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Index
Note: Page numbers in italics and bold refers to figures and tables respectively.
a
abamectin, 321
abscisic acid, 353
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME),
274, 411
Abutilon indicum, 198
Abyanga, 70
Acacia gum, 275, 275
Acanthophora spicifera, 383
accelerated breeding programs, 406
accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), 215, 133
acetate mevalonate pathway
for biosynthesis of fatty acyl-CoA, 269–271, 270
for biosynthesis of terpenes, 266–267
acetic acid, 267
acetoacetyl-CoA, 266
acetoin test, 149
2-acetolactate, 268–269
acetone, 263
acetonitrile, 279
acetylation, 283
acetylcholine (Ach), 239, 240–241
acetyl-CoA, 256, 260, 262, 264, 270
acetylsalicylic acid, 7
Ach. see acetylcholine (Ach)
Achillea millefolium L., 339
achillein, 190
acid value, for fixed oils and waxes, 156
Acinetobacter, 320
acne management, 303
Acremonium spp., 383
acrolein test, 150
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), 273–274
acute renal failure in rats by nephrectomy, 241
acute-systemic anaphylaxis in rats, 247
acute toxicity studies, 411
acylation, 277
Ada (organ), 73
adaptations, 373
adaptors, 363
adenine, 256
adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in rats, 242
adenine type cytokinin, 353
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 257
adhyperforin, 425
adrenaline, 335
adsorption, 360
chromatography, 219
adulteration
analytical techniques in detection and evaluation
of, 111–115
caused because of confusion in vernacular
names, 106–107
caused because of similar morphology, 106
challenges in detection of, 115
of herbal drugs, 102–103
insufficient basic understanding of real plant source, 107
in medicinal plants, 106
methods of detection of, 107–111
multiple marker-based fingerprint profiles for, 110–111
types of, 103–106
advanced analytical techniques, in crude drugs
classification, 35
advanced purification techniques, 224
flash chromatography, 224–225
preparative HPLC, 225–226
adventitious regeneration. see direct organogenesis
Afal, 73
African traditional medicine, 46
agar. see agar-agar
agar-agar, 275–276, 276, 352
agaropectin, 276
agarose, 276, 352
agarose-gel chromatography, 217
age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 309
aging/sweating techniques, 93
aglycone, 277, 334–335
Agni, 69
agricultural pest control method, 88
agriculture, genetic engineering applications in, 365
444 Index
Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 404
Agrobacterium rhizogens, 365
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 353, 364
agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, 364–365
agrochemicals, 90
ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.), 403
Akhlat, 72–73
Alamar Blue assay, 411
alanine, 268
alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 322
alanine transaminase (ALT), 321
albumin, 276
alcohol, 123
aldehydes, 263
aldosterone, 255
aldrin, 315
Aletris spicata, 337
alginate, 276–277, 360, 372
alginic acid, 276, 276
aliphatic amino acids, biosynthesis of,
268–269, 269
alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 322
alkaline reagent test, 148
alkaloids, 7, 144, 145–146, 167, 189, 190, 190, 258–259, 3, 315,
335, 336–337
chemical classification of, 23
chemotaxonomical classes of crude drugs, 26
in crude drugs, 21, 22
quantification in Kratom, 112–113
alkyl glycosides, 22
alkyl sulfides, 426
allantoxanamide-induced hypouricemia in rats, 241
allergen immunotherapy (AIT), 326
allergens, 316, 430, 432. see also anti-allergens
natural anti-allergens, 319–321
allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), 428
allergic rhinitis (AR), 322
allicin, 309
Allium sativum. see garlic (Allium sativum)
Aloctin A, 57
alpha-chymotrypsin-induced glaucoma, 247
α-hydroxy acids (AHAs), 303
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 299
Alternaria tenuis, 87
altitude, 181
Altosid, 88
aluminum (Al), 350
aluminum chloride (AlCl
), 240
3
induced Alzheimer’s disease in rats, 239–240
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 198, 239, 375, 385
Amaranthus blitum (AB), 338
Amaranthus caudatus (AC), 338
Amaranthus hybridus (AH), 338
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), 10
HPLC analysis of, 10
American traditional medicine, 46–47
amino acids, 256, 256–257, 319, 335, 352
biosynthesis, 262
compounds derived from, 264
production, 260
ammonia test, 148
ammonium, 350
amnesia, 239
amoxicillin, 43
amperometric DNA sensors, 146
amphibians, 333
amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), 12
amyloid beta (Aβ), 239
amyloid precursor protein (APP), 385
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 384
Anacardiaceae, 338
“Analecta Pharmacognostica” (Sedler), 1
analgesic activity, screening models for, 249
hot plate method, 249–250, 249
analytical techniques
atomic absorption spectroscopy, 159
chromatography, 156–158
in detection and evaluation of adulteration, 111–115
electrophoresis, 158–159
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 159
in phytochemical analysis, 156, 157
spectroscopy, 158
X-ray diffraction, 159
ancient Egypt, medicinal plant use in, 2
ancient traditional medicines, 2
androgenesis, 359
Andrographis paniculata, 56
androsterone, 256
aneurin, 352
angoroside A, 341
3,6-anhydrogalactose, 275–276
anhydro-β-glucose, 277
animal-based anti-allergens, 319–320
animal-based biopesticides, 318
animal-based crude drugs, 25
Anjana, 72
Annona, 337
antacids, 424
anther culture, 359
anthocyanidins, 277
anthocyanins, 192, 277, 277, 339–340
anthophyta, 18
anthraquinone glycosides, 22
anthropology, 46
antiaging
cosmeceuticals, 302
effects of plant secondary metabolites, 200–201
anti-allergens
commercial production of, 325
formulations, 325
global market surveillance of, 323–324
global representation of market value of, 324
Index 445
pharmacological mechanism and toxicity profile of,
321–323
regulatory standard for, 326–327
anticancer
activity of medicinal plants, 49–57
potential of plant secondary metabolites, 197
anticholinergic drugs, 239
antidiabetic activity, of medicinal plants, 57
anti-inflammatory
effects of nutraceuticals, 300
effects of plant secondary metabolites, 197–198
anti-inflammatory activity
carrageenan-induced paw edema, 248–249
croton oil-induced ear edema in rats and mice, 248
of medicinal plants, 58–59
screening models for, 248
antimicrobial properties, of plant secondary metabolites, 196
antioxidant, 299
effects of plant secondary metabolites, 200–201
enzymes, 299
plants with antioxidant potentials, 303
antipyretic activity, screening models for, 250
Brewer’s yeast in rats, 250
Antirrhinum aegyptiacum L., 4
antiviral activity, of medicinal plants, 58
apigenin, 8
aplidin, 386
Aplidium albicans, 386
apoptosis assays, 411
aquatic plants, 318
Arabic and Islamic region, medicinal plant use in, 2–3
arabinogalactan, 281
arachidonic acid (AA), 248
area under the concentration–time curve, 434
area under the curve (AUC), 426
Arista, 71
Aristolochia longa, 57
Arka, 71
Arkan, 72
Armenian cochineal, 278–279
Armoracia rusticana. see horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
Arnica, 19
arogya, 69
aromatic amino acids, Shikimic acid pathway for biosynthesis
of, 265–266, 266, 267
aromatics, 189
artemisinin, 3
artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), 7, 412
Arthrospira, 377
artificial intelligence (AI)
in crude drugs classification, 35
in pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 13–14
role in crude drugs, 34
artificial seed, 359
artificial system, 333
Arwah, 73
Asava, 71
Ascophyllum nodosum, 276, 383
aseptic manipulation, transfer area for, 354
asexual propagation, of plants, 85
Ashtasthana Pareeksha, 70
Ashwagandhadi lehyam, 169
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 321, 322
Aspergillus niger, 87, 257
aspirin, 412, 424
astaxanthin, 309, 384–385
Aster, 341
Asteraceae, 18, 19
Asteridae, 341
Asteroidea, 379
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus), 28, 280
Astragalus membranaceus. see Astragalus (Astragalus
membranaceus)
astringents, 18
asymmetric oxygen carrier system (AOCS), 310
Atharva Veda, 67
atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), 29–30, 29, 159
atorvastatin, 43
Atropa belladonna. see Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
atropine, 1, 258, 335
Australian and Southeast Asian Medicine, 47
autoclaving, 354
automated flash chromatography systems, 224
autumn crocus plant (Colchicum autumnale L.), 7
auxin, 352
Avalehya, 71
average annual precipitation (AAP), 181
average annual temperature (AAT), 181
Aves, 333
axillary bud proliferation, 355
AXT, 384–385
Ayurveda, 2, 28, 67, 101
formulations, 71–72
history of, 67–68
in India, 6
methods of diagnosis, 69–71
principles of, 68–69
system of medicine, 18
treatment, 70
Ayurvedic medicine, 47, 83
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), 97
Azadirachta indica A. Juss, 4
azadirachtin, 321
azocarmine aniline blue dye (AZAN), 244
b
Bacillus bassiana, 318
Bacillus fluorescens, 323
Bacillus subtilis, 258, 323
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 316, 318, 321
bacitracin, 258
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), 397
446 Index
bacterial lysates, 321
bacteriophages, 363
baicalein, 8
baits, 325
baking/roasting techniques, 93
Baljet test, 147
Barfoed’s test, 149
bark, used for medicinal purposes, 20
batch culture, 356
beauty, holistic approaches to, 305
beauty supplements. see nutricosmetics
Belladonna (Atropa belladonna), 19, 25
Benedict’s test, 149
benzoxazinoids, 189
benzyl aminopurine (BAP), 353
berberine, 7, 59, 190
Berberis hispanica, 57
β-carotene, 308
β-D-galactopyranosyl (1-2)-α-D-xylopyranose, 283
β-hydroxy acids (BHAs), 303
betulinic acid, 197
Bhasma, 72
bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay), 150
Bifidobacteria, 383
Bifidobacterium, 320
Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12, 320
big data, 13–14
binomial nomenclature system, 333
bioactive compounds
and applications, 376–378
exploring marine organisms for, 371
identification from adulterants, 8–11
isolation and characterization techniques, 374
from marine algae, 377–378
from marine microorganisms, 373, 374–375
microbial diversity in marine environment, 374
pharmaceutical applications, 374–375
bioactivity-guided fractionation, 8
bioassays, 410
bioavailability, 12
biochemical assays, 410
biochemical processes, 255
biochemistry, 256
biodiversity, 372–373
in marine environments, 372–373
threats and conservation, 373
biodynamic agriculture, 316
biofertilizers, 87
bioinsecticides, 88
biologically active compounds, discovery of,
235, 236
biological matrices, 209
biological screening, 382
biologics license application (BLA), 432
biomolecules, 8, 256
synthesis of, 261
biopesticides, 316
global market surveillance of, 323–324
global representation of market value of, 324
medicinal plants with bioactive components used as, 317
biopharmaceuticals, 365
biopharming, 365
bioremediation, 365
biosynthetic pathway, 255
role of enzymes in, 261–263
biotechnological approaches, 13, 396
biotransformation, 360–361, 361
bishomopinolenic acid, 336
bitter orange extract. see Citrus aurantium
biuret test
for lipids, 150
for protiens, 150
black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra), 214
blackcurrants, types of, 340
blood-brain barrier (BBB), 385
blue-green algae, 383
boiling/steaming techniques, 93
Bornträger’s test, 147
boron (B), 350–351
Boswellia carteri, 340
Boswellia papyrifera, 340
Boswellia rivae, 340
Boswellia serrata, 340
botanical(s)
classification, 18–19
clinical studies on, 433–435
drug interaction with, 424–428
effect of drugs on, 424
identification of plant, 4
microscopic authentication, 4
botanical authenticity, 3–6
reproductive morphology, 6
vegetative morphology, 5
botanical science, 2
Botrytis cinerea, 87
Bovine colostrum, 319
bovine serum albumin, 276
Bradford assay, protein determination by, 155
Bradford protein assay, 150
branching points, 262
Brassica carinata, 336
Brassica juncea, 336
Brassica napus, 336
Brassica nigra, 336
Brassica rapa, 336
Brassica tournefortii, 336
Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), 307
breast cancer, 246
Brewer’s yeast in rats, 250
broadcasting method, 84
broccoli (Brassica oleracea), 26
brown marine algae, 376, 376
Index 447
bryostatin-1, 386
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 305
c
caffeic acid, 199
calcium (Ca), 350
Calcium spirulan, 375
Calcofluor White, 357
Calendula officinalis, 19
callus culture, 356
Calothrix cyanobacteria, 383
Calvin cycle. see carbon fixation
Camellia japonica, 323
campneoside II, 341
camptothecin, 43, 49
cancer, 49
garlic used for treatment, 57
N-nitroso-N-methylurea induced breast cancer in female
rats, 246–247
screening models for, 246
vinblastine and vincristine efficacy in treating, 7
cannabidiol (CBD), 259
cannabinoids, 259
Canon of Medicine, The (Avicenna), 2, 395
capillary electrophoresis (CE), 158–159, 334, 408
captopril, 43
carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy), 192
carbohydrates, 149, 256–257, 351
determination in phytochemical analysis, 153–154
carbon
and energy source, 351–352
fixation, 260
carbon dioxide (CO
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 244
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats, 244
carboxymethylation, 278, 283
carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 244, 278
carboxymethyl starch (CMS), 283
cardiac glycosides, 22
cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 309, 376
cardiovascular health benefits, of plant secondary
metabolites, 199–200
cardiovascular system diseases, screening models for, 236
coronary ligation-induced myocardial infarction in rats,
237–238
DOCA-salt-induced hypertension, 238
fructose-induced hypertension in rats, 236–237, 237
isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction, 238
Caribbean sponge (Cryptotethya crypta), 378
carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE), 169
carminic acid, 278, 278
carob bean gum. see locust bean gum
caroliniasides A, B, and C, 341
carotenes, 376
carotenoids, 198, 304, 376, 384
carrageenan-induced paw edema, 248
), 138, 259–260, 373
2
catalysis, 261
catechins, 112, 428
catechol, 337
cavitation bubbles, 135, 135
cell
cell-based assays, 410
cycle analysis, 411
line studies, 235
suspension culture, 356
cellular compartmentalization, 262
cellulose, 277, 277, 357
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 306
Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), 305
Central Insecticides Board, 326
central nervous system (CNS), 240
safety studies, 412
cerebrosides, 385
certification bodies (CBs), 97
C-glycosides, 334–335
chain elongation, 270
chalcones, 198
characterization techniques, 380–382
Charaka Samhita, 68, 395
chemical classification, of plants, 21
alkaloids, 22, 23
classes of major/active chemicals in, 21–22
division based on primary active chemical constituents
and major classes, 21
glycosides, 22
phenolic compounds, 23
volatile oils/terpenoids, 22–23
chemical constituents, of crude drugs, 24
chemical docking method, 1
chemical fertilizers, 87
chemical markers, in chemotaxonomy, 334–335
chemical pesticides, 316
chemoinformatics, in crude drugs classification, 35
chemometric tools and data analysis, 181–182
chemosystematics. see chemotaxonomy
chemotaxonomical classification, of crude drugs, 25–26
chemotaxonomy, 25, 333
chemical markers in, 334–335
limitations, 342
methods in, 335–336
phytochemical approach in, 336–342
chemotherapeutic medicines, 49
China, medicinal plant use in, 2
Chinese star anise (Illicium anisatum), 12, 13
Chinese traditional medicine, 47
Chi-squared test, 244
chitin, 278, 319
chitosan, 278, 319, 372
chlordane, 315
Chlorella, 377
chloride (Cl), 350–351
chloroform, 123, 279
448 Index
4-chloro-indoleacetic acid, 352
cholesterol, 257
chorismate, 263–264, 265
chorismic acid, 265, 271
chromatographic techniques, 3, 9, 111, 169, 216
column chromatography, 217–218
gas chromatography, 113, 171–173
high-performance liquid chromatography, 112–113,
169–171, 170, 219
high-performance thin-layer chromatography, 173–175
hyphenated techniques, 113–114
spectroscopic methods, 114–115
thin-layer chromatography, 111–112, 173–175, 218–219
vacuum liquid chromatography, 219–220
chromatography, 30–31, 144, 335
in phytochemical analysis, 156–158
chromosaponin I, 194
chronic kidney disease (CKD), 242
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 408
chronic renal failure, 241
chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression, 240
chronic unpredictive stress (CUS), 240
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, 322
Chrysanthemum flowers, 316
Churna, 71
Cichorium intybus, 411
cinchona, 7, 20, 87
cinchona bark (Cinchona officinalis), 25
Cirsium boujartii, 342
Cirsium eriophorum, 342
Cirsium vulgare, 342
cistantubuloside B1, 341
cistantubuloside C1, 341
citric acid cycle, 255–256, 260, 262
Citrullus colocynthis, 179
GC-MS chromatogram of, 179
Citrus aurantium, 428
Cladosporium herbarum, 87
clarithromycin, 43
classical Arabic traditional medicine, 47–48
classical extraction. see conventional method of extraction
classical synthetic pesticides, 315
cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS), 12
climate for cultivated medicinal plants, 90
clinical pharmacognosy, 421, 423. see also molecular
pharmacognosy
clinical pharmacokinetics, 435–436
clinical studies on botanicals and dietary supplements,
433–435
drug interaction studies on botanicals and dietary
supplements, 423–428
future prospects, 437
in healthcare system, 423
natural allergenic extract in diagnosis of allergic
conditions, 428–433
phytoequivalence, 436–437
clinical trials, 411
cloning, 397
vectors, 363
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR), 328
cobalt (Co), 350–351
cochineal, 278–279
cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), 7
co-cultivation, 13
codeine, 190
coenzyme A (CoA), 271
coenzymes, 256, 257, 261
cofactors, 261
Coffea species, 336
cognitive benefits, of plant secondary metabolites,
198–199
cognitive health, 300
colchicine, 7
cold percolation, 127
collagen type-II-induced arthritis in rats, 242–243
collinearity analysis, 401
colorimetric assays, 144, 147
column adsorption chromatography, 217
column chromatography (CC), 215
Commiphora myrrh, 44
common plant families and medicinal representatives, 19
compact callus, 356
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 67
Ayurveda system, 67–72
homeopathy system, 79–80
Siddha system, 75–79
Unani system, 72–74
complementary DNA (cDNA), 362
complex organic substances, 352
compound annual growth rate (CAGR), 311, 316, 324
computational approaches, 12
condensed tannins, 191, 335
conditioners, 302
conjugation, 364
conjugative plasmids, 363
continuous culture, 356
control points, enzymes, 261
conventional Linnaean classification method, 32
conventional method of extraction, 125
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 91
Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 dye, 155
copper (Cu), 350–351
coral reefs, 372
corn (Zea mays), 353
coronary ligation-induced myocardial infarction in rats,
237–238
corynantheidine, 112
Corynebacterium glutamicum, 257
corynoxine, 112
corynoxine B, 112
Index 449
cosmeceuticals, 297–298, 375
active ingredients, 302–303
beauty and dermatological benefits, 303
categories of, 298
complementary benefits, 305
definition and classification, 301–302
future trends and innovations, 308–311
historical overview, 298
ingredients, 301
internal and external approaches to health and beauty,
304–305
regulatory considerations, 305–308
significance in modern healthcare and beauty
industries, 298
synergies, 303–305
cosmetic claims, 307–308
Cosmetic Notification Form (CNF), 307
cosmetic product packaging, 307
Cosmetic Product Safety Report (CPSR), 307
cosmetic regulations and approvals, 306–308
cosmetic surgery, 304–305
counter-current chromatography (CCC), 220–221
covalent binding, 360
creams cosmeceuticals, 301
Crinoidea, 379
crocetin, 339
crocin, 339
Crocus sativus L., 5, 339
crop cultivation, 83
cross-linked starch, 283
crosslinking reactions, 278
croton oil-induced ear edema in rats and mice, 248
crude drugs, 101, 395
artificial intelligence in, 34
botanical classification, 18–19
challenges in classification, 32–33
chemical classification, 21–23
chemotaxonomical classification, 25–26
classification of, 17–18
definition of, 17
early attempts at classification of, 18
emerging trends and innovations in field, 34–35
geographical classification, 26–28
integration of traditional and modern classification
approaches for, 33–34
machine learning in, 34
modern analytical techniques in classification, 29–32
morphological classification, 19
pharmacological classification, 23–24
phytochemical screening for chemical constituents
identification in, 145
recapitulation of classification in understanding,
35–36
research and collaboration in advancing classification,
36–37
for safe and effective use in medicine, 36
taxonomical classification, 25
traditional and cultural classification, 28–29
cryopreservation, 359
cryptic species, 32
crystalline microfibrils, 277
crystallization, 222–223
cultivation, 83
altitude, temperature, and humidity, 85–86
factors affecting, 85
fertilizers and manures in plant nutrition, 87
limitation of, 84
need of medicinal plants, 84
pests and pest control, 87
rainfall and irrigation, 86–87
soil, 85
types of, 84–85
culture methods, 251
culture room, 354
curacin A, 383
curcumin, 56, 198, 279, 279, 309, 412–413
curcuminoids, 23
cutting-edge cosmeceutical technologies, 310
cutting/sectioning techniques, 93
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, 280
cyanidin, 277
cyanobacteria, as marine microalgae, 375, 375
cyanogenic glycosides, 22
Cyanophyta, 375
cybrids, 358
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDK inhibitors), 385
cyclooxygenase (COX), 248
cyclosporin A, 43
cyclosporine, 424
cynomorium (Cynomorii herba), 212
cytarabine, 378
cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP enzymes), 425
CYP3A4, 425, 426, 427
CYP83B1 enzyme, 195
CYP2C9, 427
CYP2E1, 426
cytokine, 411
cytokinin, 352–353
cytoplasmic hybrids, 358
cytosine, 256
d
daidzein, 8
Daodi herbs, 396
Dasavidha Pareeksha, 70
data analysis, chemometric tools and, 181–182
data collection area, 355
Datura (Datura stramonium), 25
De Causis Plantarum (Theophrastus), 2
De Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus), 2
De Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 2
De Re Medica (Mesue), 2
450 Index
deacetylation reaction, 278
decaryiol, 384
decoction, 125
dedifferentiation, 347
deep-sea habitats, 372
Deguelia rufescens var. urucu, 338–339
Deguelia utilis, 338–339
dehydrating process, 93
dehydrogenation, 263
3-dehydroquinate (DHQ), 265
3-dehydroquinate dehydratase, 265
delphinidin, 277
Δ5-unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids
(Δ5-UPIFA), 336
De-Oiled Meal and Edible Flour (Control) Order of 1967, 306
deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), 238
DOCA-salt-induced hypertension, 238
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 256, 362
barcoding, 13, 396, 398, 403–404
DNA-based methods, 12
extraction, 397
ligases, 363
markers used in plant identification, 110
polymerases, 363
sequencing, 32
structure of, 395
dermal diseases
mouse tail model for psoriasis, 250–251
screening models for, 250
skin wound healing, 251
Derris elliptica, 322
desaturation, 270
desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
(DESI-MS), 112
Dhatus, 69
Dhatvagnis, 69
diabetes, 57, 245
diallyl sulfide, 426
dibbling method, 84
dibutyl phthalate, 337, 383
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 315
Dicots, 18
Dicotyledonous plants, 18
Dictyopygmea, 338
dietary glycosylated anthocyanins, 193
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA),
299, 306, 425
dietary supplements, 299
clinical studies on, 433–435
drug interaction with, 424–428
effect of drugs on, 424
di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 383
diferuloylmethanein curcumin, 300
differential expression gene (DEG), 402
diffusion process, 125
digestion maceration, 126
digestive system diseases
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats, 244
pylorus ligation-induced peptic ulcers in rats, 244–245
screening models for, 243
digitalis, 86
digoxin, 412
dihydrozeatin (DZ), 353
dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), 263–264,
266–267, 270
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), 246
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 279, 359
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
assay (MTT assay), 411
diode array detection (DAD), 11
Dioscorea banzhuana, 341
Dioscorea bulbifera L., 341
Dioscorea collettii var. hypoglauca, 341
Dioscorea nipponica subsp. Rosthornii, 341
Dioscorea species, 341
Dioscorea zingiberensis, 341
diphenolic substances, 341
1,1′-diphenyl–2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 214
1,1′-diphenyl–2-picrylhydrazyl-high-performance liquid
chromatography (DPPH-HPLC), 225
Diplotaxis acris, 337
Diplotaxis erucoides, 337
Diplotaxis harra, 337
Diplotaxis muralis, 337
direct gene transfer methods, 364
direct organogenesis, 355, 355
direct seeding method, 84
direct sonicator, 135, 136
direct steam distillation, 130
direct transesterification-gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (DT-GC-MS), 336
disease prevention, nutraceutical in, 300
disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na
HPO4), 242
2
distillation, 129, 129, 223
diterpenes, 335
dithiol thiones, 309
diversity array technology (DArTTM), 403
division
based on geographic origin of crude drugs, 26–27
based on plant families, 18
based on plant parts used for medicinal purposes, 20–21
based on primary active chemical constituents and major
classes, 21
based on therapeutic actions and properties, 23–24
based on traditional medicine systems, 28–29
role in accurate identification and classification, 31
DNA fingerprinting method, 12, 109–110, 403
establishment of fingerprint profiles, 109–110
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 299, 377
Dolabella auricularia, 379, 386
dolastatin 10, 383, 386
dolastatins, 379