics, Engineering Business and Management, etc. faculties were organized. The diversity of scientific and engineering profile led to a new title – the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.

Currently BMSTU occupies vast territory, has many buildings erected in different epochs, several dormitories and subsidiaries in Moscow region. Bauman University numbers about 30000 students, trainers and emp-loyees. Recently it accepted the status of National Research University for its contribution to innovative technologies.

The University provides Bachelor, Master and Engineering (Specialist) degrees, Ph D and D Sc. studies, etc. Following human traditions of the XIX century modern Bauman University runs state-of-the-art training center for disabled students – hearing-impaired people, it is also engaged in to pre-university training of school children.

18. 1. To be read after Unit 6

Top 10 Universities in the World

List of Top 10 Universities in the World. Here is a list of some of the top-rated Universities in the world. Before coming to any conclusion about the quality of education offered by these universities, one should remember that rankings of universities can differ with the use of different criteria.

1. California Institute of Technology. The California Institute of Technology, also known as Caltech is set in a suburban area of Pasadena, California. Caltech stood 1st in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for two consecutive years (2011 and 2012). Thirty-one of Caltech's alumni (including the faculty) have received the Nobel Prize. The number of students that get enrolled for undergraduate programs in this university is 978.

2. Harvard University. Established in 1636, Harvard University is one of the members of the Ivy League. Every year, 7181 students take ad-mission for graduate programs; 14 044 students take admission for postgraduate programs. Harvard has the largest academic library in the United States. It is also the oldest institute in USA for higher studies; the university completed 375 years in 2011. Harvard's financial endowment is higher than that of any other university in the world. Its September 2011 figures for financial endowment were $32 billion. This university is named after its first benefactor, John Harvard.

3. Stanford University. This university was established in 1891; the Stanford University or Leland Stanford Junior University was named after Leland Stanford's son, Leland Stanford Jr. who died of typhoid at an early age of 15 years. The university enrolls around 8 300 graduates and 6 800 undergraduates annually. Students from Stanford have been placed in reputed organizations like Google, Sun Microsystems, Cisco Systems and Hewlett-Packard, to name a few. The different schools which form the Stanford university are «Stanford School of Medicine», «Stanford Law School», Stanford School of Engineering' and «Stanford Graduate School of Business». Larry Page and Sergey Brin, the founders of Google Inc. are the alumni of Stanford university.

4. University of Oxford. The exact year of establishment of Oxford is not known. However, it is said to date back to 1096. Oxford is the oldest surviving university from the English-speaking countries. The total number of students enrolling for different courses in the University of Oxford annually is over 21 000. There is always a great competition between Oxford and Cambridge to gain the top spot in UK's top universities' list. The University of Oxford's endowment for 2011 was $5.33 billion.

5. Princeton University. Founded in 1746, Princeton University is the 4th oldest university in USA; it is one of the members of the prestigious Ivy League. This university offers undergraduate and graduate programs in humanities, engineering, natural sciences and social sciences. The number of students admitted for undergraduate and graduate programs in the Princeton University is 5 000 and 2 500 respectively.

6. University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209. An association formed by a group of scholars grew into what is today's University of Cambridge. The number of students enrolled in the University of Cambridge annually is 18 396. Cambridge is the second-oldest university in all the English-speaking countries. This university has produced 61 Nobel laureates. The university's endowment for 2011 was $6.95 billion.

7. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT is considered as one of the best universities for higher education. The 68 hectare campus of MIT houses a college and 5 schools which have 32 departments. The number of students admitted for various courses in MIT is 10 894. The university has produced 75 Nobel laureates; thirty-one 'MacArthur Fellows' and 47 recipients of «National Medal of Science». The Massachusetts Institute of Technology was founded in 1861 and students were first admitted in this institute in 1865. Meeting the demands and challenges of industrialization in America was one of the needs and also a driving force behind the establishment of this university.

8. Imperial College London. Established on July 8, 1907, the Imperial College London admits 13 500 full-time students for different programs. This public research university houses 40 departments grouped under 4 units – Imperial College Business School, Imperial College Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine and Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences. This university is amongst the top three in the United Kingdom.

9. University of Chicago. Founded by the American Baptist Education Society in 1890, the University of Chicago spreads over an area of 85.4 hectares. The university was set up with the help of a donation received from John D. Rockefeller. This university has produced 87 Nobel Laureates and 49 Rhodes Scholars. The number of undergraduates and graduates enrolled annually is 5 369 and 9 850 respectively.

10. University of California. The University of California offers 300 graduate and undergraduate programs. It is set in a sprawling campus of 2 692 hectares. The university admits 25 530 and 10 313 students for graduate and postgraduate programs respectively. As per the Academic Ranking of World Universities, University of California, Berkeley is placed in the 3rd position. The University of California, Berkeley has produced 65 Nobel laureates. Many of its students got placed in companies like Google, Apple Inc., Adobe Systems, Intel and Sun Microsystems. The University of California is well-known for its research activities and projects. The money spent on research activities in 2009 was over $650 million.

Other Important Universities in the World

There are many institutions and colleges, apart from those mentioned above, that offer quality education. Not all of them make it to the list of top 10 universities in the world. Here are the details of few such universities.

Cornell University. The Cornell University, which is located in Ithaca, New York, was founded by Ezra Cornell in 1865. Every year, 20,633 students are admitted for different courses in the Cornell university. A variety of courses that range from agriculture, liberal arts, engineering to hotel administration are offered by the university. There are 7 graduate divisions and an equal number of undergraduate colleges in the Cornell University.

Yale University. Yale is the 3rd oldest university in USA. Located in New Haven, Connecticut, the university is set in a sprawling 339 hectare campus. Many prominent personalities including 5 presidents of USA have studied in Yale. The university was established in 1701.

Shanghai Jiao Tong. University One of the oldest universities in China, Shanghai Jiao Tong is a member of the C9 League. This league is formed of top universities from China. Shanghai Jiao Tong University is a public university founded in 1896, followed by issuing of an edict by Guangxu Emperor. The university offers a variety of courses ranging from medicine, engineering, agriculture, law to humanities.

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoBased in Mexico City, the «Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico» or «National Autonomous University of Mexico» is the largest university in America in terms of student enrollment. For the academic year 2011-12, 324 413 students were admitted for different courses in the university. Justo Sierra founded this university on 22nd September, 1910. The campus of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México is declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

1. To be read after Units 7 – 8

Text 1. Joseph Monier (1823 – 1906)

2. Joseph Monier, born 1823 was a French gardener and one of the principal inventors of reinforced concrete. Joseph was one of ten children born to a family of horticulturists. All hands being needed in the fields, Joseph was not sent to school. By the age of 17 he had proved his worth as a gardener, and the duke offered him a post at his mansion in Paris. Joseph took the opportunity to attend evening classes and learned to read and write.

   1. As a gardener, Monier was not satisfied with the materials available for making flowerpots. He began making cement pots and tubs, but these were not stable enough. In order to strengthen the cement containers, he experimented with embedded iron mesh. He was not the first to experiment with reinforced concrete, but he saw some of the possibilities in the technique, and promoted it extensively.

3. Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of 1867. He obtained his first patent on July 16, 1867, on iron-reinforced troughs for horticulture. He continued to find new uses for the material, and obtained more patents – iron-reinforced cement pipes and basins, iron-reinforced cement panels for building façades, bridges made of iron-reinforced cement, reinforced concrete beams. In 1875 the first iron-reinforced cement bridge ever built was constructed at the Castle of Chazelet. Monier was the designer.

4. Another application in 1878 covered reinforced concrete railway sleepers. When granted, this became the basis for a series of further additions. It contained a clear statement that the cement protected the iron against rusting.

5. As municipalities expanded their water supply and sewerage networks, there was a growing need for pipes, but a diminishing need for reservoir tanks. Monier was obliged to go further from urban areas in search of clients. In 1886 he was granted Patent for a system applicable to housing. Monier described the house as proof against earthquakes, ice, humidity, heat, and fire and received a commission to build such a house in Nice, possibly as a result of a recent earthquake. Monier’s second son Paul asked to work on this project.

6. On 24 November 1887, Paul was killed when he fell from the scaffol-ding. As Monier’s eldest son, Pierre, had severed his relationship with his father over a family argument, Joseph found himself with no sons of working age to help him in the business.

7. In June 1888, the firm of J Monier constructeur was declared bankrupt, and in April 1889 went into liquidation. However, in 1890 he formed a new firm.

8. Monier took out patents in many countries, throughout Europe and overseas. Some of these were registered in the name of the patent agent, in accordance with local law, the British patent of 1883 being in the name of John Imray. Typically, patents were valid for 15 years, but it was necessary to pay a significant yearly fee to maintain them. Monier opted to sell his rights outside France to local businessmen and engineers.

9. Reinforced concrete is one the most important inventions of the mankind.

   2. Text 2. Nicolaus Otto (1832 – 1891)

   4. One of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gasoline motor engine which offered the first practical alternative to the steam engine as a power source.

10. Nikolaus Otto was born in Holzhausen, in a small village on the Rhine River in Germany. Although his father, the village postmaster, died soon after Otto was born, his mother raised him well. Young Otto excelled in school, and his mother planned for him to continue with a technical education, but the failed German revolution in 1848 and declining economic conditions made his mother believe that he would be better off as a merchant.

11. Otto left high school and got a job as a clerk in a grocery store. He soon was working as a clerk in the nearby city of Frankfurt. His older brother Wilhelm owned a textile business in Cologne, and he helped Otto get a job as a sales representative. Otto sold tea, sugar, and kitchenware to grocery stores along the western border of Germany.

12. He soon developed an interest in the new technologies of the day and began experimenting with building four-stroke engines (inspired by Lenoir’s two-stroke gas-driven internal combustion engine). After meeting Eugen Langen, a technician and owner of a sugar factory, Otto quitted his job, and in 1864, the duo started the world's first engine manufacturing company N.A. Otto & Cie (now DEUTZ AG, Köln). In 1867, the pair were awarded a Gold Medal at the Paris World Exhibition for their atmospheric gas engine built a year earlier.

13. In May 1876, Nicolaus Otto built the first practical four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine. He continued to develop his four-stroke engine after 1876 and he considered his work finished after his invention of the first magneto ignition system for low voltage ignition in 1884. Otto's patent was overturned in 1886 in favor of the patent granted to Alphonse Beau de Roaches for his four-stroke engine. However, Otto built a working engine while Roaches' design stayed on paper. On October 23, 1877, another patent for a gas-motor engine was issued to Nicolaus Otto, and Francis and William Crossley.

14. Nicolaus Otto died at age 59, on January 26, 1891, in Cologne.

Text 3. Alexander Popov (1859 – 1906)

Alexander Stepanovich Popov, born 1859, was a Russian physicist who was the first person to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic radio waves.

Born in the town Krasnoturinsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast in the Urals as the son of a priest, he became interested in natural sciences when he was a child. Alexander received a good education at the seminary at Perm, and later studied physics at the St. Petersburg university. After graduation in 1882 he started to work as a laboratory assistant at the university. Ho-wever, due to the poor funding of the university he changed to a teaching job at the Russian Navy's Torpedo School in Kronstadt on Kotlin Island.

Beginning in the early 1890s he conducted experiments along the lines of Heinrich Hertz's research. In 1894 he built his first radio receiver, which contained a coherer. It was presented to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society on May 7, 1895-the day has been celebrated in the Russian Federation as Radio Day. The paper on his findings was published the same year (December 15, 1895). He did not apply for a patent for his invention. In 1896, the article depicting Popov's invention was reprinted in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. In March 1896, he effected transmission of radio waves between different campus buil-dings in St. Petersburg. In November 1897, the French entrepreneur Eugene Ducretet made a transmitter and receiver based on wireless telegraphy in his own laboratory. According to Ducretet, he built his devices using Popov's lightning detector as a model. By 1898 Ducretet was manufacturing equipment of wireless telegraphy based on Popov's instructions. At the same time Popov effected ship-to-shore communication over a distance of 6 miles in 1898 and 30 miles in 1899. On December 18, 1897, Popov sent the telegram with the words Heinrich Hertz.

In 1900 a radio station was established under Popov's instructions on Hogland Island to provide two-way communication by wireless telegraphy between the Russian naval base and the crew of the battleship General-Admiral Apraksin. The battleship ran aground on Hogland Island in the Gulf of Finland in November, 1899. The crew of the Apraksin were not in immediate danger, but the water in the Gulf began to freeze.

Due to bad weather and bureaucratic red tape, the crew of Apraksin did not arrive until January 1900 to establish a wireless station on Hogland Island. By February 5, however, messages were being received reliably. The wireless messages were relayed to Hogland Island by a station some 25 miles away at Kymi (nowadays Kotka) on the Finnish coast. Kotka was selected as the location for the wireless relay station because it was the point closest to Hogland Island served by telegraph wires connected to Russian naval headquarters.

By the time the Apraksin was freed from the rocks by the icebreaker Yermak at the end of April, 440 official telegraph messages had been handled by the Hogland Island wireless station. Besides the rescue of the Apraksin's crew, more than 50 Finnish fishermen, who were stranded on a piece of drift ice in the Gulf of Finland, were saved by the icebreaker Yermak following distress telegrams sent by wireless telegraphy. In 1900, Popov stated (in front of the Congress of Russian Electrical Engineers) the emission and reception of signals by means of electric oscillations.

In 1901 Alexander Popov was appointed as professor at the Electrotechnical Institute, which now bears his name. In 1905 he was elected a director of the institute.

In 1905 he became seriously ill, after being very stressed about the suppression of a student movement. He died of a brain hemorrhage on January 13, 1906.