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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5626_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Index 451
dopamine (DA), 240
double maceration, 209
Dragendorff’s test, 145–146
drainage of cultivated medicinal plants, 90
Dravaka, 71
drilling method, 84
Drosera, 338
Drosera adelae, 338
Drosera aliciae, 338
Drosera binata, 338
Drosera burmannii, 338
Drosera dielsiana, 338
Drosera hilaris, 338
Drosera montana, 338
Drosera petiolaris, 338
Drosera pygmaea, 338
Drosera spatulata, 338
drought-resistant plants, 87
drug delivery systems, 12
drug design, 264
drug discovery, ethnobotanical research in, 48–49
drug-drug interaction, 423
AI and ML in, 34
drug interaction studies on botanicals and dietary
supplements, 423
with botanicals and dietary supplements, 424–428
dietary supplements and botanicals on drug,
effect of, 424
herbs and, 428
risk factors for, 424
Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, 88
drying, of plant material, 93
duckweed (Lemna minor), 318
Dunaliella salina, 377
Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) extract, 318
e
Ebers Papyrus, 2
Echinacea purpurea, 300
Echinacea species, authentication of, 112
echinacoside, 341
Echinodermata Phylum, 379
echinoderms, 379–380, 379
Echinoidea, 379
ecopharmacognosy, 422
ecosystem services, by marine biodiversity, 373
Ecteinascidia turbinata, 378
ecuelle, 130–131, 131
Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order of 1988, 306
E-guggulsterone, 3
Ehrlich’s test, 146
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 299, 318, 377
electric light scattering (ELS), 9
electric shocks, 364
electrocardiograms (ECGs), 237–238
normal ECG of rat, 237
electrofusion, 358
electrolytes, 257
electron transport chain (ETC), 260
electrophoresis, 158–159
electroporation, 364
electrospray ionization (ESI), 382
elevated plus maze test, 240
elicitation, 361
elicitors, 361
ellagic acid, 308–309
embryo culture, 359
emollients, 18
emulsion test, 150
encapsulation, 360
endangered plant species
conservation prioritization, 33
cultural and traditional knowledge, 33
data accessibility and accuracy, 32
ethical considerations in, 32
ex situ conservation and access to genetic
resources, 33
inadequate resources for research, 33
taxonomic uncertainties, 32–33
endogenous elicitors, 361
endrin, 315
energy
efficiency of enzymes, 261
molecules, 257
enfleurage, 131, 131
enhanced solvent extraction system (ESE), 133
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP), 265
entomopathogenic fungi, 318
entrapment, 360
environmental management, genetic engineering
applications in, 365
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 318
enzymatic method, 357
enzyme-assisted extraction, 381–382
enzyme inhibition, 252, 410
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
159, 411
enzymes, 260
in biosynthetic pathways, 261–263
catalytic mechanism, 261
functions, 260–261
role in PSMs production, 195–196, 196
ephedra (Ma Huang), 428
Ephedra sinica, 20
ephedrine, 335
epicatechin gallate, 112
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 112
Eribulin, 374
Eruca sativa, 336
erythromycin, 43, 258
Escherichia coli, 362
452 Index
essential oils, 340–341
distillation, 129–130
ecuelle, 130–131, 131
enfleurage, 131, 131
expression, 130
extraction of, 129
hot maceration process/digestion, 131–132
pneumatic method, 132, 132
esterification, 278
ethanol, 257, 279
ether, 124
ethnoalgology, 46
ethnoarchaeobotany, 46
ethnobotanical survey, 43
ethnobotany, 46
ethnobotanical research in drug discovery,
48–49
ethnomedicinal plants used in folk practices,
50–56
history of, 45
origin and definition of, 44–45
subdisciplines of, 45, 46
ethnobryology, 46
ethnoecology, 46
ethnogastrology, 46
ethnohorticulture, 46
ethnolichenology, 46
ethnomedicobotany, 46
ethnomusicology, 46
ethnopharmacognosy, 46
ethnopharmacology, 46
ethnophytotaxonomy, 46
ethnopteridology, 46
ethnoveterinary, 46
ethosomes, 310
ethyl acetate, 279
ethylene, 353
ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), 351
ethyl esters of n–3 fatty acids, 309
Eucalyptus, 20
Euphrasia, 338
Euphrasia nemorosa, 338
Euphrasia rostkoviana, 338
Euphrasia stricta, 338
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 305–306
European Medicinal Agency (EMA), 435
European medicine, 47
European Union law (EU law), 297
Eurotium, 321
evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD), 224
exogenous elicitors, 361
expression vectors, 363
ex situ conservation, 405
external calibration, 180
extracellular matrix (ECM), 302
extracted ion chromatogram (XIC), 181
extraction, 121–122, 124, 208, 380–382
accelerated solvent extraction, 215
consideration for, 208
decoction, 125
of essential oil techniques, 129–132
factor affecting, 124, 208–209
ideal properties of solvent, 122–123
with ionic liquids, 214–215
maceration, 126, 209–210
mechanism of, 124–125
methods of, 125, 209
microwave-assisted extraction, 136–138, 213
percolation, 126–129, 210–211
phytonics, 132–133
pressurized liquid extraction, 213–214, 133–134
pulsed electric field extraction, 134–135
region-wise distribution of endemic species, 122
selection of appropriate solvent for, 209
solvents for, 123–124, 123, 123
Soxhlet extraction, 211–212
supercritical fluid extraction, 138–139, 212–213
ultrasound-assisted extraction, 135–136, 214
exudate gum, 281
f
Fabaceae, 18, 19
farnesyl pyrophosphate, 267
fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 336
fatty acids (FAs), 257, 270, 336
fatty acid synthase (FAS), 269
initiation of, 270
fatty acyl CoA
acetate mevalonate pathways for biosynthesis of,
269–271, 270
formation of, 271
Fehling’s test, 149
ferric chloride test, 147
for tannins, 148
fertilization, 84
fertilizer
of cultivated medicinal plants, 90
in plant nutrition, 87
ferulic acid (FA), 182
Fick’s law, 209
Ficus deltoidea, 339
fingerprinting techniques, 12
fish oil, 320
five-element theory, 75–76
in Tholkappiyam, 75
flame ionization detector (FID), 171, 217
flame test, 150
flash chromatography, 224–225
flavonoids, 7, 8, 23, 144, 147–148, 189, 191, 200,
258, 308, 335, 337
chemotaxonomical classes of crude drugs, 26
glycosides, 22
Index 453
flavonol aglycones, 8
flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), 21, 22
floral scent compounds, 259
flower bud culture, 358
flowers used for medicinal purposes, 20
fluorescein diacetate (FDA), 357
fluorescent lamps, 354
Folin-Ciocalteu assay, 151, 213
Folin-Ciocalteu method, 151, 152
folk medicine
early records of, 44
ethnomedicinal plants used in folk practices, 50–56
folk taxonomies, 334
folk therapy, 1
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), 425
food allergies, 430
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 306
Food and Drug Administration Modernization
Act of 1997, 306
Food Safety and Standards Authority (FSSA), 306
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI), 306
forensic genetics, 403
forensic pharmacognosy, 422
Fossilia, 333
Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM), 297
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy),
175, 177
foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), 7, 22, 25, 36
fractionation techniques, 215
chromatographic techniques, 216–220
counter-current chromatography, 220–221
liquid–liquid fractionation, 216
methods used for separation of phytoconstituents,
220–221
free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), 148
free radicals, 299
French lilac plant (Galega officinalis L.), 7
friable callus, 356
froth test, 147
for saponins, 148–149
fructose-induced hypertension in rats, 236–237, 237
Fruit Products Order of 1955, 306
fruits, used for medicinal purposes, 20
fucoidan, 372, 383–384
functional foods, 13, 298–299
functional genomics, 404
functional group inter-conversion, 263
fundamental metabolism, 262
furano-cembranoids, 384
g
galactose, 275–276
galantamine, 1
Galega officinalis L.. see French lilac plant
(Galega officinalis L.)
gallic acid, 265–266
gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 210
γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), 321
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP), 321
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), 300, 310
garbling process, 92
garlic (Allium sativum), 57, 426
allicin in, 309
with antioxidant potentials, 303
phenolic compounds extraction from, 211
reduces mortality in gastric cancer, 49
supplements, 426
used for treating cancer, 56
gas chromatography (GC), 30, 144, 219, 334, 410
in detection and evaluation of adulteration, 113
in estimation of phytochemicals, 171–173
in phytochemical analysis, 157
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 3, 101,
113, 217, 408
applications in phytochemical analysis, 180–181
authentication of Ginkgo biloba extract using, 113–114
in phytochemical analysis, 158
gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
(GCFID), 336
gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), 217, 335
gastrodin, 8
gastrointestinal disorders, of medicinal plants, 57–58
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), 424
gedunin, 199
gelatin, 279
gellan gum, 279–280, 352
gelling agent, 352
gel matrixes, entrapment in, 360
gene duplication, 401
gene-editing tools, 328
gene transfer methods, 364
direct gene transfer methods, 364
indirect gene transfer methods, 364–365
generally recognized as safe (GRAS), 310, 425
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 403
genetic engineering, 13, 256, 347, 362, 396
applications, 365
gene transfer methods, 364–365
restriction endonuclease, 362–363
vectors as carriers of transgene, 363
genetic improvement, 406
genetic map, 402
genetic markers, 110
genetics, 403
novel technologies in biotechnology and, 403–404
genistein, 8
genome duplication, 401
genome evolution, 401
genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 404
genomics, 11
genotoxicity studies, 411
454 Index
geographical classification, of crude drugs, 26
division based on geographic origin of crude drugs, 26–27
influence of climate, soil, and environmental factors on
medicinal properties, 27
region-specific crude drugs and uses, 27–28
geraniol synthase (GES), 404
Geranium, 341
Geranium carolinianum, 341
geranyl-eranyl pyrophosphate, 267
geranyl (geranyl) diphosphate synthase (G(G) PPS), 404
geranyl pyrophosphate, 267
germplasm, 359
conservation, 405–406
Ghrita, 71
Gibberella fujikuroi, 353
gibberellins (GAs), 353
ginger
in cardiovascular diseases, 309
in gastrointestinal disorders, 57–58
Gingidia, 340
Ginkgo biloba, 11, 20, 426
adulterants identification in extracts of, 111
chromatographic and spectral fingerprints for
identification of adulterated, 112
ginkgolic acids (GAs), 111
ginseng (Panax ginseng), 20, 28, 36, 111, 308, 426–427
Glehnia littoralis, 336
gluconeogenesis, 260
glucosinolates, 26, 189, 259
glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 198, 323
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), 260
glycine, 334–335
glycoalkaloids, 201
glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), 379
glycolysis, 260, 262
glycosides, 3, 144, 146–147, 192–193, 258–259, 334–335, 341
in crude drugs, 21, 22
glycosylates, 22
glycosylation, 277
glycosyltransferases (GTs), 192
glycosynthases, 192
glycyrrhetic acid, 427
Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice), 19, 44, 411
glycyrrhizic acid, 198
glycyrrhizin, 194, 427
Golden Age of Arabic Medicine, 2
good agricultural and collection practices (GACP), 89
good agricultural practices (GAP), 88
good field collection practices (GFCP), 97
good manufacturing practice (GMP), 308, 326, 429
gradient elution, 219, 220
graft copolymerization, 278
granules, 325
gravity column chromatography, 217–218
grease spot test, 150
Greeks, medicinal plant use in, 2
green chemistry principles, 209
green extraction technology, 13
green-leaf volatiles, 189
green sea algae species, 376
green seaweeds, 376
green tea extracts, analyzing for polyphenols, 112
guanine, 256
guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 257
guar gum, 280, 280
Gum Arabic. see Acacia gum
Gutika, 71
Gymnema sylvestre, 57
gypenoside XVII, 10
h
Haematococcus pluvialis, 384
Haemophilus influenzae, 321
Hager’s test, 146
hair colorants and dyes, 302
hair cosmeceuticals, 302
hair growth stimulators, 302
Halaven, 386
Halichondria okadai, 386
halichondrin B, 386
Halphen test, 150
harvesting medicinal plants, 90
plant parts and harvesting timing, 91
healthcare system, clinical pharmacognosy in, 423
hemicelluloses, 357
henna. see Lawsone
hennotannic acid. see Lawsone
hepatic fibrosis, 244
heptachlor, 315
herbal anti-diabetic species, 8
herbal-drug interaction, clinical support of, 435–436
herbal drugs, 143, 235, 236
adulteration of, 102–103
qualitative analysis of, 143, 144
quantitative analysis of, 144
herbal excipients, 275
herbal genomics, case studies of, 402, 402
herbal ingredients, adulterants detection in, 114–115
herbal medicinal products (HMP), 434
pharmacognosy relevance in pharmacological
research on, 3
herbal medicine, 1, 101
market potential of, 43–44
standardization using PSMs, 201–202
herbalomics, in crude drugs classification, 35
HES. see hydroxyethyl starch (HES)
hesperetin, 8
Hibiscus sabdariffa, 411
hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), 181, 339
high-efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA filters), 354
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 3, 30, 31,
101, 144, 167, 169–171, 215, 219, 334–335, 408
Index 455
analysis of phytoconstituents, 172
chromatogram, 219
in detection and evaluation of adulteration, 112–113
in phytochemical analysis, 157
of Withaferin-A standard and formulation of
Ashwagandhadi lehyam, 170
high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array
detection (HPLC-DAD), 339
high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC),
9, 169, 173–175
estimation of phytoconstituents and chromatographic
conditions, 176
high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 11
high-speed countercurrent chromatography
(HSCCC), 225
high thermal efficiency (HTE), 31–32
high throughput analysis (HTA), 32
high-value molecules (HVMs), 376
Hima, 71
histamine-induced broncho constriction in guinea pigs,
240–241
holistic patient care, 34
Holothuroidea, 379
Holothuroidea clade, 379
homeopathy system, 79
history, 79
methods of diagnosis and treatment, 80
principles of, 79–80
homeostasis, 80
Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI), 97
homologous genes, 401
honey, 320
horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), 22
hot continuous percolation, 128–129
hot maceration process/digestion, 131–132, 132
hot percolation, 128
hot plate method, 249–250, 249
Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction (HGWD), 410
Human Genome Project, 256
human serum albumin, 276
humours (Uyir thathukkal), 76
hyaluronic acid (HA), 302–303, 372
hybridization, 32
Hydrastis canadensis, 435–436
hydration, 303
hydrilla (Hydrilla spp.), 318
hydro distillation, disadvantages of, 129
hydro steam distillation, 130
advantages of hydro and steam distillation over hydro
distillation, 130
disadvantages of hydro and steam distillation over water
distillation, 130
hydrochloric acid (HCl), 216
hydrodiffusion, 129
hydrogenation, 263
hydrolases, 260
hydrolysable tannins, 335, 191
hydroxy acids, 303
hydroxyethyl starch (HES), 283
hydroxyethylation, 283
7-hydroxymitragynine, 112
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), 278
hydroxypropyl starch (HPS), 283
hydroxypropylation, 283
Hygiene, Perfume, Cosmetics, and Sanitizing Products
Management (GHCOS), 307
hymenialdisine, 385
hyoscine, 59
Hyoscyamus Niger, 19
hyperforin, 425
hyperhydricity, 350
Hypericum perforatum. see St. John’s Wort
(Hypericum perforatum)
hyphenated strategy, 225
hyphenated techniques, 113, 180–181
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 113–114
liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 114
i
iaaH gene, 365
iaaM gene, 365
Ilaj-Bil-Dawa (pharmacotherapy), 74
Ilaj-Bil-Tadbeer (regimental therapy), 74
Ilaj-Bil-Yad (surgical therapy), 74
Illicium anisatum. see Chinese star anise (Illicium anisatum)
imbibition, 127
imli. see tamarind gum (Tamarindus indica L.)
immobilization methods, 360
immobilized cell culture, 356
IMMU-110. see dolastatin 10
immune system support, 300
immunoenzyme test-systems, 146
immunoglobulins (Ig), 319
immunomodulatory diseases, screening models for, 247
acute-systemic anaphylaxis in rats, 247
immunomodulatory effects, of plant secondary metabolites,
197–198
India, medicinal plant use in, 2
Indian Ayurvedic system, 44
Indian dates. see tamarind gum (Tamarindus indica L.)
Indian traditional medicine. see Ayurvedic medicine
indirect gene transfer methods, 364–365
indirect organogenesis, 355, 355
indirect sonicator, 135, 136
individualization, 79–80
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 352
indole acetonitrile, 352
indole-3-butyric acid, 352
Indonesian Food and Drug Administration, 101
induced fusion, 358
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS),
30, 30
456 Index
industrially important pharmaceutical aids, 275
Acacia gum, 275, 275
agar-agar, 275–276, 276
albumin, 276
alginates, 276–277
anthocyanidins, 277
cellulose, 277, 277
chitosan, 278
cochineal, 278–279
curcumin, 279
gelatin, 279
gellan gum, 279–280
guar gum, 280
inulin, 281
Karaya gum, 280
Lawsone, 281
locust bean gum, 281–282
pectins, 282, 282
starch, 282–283
tragacanth gum, 280–281, 281
xanthan gum, 283–284
inflammation, 310, 58–59
inflammatory marker assays, 411
inflammatory polyarthritis, 242
infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy), 4, 29, 144, 336
in phytochemical analysis, 158
ingestible skincare. see nutricosmetics
inhibitory concentrations 50 (IC50), 251
inhibitory concentrations 90 (IC90), 251
inorganic nutrients, 349
macronutrients, 350
insect growth regulators (IGRs), 88
insect pheromones, 318
Insecta, 333
insect-based anti-allergens, 319
insect-based biopesticides, 318
Insecticides Act, The, 1968, 326
in situ conservation, 405
integrated pest management programs (IPM programs), 316
Intellectual Property Rights, 28
intermediates, 262–263
internal standardization, 180
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), 4
International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and
Plants (ICN), 18
International Pharmaceutical Excipients Councils
(IPEC), 273
inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), 12, 399
intertidal zones, 372
inulin, 281
in vitro cell cultures, 195
in vitro models, 251
culture methods, 251
enzyme inhibition and receptor binding assay, 252
germplasm conservation, 359–360
isolated organs, 251
tissue culture, 349
in vitro toxicity assays, 411
in vivo models, 235
analgesic activity, screening models for, 249–250
anti-inflammatory activity, screening models for, 248–249
antipyretic activity, screening models for, 250
cancer, screening models for, 246–247
cardiovascular system diseases, screening models for,
236–238
dermal diseases, screening models for, 250–251
digestive system diseases, screening models for, 243–245
immunomodulatory diseases, screening models for, 247
metabolic diseases, screening models for, 245–246
musculoskeletal diseases, screening models for, 242–243
nervous system diseases, screening models for, 238–240
ophthalmic diseases, screening models for, 247–248
respiratory system diseases, screening models for, 240–241
urinary system diseases, screening models for, 241–242
in vivo toxicity studies, 411
iodine (I), 350–351
test, 149
value for fixed oils and waxes, 155
iodine value test, 150
ion-exchange chromatography, 219
ionic liquids (ILs), 124, 214
extraction with, 214–215
ionotropic gelation, 276
iposide, 3
iridoid glycosides, 22
irinotecan, 3
Iris, 337
Iris bungei, 338
Iris lactea, 338
Iris tenuifolia, 338
iron (Fe), 350–351
irrigation
affecting medicinal plant cultivation, 86–87
of cultivated medicinal plants, 90
Isatis tinctoria, 404
isocorynantheidine, 112
isoflavones, 309
isolated organs, 251
isolation of intermediates, 261
isoleucine, 268–269
isomerases, 260
isomerization, 263
isopentenyladenine (iP), 353
isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), 263–264, 266, 270
isopimpinellin, 337
isoprenaline (ISO), 238
isoprenaline-induced myocardial infraction, 238
isoprenoids, 267, 268
intermediates, 270, 271
isoquinoline alkaloids, 337
isorhamnetin, 338
Index 457
isoschaftoside, 339
isothiocyanates, 309
glycosides, 22
isotope dilution analysis, 180
isotopes, 259
isovitexin, 339
j
Japanese flower shikimi, 265
Japanese Kampo Medicine, 28
Japanese star anise. see Japanese flower shikimi
k
Kaempferia galangal (ginger), 303
kaempferol, 8
kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, 339
Kalka, 71
kaolin clay, 318
Kapha dosha, 68–69
kapham, 76
Karaya gum, 280
Kava Kava (Piper methysticum), 436
Kefir, 300
Keller-Killiani test, 146–147
Kerria lacca. see Kwatha Churna
2-keto-3-deoxy-7-phosphoglucoheptonic acid, 265
keto-enol tautomerism, 263
ketones, 263
Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.), 4
kimchi, 300
kinetic maceration, 126
kinetin, 352–353
Kingdom Plantae, 18
Kjeldahl method, protein determination by, 154
Kovacs test, 150
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), 112
alkaloids’ quantification in, 112–113
Krebs cycle. see citric acid cycle
Kwatha Churna, 71
l
lac insect (Kerria lacca), 25
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 322
Lactobacillus, 320
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, 320
ladybugs, 88
Laminaria hyperborea, 276
Lanolin, 301
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(LA-ICP-MS), 30
latex, 259
Law of Minimum Dose, 79
Law of Similar, 79
Law of Single Remedy, 79
Lawsone, 281
Lawsonia inermis, 281
leaching process, 92–93
lead acetate test, 148
leaf culture, 358
leaves used for medicinal purposes, 20
left border (LB), 365
left coronary artery ligation method, 237
Lemna minor. see duckweed (Lemna minor)
Lepa, 72
Leptosphaeria oraemaris, 383
letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female rats,
245–246, 245
leucine, 268–269
L-glutamate, 257
Liber Magnae Collectionis Simplicum Alimentorum Et
Medicamentorum (Baitar), 2
licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), 20, 427
lifestyle disorders, 298
ligases, 260
lignans, 23, 192, 200, 341–342
in crude drugs, 22
Lignarenone B, 379
Limniris, 337–338
linear regression analysis, 181
lipid, 149–150, 256, 257
biosynthesis, 260
lipoic acid, 309
lipophilic allergens, 430
liposomes, 310
5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 248
lipoxygenases (LO), 201
liquid chromatography (LC), 113, 219, 334
liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass
spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS), 171
liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 3, 112,
144, 408
applications in phytochemical analysis, 180–181
authentication of Ginkgo biloba extract using, 114
in phytochemical analysis, 158
liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance-mass
spectroscopy (LC-NMR-MS), 180
for comprehensive structural elucidation, 181
liquid–liquid chromatography (LLC), 217
liquid–liquid fractionation, 216
liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), 22
Lissoclinum patella, 383
Lithospermum erythrorhizon, 322
L-lysine, 257
locust bean gum, 281–282
Lonchocarpus utilis, 322
London Pharmacopeia in 1618, 395
loperamide, 7
lovastatin, 43
low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), 309
low-methoxy pectin, 282
Lowry method, protein determination by, 154–155
Lowry protein assay, 150
458 Index
lurbinectedin, 386
lutein, 309
lyases, 260
lycopene, 308, 376
Lyngbya lagerhaimanii, 375
Lyngbya majuscule, 375
Lysimachia baviensis, 338
lysine, 335
m
maceration, 124, 126, 127, 209–210
machine learning (ML)
in crude drugs classification, 35
role in crude drugs, 34
macroalgae, 376, 382–383
Macrocystis pyrifera, 276
macromorphological authentication, 5
macromorphological characters of plant, 5
macronutrients, 350
macrophage chemostatic protein (MCP-1), 200
macroscopic identification, of plant, 4
Madagascar periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus (L.)),
7, 212
magnesium (Mg), 350
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 159
Maillard method, 424
malaria treatment, Artemisia annua for, 35
Malas, 69
malondialdehyde (MDA), 191, 241, 323
malonyl-CoA, 262, 264, 270
malvidin, 277
manganese (Mn), 350
mangiferin, 322
mangrove forests, 372
manures
of cultivated medicinal plants, 90
in plant nutrition, 87
marine algae
bioactive compounds and applications, 376–378
diversity of marine macroalgae, 375–376
and medicinal potential, 375
marine bacteria, 383
marine-based anti-allergens, 319
marine-based biopesticides, 318
marine biodiversity, ecosystem services provided by, 373
marine compounds, 372
collecting and processing of, 380
marine-derived compounds
anticancer properties of marine compounds, 382–384
neuroprotective and neuropharmacological effects, 384–385
pharmacological activities of, 382
marine-derived hydrogels, 372
marine ecosystems, 372–373
marine environments
biodiversity in, 372–373
microbial diversity in, 374
marine fungi, 383
marine invertebrates, 378
bioactive compounds from, 380
echinoderms, 379–380
molluscs, 379
sponges, 378
marine macroalgae, 376
diversity of, 375–376
marine microorganisms, 318
aplidin, 386
bioactive compounds from, 373
bryostatin-1, 386
dolastatin 10, 386
halaven, 386
lurbinectedin, 386
preclinical and clinical studies of, 385–386
squalamine, 386
marine natural products (MNPs), 378
advancements in marine natural product research, 388
marine organisms, 371
adaptations and survival strategies, 373
for bioactive compounds, 371
drug discovery, importance in, 371–372
marine pharmacognosy, 371
analytical tools and technologies, 382
bioactive compounds, exploring marine organisms for, 371
bioactive compounds from marine microorganisms,
373–375
drug discovery, importance of marine organism in,
371–372
extraction process and characterization techniques,
380–382
future prospects, 388
marine algae and medicinal potential, 375–378
marine ecosystems and biodiversity, 372–373
marine invertebrates, 378–380
marketed marine drug product, 386, 387
pharmacological activities of marine-derived compounds,
382–385
preclinical and clinical studies of marine microorganisms,
385–386
marine pigments, 319
marine plants, 382
macroalgae, 382–383
microalgae, 383
marine polysaccharides, 319
marine proteins, 319
marinosomes, 310
marker-assisted selection (MAS), 406
marketed marine drug product, 386, 387
market trends and consumer preferences, 311
Marrubium vulgare, 57
mass propagation, 405
mass spectrometry (MS), 11, 30, 31, 144, 179, 224, 264, 167,
334, 336, 371, 374, 382, 407, 431
adulterants detection in herbal ingredients, 114–115
Index 459
MS-based plant metabolomics study, 409
in phytochemical analysis, 158
quality control measures for phytochemicals, 180
quantitative analysis for phytochemicals, 179–180
structural elucidation of phytochemicals by, 179
mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), 158
mass-to-charge ratio (m/z ratio), 382, 408
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), 382
Mayer’s test, 146
Meat Food Products Order of 1973, 306
mechanical fusion, 358
mechanical method, protoplast isolation, 357
mechanical shearing method, 362
medicinal herbs
establishment of fingerprint profiles, 109–110
evaluation of, 107
microscopic analysis, 108–109
molecular genetic basis for economic features of, 401–402
morphological analysis, 108
multiple marker-based fingerprint profiles for adulterants
detection, 110–111
organoleptic analysis, 109
qualitative and quantitative of phytochemical for
contaminants detection, 109
taxonomic deciding adulteration of medicinal plants,
107–108
medicinal plants, 43–44
adulteration in, 106–107
anticancer activity, 49–57
antidiabetic activity, 57
anti-inflammatory activity, 58–59
antiviral activity, 58
biological activity of, 49
biotechnology, 347
cultivation, 83–85
ethnomedicinal plants used in folk practices, 50–56
gastrointestinal disorders, 57–58
genetic engineering, 362–364
good agricultural practice, 88–91
good collection practices for, 91–92
growing conditions for plants, 94–96
metabolomics in medicinal plant research, 407–408
molecular biosynthesis and metabolomics of, 407
molecular genetics and genomics of, 399–404
permissible levels of contaminants under GAP and GFCP,
98–99
plant tissue culture, 347–362
processing of, 92–93
respiratory disorders, 58
sample record for cultivated medicinal plants, 94
selection, 89
storage and packaging, 93–94
VCSMPP in Indian scenario, 97–99
Melia azedarach L., 4
meristematic cells, 347
Mesopotamia region, medicinal plant use in, 2
MetaboAnalyst, 408
metabolic diseases, screening models for, 245
letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female
rats, 245–246, 245
streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, 245
metabolic engineering techniques, 13
metabolic intermediates, 257
metabolic profiling method, 396
metabolism, 259
metabolite profiling techniques, 11
metabolomics, 11, 182, 396, 407
in crude drugs classification, 35
techniques and analytical tools, 408–410
metal-chelating proteins, 299
Metarhizium anisopliae, 318
MetExplore, 408
Metformin, 7
7-methoxylated flavonoids, 338
methoxylation, 282
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine
(MPTP), 384
mevalonate, 262, 264
MI. see myocardial infarction (MI)
microalgae, 375, 383
microbial assays, 410
microbial diversity, in marine environment, 374
microbial interactions, 13
Micrococcus luteus, 310
microinjection, 364
micronutrients, 350–351
microorganism-based anti-allergens, 320–321
microorganism-based biopesticides, 318–319
microprojectile bombardment/gene gun, 364
micropropagation, 355
microscopy, in detection and evaluation of herbal
adulteration, 111
microwave-aided extraction, 171
microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), 121, 136–138, 209, 213,
381–382
microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, 138
microwave cavity, 137
microwave generator, 137
mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR), 8
milk thistle (Silybum marianum), 7, 427
Millon’s test, 150
mind–body connection in beauty, 305
Minerae, 333
mineral-based crude drugs, 25
minerals, 299
Ministry of Health, 305, 307
mitochondrial function assays, 411
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), 248, 322
mitragynine, 112
mitraphylline, 112
Mizaj, 73
mobilizing genes (mob genes), 363
460 Index
modern analytical techniques, 167, 168–169
advantages and challenges of, 31–32
in classification, 29
DNA barcoding, 31
use of advanced analytical methods, 29–31
modern extraction methods, 125
modern pharmacognosy, 3
modern pharmacology, 33
modified legal’s test, 147
modified maceration, 126, 209
moisturization, 303
moisturizers, 303
molecular biology techniques, 256, 395
DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, sequencing,
and cloning, 397
molecular markers, barcodes, and databases, 398–399, 399
in pharmacognosy, 396, 398–399
significance, 397–398
molecular biosynthesis and metabolomics
applications and benefits of metabolomics, 408
medicinal plant research, importance and application of
metabolomics in, 407–408
of medicinal plants, 407, 407
metabolomics techniques and analytical tools, 408–410
molecular docking studies, 411
molecular genetics and genomics of medicinal plants, 399
genetics, 403–404
genome duplication, 401
genome evolution, 401
herbal genomics, case studies of, 402, 402
medicinal herbs, molecular genetic basis for economic
features of, 401–402
transcriptome analysis, 402
molecular imaging techniques, 182
molecular markers, barcodes, and databases, 398–399, 399
molecular pharmacognosy, 395, 422. see also clinical
pharmacognosy
bioassays, 410
current trends in, 396
history and evolution of, 395–396
in vitro toxicity assays, 411
in vivo toxicity studies, 411
molecular biology techniques in pharmacognosy, 396–399
molecular biosynthesis and metabolomics of medicinal
plants, 407–410
molecular genetics and genomics of medicinal plants,
399–404
molecular pharmacology and toxicology of medicinal
plants, 410–413
pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical
trials, 411
phytochemical analysis, 410
plant-derived drugs, mechanism of action, efficacy, and
toxicity of, 412–413
PTC of medicinal plants, 404–407
receptor binding studies, 410–411
risk assessment, 412
safety pharmacological studies, 412
scope and objectives, 396
and toxicology of medicinal plants, 410
Molisch’s test, 149, 150
molluscs, 379, 379
molybdenum (Mo), 350–351
Momordica charantia, 57
Monocots, 18
Monocotyledons, 18
monoterpenes, 335
Montana, 19
Moraxella catarrhalis, 321
morphine, 1, 309
morphological classification, of plants, 19
division based on plant parts used for medicinal purposes,
20–21
examination of macroscopic and microscopic
characteristics, 21
Morris water maze test, 239
mouse tail model for psoriasis, 250–251
multilocus banding patterns, 12
multimode MAE, 137, 137
multi-omics integration, in crude drugs classification, 35
multiple maceration, 209
multiple marker-based fingerprint profiles, for adulterants
detection, 110–111
multitargeted approaches, 11–12
multivariate analysis techniques, 181–182
multivariate chromatographic fingerprint, 182
Murashige and Skoog medium (MS medium), 352
musculoskeletal diseases, screening models for, 242
collagen type-II-induced arthritis in rats, 242–243
ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats, 243
muskgrass (Chara spp.), 318
mustard (Sinapis alba), 26
mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), 377
myocardial infarction (MI), 237
myricetin, 8
myristicin, 201
MZmine, 408
n
Nagoya Protocol, 28, 380
naked plant cell, 357
n-alkyl glycoside derivatives, 341
Nannochloropsis oculata, 377
NaOH test, 148
Nardostachys grandiflora, 340
naringenin, 8, 198
naringin, 198
National Institute of Standards and Technology Mass Spectral
database (NIST-MS database), 179
National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), 307
National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB), 97
Native American healing, 101