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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5626_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Index 461
Native American Medicine, 28
natural allergenic extract, in diagnosis of allergic
conditions, 428
diagnosis and treatment, 432–433, 433
production and quality control, 429–431, 429
quality control methods with advantages and
disadvantages, 431–432, 431
reproducible, effective, and safe botanical
supplements, 430
natural anti-allergens, 319
animal-based anti-allergens, 319–320
commercial production of, 325
insect-based anti-allergens, 319
marine-based anti-allergens, 319
microorganism-based anti-allergens, 320–321
pharmacological mechanism and toxicity of, 322–323
plant-based anti-allergens, 319
plants with bioactive components used as, 320
natural compounds, 49, 235
natural crude drugs, 101
natural pesticides, 315
challenges and opportunities in, 325–326
commercial production of, 324–325, 325
formulations, 325
pharmacological mechanism and toxicity profile of,
321–323
natural pesticides/biopesticides, 316
animal-based biopesticides, 318
future prospects and opportunities, 327–328
insect-based biopesticides, 318
marine-based biopesticides, 318
microorganism-based biopesticides, 318–319
plant-based biopesticides, 316–317
natural plant-derived glycosides, 192
natural products (NPs), 207
extraction methods/technique, 209–215
fractionation techniques, 215–221
purification, 221–226
near-infrared spectrometry (NIR spectrometry), 8, 334
nebulon, 3
Necator americanus, 320
Neem, 20
Nephthea spp., 384
Nerium oleander. see oleander (Nerium oleander)
nervous system diseases, screening models for, 238
aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease in rats,
239–240
chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression, 240
rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats, 240
scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice, 239
tremorine and oxotremorine antagonism, 239
yohimbine-induced convulsions in mice, 238–239
Netrabindu, 72
neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), 385
neuroprotective benefits, of plant secondary metabolites,
198–199
New Dietary Ingredient (NDI), 306
next-generation sequencing (NGS), 396, 403–404
N-glycosides, 334–335
nickel (Ni), 350–351
Nicotiana tabacum, 321
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), 265
NAD-dependent hydrolysis mechanism, 192
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), 257
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 262
nicotine, 321, 335
Nidan Parivarjan, 71
Nigella sativa, 57
ninhydrin test, 150
niosomes, 310
nitrate (NO
−
3
), 350
nitric oxide (NO), 247
nitrogen (N), 350
nitrogen-containing compounds, 189
N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU), 246
induced breast cancer in female rats, 246–247
Noctiluca scintillans, 383
nonconjugative plasmids, 363
nondestructive techniques, 219
nonpolar alkane-based solvents, 209
non-polar solvents, 123, 209
nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), 195
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 249, 424
nonzygotic embryos, 355
North African traditional medicine, 47–48
Nosema locustae, 318
novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), 276
nuclear-factor kappa-B (NF-κB), 322
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR
spectroscopy), 8, 144, 159, 167, 175, 177–178, 224, 264,
334, 371, 382, 407
adulterant detection in soybean oil, 114
in phytochemical analysis, 158
nucleic acids, 256, 257
nucleotide, 256–257
biosynthesis, 260
nutraceuticals, 13, 297–298. see also phytopharmaceuticals
advances in nutraceutical research, 308–310
complementary benefits, 305
definition and classification, 298–299
in disease prevention, 300
future trends and innovations, 308–311
health benefits, 300
historical overview, 298
internal and external approaches to health and beauty,
304–305
key components and ingredients, 299–300
regulatory considerations, 305–308
significance in modern healthcare and beauty industries,
298
synergies, 303–305
nutra-cosmetics, 303–304
462 Index
nutricosmetics, 303–304
Nutrition Labelling and Education Act (NLEA), 425
o
Ocimum sanctum (OS), 169
octoposide, 3
Oenothein B, 197
4’-O-glucopyranoside, 11
O-glycosides, 334–335
okicamelliaside, 323
Old Dietary Ingredient (ODI), 306
oleander (Nerium oleander), 22
oleogum resins, 340
olive mill wastewater (OMWW), 216
omega-3 fatty acids, 299, 309
Ometa, 340
omics approach, 11, 407
open field maze test, 240
Ophiuroidea, 379
ophthalmic diseases, screening models for, 247
alpha-chymotrypsin-induced glaucoma, 247
scopolamine-induced dry eye disease in rats, 248
opine catabolism, 365
opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), 6, 7, 24, 24, 44
oral immunotherapy (OIT), 326
organ culture, 358
organic acids, 257
organic farming, 316
organic pesticides, 316
organic supplements, 352
organogenesis, 355
orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS), 181
orthokeratosis, 250–251
orthologous genes, 401
osazone test, 149
oseltamivir, 265
osteoarthritis (OA), 242, 310
osteoporosis, 242
12-otetracanoilphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), 248
ovalbumin, 276
ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female rats, 243
ovary culture, 358
ovule culture, 358–359
oxidation, 283
oxidative stress assays, 411
oxidized starch, 283
oxidoreductases, 260
2-oxoglutarate, 268
2-oxoisovalerate, 268
oxotremorine antagonism, 239
oxyboldine, 190
oxypeucedanin hydrate, 339
p
pacifying treatment. see Shamana therapy
paclitaxel, 3, 43, 49
Paka, 71
palmitic acid, formation of, 270
Panchakarma treatment, 70
Panchamahabhuta Siddhanta, 68
functional and structural components, 68
Pancheekaranam (mutual intra inclusion), 76
paracelsus, 273
paralogous genes, 401
parboiling process, 92
Parkinson’s disease (PD), 377, 384
partial least squares-discriminant analysis
(PLS-DA), 112
partial least squares regression (PLS), 181
partition-based chromatography techniques, 217
partition chromatography, 219
Patellamides A and C, 375
Pathya Vyavastha, 70–71
Paul Ehrlich Institute, 432
Paullinia, 337
Paullinia cupana, 337
Paullinia pachycarpa, 337
Paullinia yoco, 337
paynantheine, 112
PCR-based DNA fingerprinting methods, 12
Pearson coefficient correlation, 182
pectin, 282, 282, 357
Pedicularis, 341
Pedicularis rostratocapitata, 341
Pedicularis verticillata, 341
Peganum harmala, 57
pelargonidin, 277
peltogynoids, 338
penetration, 125
penicillin, discovery and acquisition of, 1
Penicillium sp., 87, 383
pentose phosphate pathway, 262
peonidin, 277
peptides, 302, 319
percolation, 126–129, 126, 127, 210–211
peroxide value, for fixed oils and waxes, 156
personal grooming concept, 298
pest control, 87
agricultural methods, 88
biological methods, 88
chemical methods, 88
mechanical methods, 88
natural method, 87–88
pesticides, 315. see also biopesticides
natural pesticides/biopesticides, 316–319
regulatory aspects for quality control of, 326–327
pests affecting medicinal plant cultivation, 87
Petrae, 333
petunidin, 277
phages. see bacteriophages
Phanta, 71
pharmaceutical agar, 276
Index 463
pharmaceutical aids, 273
industrially important, 275–284
natural, 274, 284
pharmaceutical excipients, 273
pharmacodynamics, 411
pharmacogenomics, in crude drugs classification, 35
pharmacognosy, 1, 19, 421. see also clinical pharmacognosy;
marine pharmacognosy; molecular pharmacognosy
ancient Egypt, 2
Arabic and Islamic region, 2–3
big data and artificial intelligence, 13–14
bioactive compounds identification from adulterants, 8–11
bioactivity-guided fractionation, 8
bioavailability and drug delivery systems, 12
biotechnological approaches, 13
China, 2
computational approaches, 12
development in modern era, 3
emerging areas in, 422
function in healthcare system, 422
Greeks, 2
green extraction technology, 13
historical development of, 1
India, 2
Mesopotamia region, 2
microbial interactions and co-cultivation, 13
multitargeted approaches, 11–12
nutraceuticals and functional foods, 13
omics approach, 11
phytopharmacology and mechanistic studies, 11
progress in, 7
relevance in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal
products, 3
standardization and quality control, 12–13
sustainability and conservation, 13
taxonomy and botanical authenticity, 3–6
pharmacokinetics, 410, 411
pharmacological classification of crude drugs,
23–24, 24
pharmacological screening of drugs, 235
biologically active compounds, discovery of, 235
in vitro models, 251–252
in vivo models, 235–251
pharmacological approaches, 235–252
pharmacopeias, 395
pharmacy, 423
phase I trials, 434–435
phase II trials, 434–435
phase III trials, 434–435
phase IV trials, 434–435
phenolic acids, 23, 191, 200
phenolic compounds (PCs), 7, 150–151, 191–192, 259, 335,
337–340
chemotaxonomical classes of crude drugs, 26
in crude drugs, 22, 23
extraction from Allium sativum, 211
phenolic groups, 189
phenolic substances, 258
phenosafranin, 357
phenylacetic acid, 352
phenylalanine, 263, 265
phenylethanoid glycosides, 341
phenylpropanoids, 265–266
phenyl urea type cytokinin, 353
Phormidium tenue, 375
phosphatidylcholine, 310
phosphoenol pyruvate, 265
3-phosphoglycerate, 260
phospholipase A2 (PLA2), 248
phospholipids, 257, 260, 310
phosphorus (P), 350
phosphorylation, 283
photoprotection, 304
photosomes, 310
photosynthesis, 260
phycobiliproteins, 377
phylogenetic classifications, 333
phylum. see division
physiological salt solution (PSS), 251
phytochemical analysis, 3, 143–144, 410
alkaloids, 336–337
analytical techniques in, 156–159
in chemotaxonomy, 336
essential oils, 340–341
fatty acids, 336
glycosides, 341
lignans, 341–342
metabolomics in, 182
phenolic compounds, 337–340
quantitative methods of, 150–156
screening through chemical test, 144–150
phytochemical genomics. see functional genomics
phytochemicals, 49, 124, 167
advanced technologies, 182
background and significance of, 167–168
challenges and future perspectives, 182–183
chemometric tools and data analysis,
181–182
chromatographic techniques, 169–175
hyphenated techniques, 180–181
mass spectrometry, 179–180
modern analytical techniques, 168–169
quality control and chemical identification, 168
spectroscopic techniques, 175–178
phytochemistry, 6–7
recent progress in, 7–14
phytocompounds with antioxidant properties, 259
phytoequivalence, 436–437
phytoestrogens, 308
phytogeography, 26
phytohormones, 352–353
phytonics, 132–133, 133
464 Index
phytopharmaceuticals
acetate mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of terpenes,
266–267
acetate mevalonate pathways for biosynthesis of fatty
acyl-CoA,
269–271, 270
biosynthesis of aliphatic amino acids, 268–269, 269
biosynthetic pathway, 255
enzymes, 260–261
enzymes role in biosynthetic pathways, 261–263
general metabolic/synthetic pathway, 259–260
gross idea, 256
history, 255–256
milestones, 256
primary metabolites, 256–258
secondary metabolites, 258–259
shikimic acid pathway for biosynthesis of aromatic amino
acids, 265–266, 266
structural modifications, 263–265
phytopharmacology and mechanistic studies, 11
phytoremediation. see bioremediation
phytosol, 132
phytosterols, 259
phytotherapy, 235
pigments, 376–377
pinolenic acid (PNLA), 336
Pinus halepensis, 57
Pinus koraiensis, 336
Pinus mugo, 336
Pinus species, 336
piperine extraction, 171
Pisces, 333
Pishti, 71–72
pitham, 76
types, 77
Pitta dosha, 68
plant
classification, 4
identification, 4
nomenclature, 4
plant-based anti-allergens, 319
plant-based biopesticides, 316–317
plant-based crude drugs, 25
plant-based medicines, 121
plant-derived drugs, mechanism of action, efficacy, and
toxicity of, 412–413
plant-derived phytochemicals, 167
plant cell immobilization, 360
plant extracts, 309
plant growth regulators, 352–353
plant maintenance and protection of medicinal herbs, 90
plant metabolite production, 3
plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), 189
anticancer potential, 197
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects,
197–198
antimicrobial properties, 196
antioxidant and antiaging effects, 200–201
biosynthetic pathways, 194
cardiovascular health benefits, 199–200
classification of, 190–194
environmental factors affecting, 194–195
enzymes role in production of, 195–196, 196
functions of, 189–190
genetic factors affecting, 195
neuroprotective and cognitive benefits, 198–199
obstacles in standardizing herbal medicines related to
PSMs, 202
safety and toxicity, 201
standardization of herbal medicine using, 201
therapeutic applications, 196
types of, 189
variations in PSMs affect standardization process, 202
plant taxonomical authentication, 4
plant taxonomy. see botanical classification
plant tissue culture (PTC), 13, 347, 348, 396
applications, 361–362
biotransformation, 360–361, 361
direct applications, 405–406
general process of, 356
indirect applications, 406–407
in-vitro plant germplasm conservation, 359–360
laboratory requirements, 353–355
layout of tissue culture laboratory, 353
major tissue culture-related discoveries, 348–349
of medicinal plants, 404–407
micropropagation, 355
nutritional requirements and cultural media, 349–353
plant cell culture technology, history of, 349
plant cell immobilization, 360
synthetic seed or artificial seed, 359
types, 355–359
plant toxicity, plant secondary metabolites and, 201
Plantago, 339
plasma source mass spectrometry (PSMS), 30
plasmids, 363
plasticity, 347
platelet activation factors (PAF), 248
platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1
(PECAM-1), 247
plethysmometer, 249
plethysmometry, 249
plitidepsin. see aplidin
ploidy engineering, 406–407
plonotol, 3
pneumatic method, 132
podophyllotoxin, 49
polar solvents, 123, 209
pollen culture, 359
pollination, 84
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 159
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 245–246
Index 465
polyketides, 258–259
polyketide synthases (PKSs), 195
polyketide-terpenoid hybrid pathways, 264
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 12, 31, 395, 397
polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), 111
polynomial method, 3
polyphenols, 167, 191
analyzing green tea extracts for, 112
polyploidy, 32, 406–407
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 248, 299, 336, 376–377
porifera (Phylum), 378
porous particles, entrapment in, 360
Posidonia oceanica L., 4
post-extraction, 207
postharvest processing, 4
post-menopausal osteoporosis, 243
potassium (K), 350
potentiation, 424
potentization, 80
powdered cellulose, 277
prebalanophonin, 342
preconvulsive dyspnea (PCD), 241
precursor availability, 262
predictive modelling, 34
preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
(Prep-HPLC), 225–226
preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). see vacuum
liquid chromatography (VLC)
prepicrasmalignan, 342
pressurized fluid extraction (PFE), 133
pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 209, 213–214
PLE/accelerated solvent extraction, 133–134
pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), 133, 381
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954, 306
primary metabolites (PMs), 49, 189, 256–258, 334. see also
secondary metabolites (SMs)
primary processing of medicinal plants, 92–93
principal component analysis (PCA), 9, 112, 181, 339
probiotics, 300, 309, 320
Prochloron spp., 383
product information file (PIF), 307
proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), 247
proniosomes, 310
protein determination, 154
by Bradford assay, 155
by Kjeldahl method, 154
by Lowry method, 154–155
protein hydrolysates, 319
protein kinase C (PKC), 248, 383
proteins, 257, 377, 150
proteomics, 11
proto-alkaloids, 335
proton NMR (
1
H NMR), 8–9
protoplast culture, 357
methods of protoplast isolation, 357
protocol for protoplast culture, 357–358
protoplast viability, 357
purification of protoplast, 357
protoplast fusion process, 358
Pseudomonas elodea, 279
Pseudowintera axillaris, 340
Pseudowintera colorata, 340
Pseudowintera insperata, 340
Psidium guajava, 338
psoriasis, mouse tail model for, 250–251
psyllium fibers, 309
puerarin, 8
pulsed electric field extraction, 134–135, 134, 381
pulse diagnosis, in Siddha, 78
purgatives, 18
purification, 221
advanced purification techniques, 224–226
crystallization, 222–223
distillation, 223
importance and goals of, 222
of protoplast, 357
sublimation, 223–224
purification treatment. see Shodhana therapy
purine alkaloids (PuA), 337
pylorus ligation-induced peptic ulcers in rats, 244–245
pyrethrin, 316, 322
pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), 201, 337
pyruvate, 260, 268
q
quadrupole-based mass spectrometers, 30
qualitative analysis of herbal drugs, 143, 144
qualitative of phytochemical, for contaminants
detection, 109
quality control (QC), 31, 101
AI and ML in, 34
of herbal medicines, 12–13
measures for phytochemicals, 180
and pattern recognition methods, 181–182
Quality Council of India (QCI), 97
quantitative analysis
analytical parameters for fixed oils and waxes, 155–156
of herbal drugs, 144
of phytochemical analysis, 150
for phytochemicals, 179–180
total flavonoid content determination, 151–155
total phenolic content determination, 150–151
quantitative NMR (qNMR), 8
quantitative of phytochemical, for contaminants
detection, 109
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), 398
quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR), 181
quercetin, 8, 198
quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, 339
quinine, 7
quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), 22
466 Index
quinones, 259
Quwa, 73
r
rainfall, affecting medicinal plant cultivation, 86–87
Raman spectrum (RS), 8
random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 12, 110, 399
Raphanus sativus, 336
Rasayana therapy, 71
reactive oxygen species (ROS), 191, 304, 384, 411
receptor binding assay, 252
receptor-binding techniques, 252, 410–411
recombinant DNA technology (rDNA), 362–364
red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), 434–435
red seaweeds, 376, 376
red wines, adulteration identification of, 113
redifferentiation, 347
reflux method, 171
Regnum Animale, 333
Regnum Lapideum, 333
Regnum Vegetabile, 333
regulation, of enzymes, 261–262
regulatory standard
for anti-allergens, 326–327
for pesticides, 326
reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), 28
relative air humidity (RH), 181
remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 371
renieramycins, 378
resins, 259
respiratory disorders, of medicinal plants, 58
respiratory system diseases, screening models for, 240
acetylcholine and histamine-induced broncho constriction
in guinea pigs, 240–241
restriction endonuclease, 362–363
restriction enzymes (REs), 362
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 12, 403
restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing
(RAD-seq), 404
resveratrol, 7, 198
retinoid, 302
reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
(RP HPLC), 339
reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR), 398
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 242
Rhizopus arrhizus, 87
Rhodiola rosea, 200
Rhodophyta phyllum, 275
ribonucleic acid (RNA), 256
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, 260
Rig Veda, 67
right border (RB), 365
ring-closing reactions, 263
ring-opening reactions, 263
risk assessment, 412
Roga (disease), 69
root culture, 358
roots, used for medicinal purposes, 20
Rorippa palustris L., 4
Rosaceae, 18
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), 19
rotarod test, 240
rotenone, 322
rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats, 240
Rotterdam Convention, 326
row planting method, 85
Ryania, 321–322
Ryania speciosa, 321
Ryanodine, 321–322
s
Saccharina japonica, 384
Saccharopolyspora erythraea, 258
Saccharopolyspora spinosa (Spinosad), 319, 322
s-adenosyl methionine (SAM), 263–264, 271
safety assessor (SA), 307
safety pharmacological studies, 412
safranal, 339
Sakaguchi test, 150
salicylates, 7
Salinosporamide A, 374
Salkowski test
for glycosides, 147
for terpenoids, 149
Salvia miltiorrhiza’s rosmarinic acid synthase
(SmRAS), 404
Sama Veda, 67
Saponaria officinalis. see soapwort (Saponaria officinalis)
saponification value for fixed oils and waxes, 155–156
saponins, 22, 144, 193–194, 259
in crude drugs, 22
phytochemical screening through chemical test,
148–149
Sarcophyton, 383
Sarcophyton cherbonnieri, 384
Sargassum thunbergii, 383
Satvavajaya, 71
scanning electron microscope (SEM), 4
Sceletium, 337
schaftoside, 339
Schizochytrium sp., 377
sciadonic acid, 336
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), 307
scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice, 239
scopolamine-induced dry eye disease in rats, 248
Scopolia lurida, 404
screening models
analgesic activity, 249–250
anti-inflammatory activity, 248–249
antipyretic activity, 250
cancer, 246–247
Index 467
cardiovascular system diseases, 236–238
dermal diseases, 250–251
digestive system diseases, 243–245
immunomodulatory diseases, 247
metabolic diseases, 245–246
musculoskeletal diseases, 242–243
nervous system diseases, 238–240
ophthalmic diseases, 247–248
respiratory system diseases, 240–241
urinary system diseases, 241–242
sea cucumbers, 385
seaweed-derived peptides, 319
seaweeds. see macroalgae
secondary metabolism, 262
secondary metabolites (SMs), 49, 334, 258–260
alkaloids, 335
basic metabolic pathway and utilization to produce,
262–263
biosynthesis enzymes, 195
glycosides, 334–335
integration of pathways, 264–265
intermediates and end products in secondary metabolic
pathways, 264
phenolic compounds, 335
production, 406
terpenoids, 335
secondary processing of medicinal plants, 93
seeds
and other propagation materials, 89
used for medicinal purposes, 21
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 425
Seliwanoff’s test, 149
sequencing, 397
sesquiterpenes, 335
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARSCOV-2), 180
sexual propagation of plants, 84
S-glycosides, 334–335
Shamana therapy, 70
shampoos, 302
Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Chinese books), 395
shikimate dehydrogenase, 265
shikimate metabolic pathway, 335
5-Shikimate-3-phosphate, 265
shikimic acid pathway, for biosynthesis of aromatic amino
acids, 265–266, 266, 267
shikonin, 322–323
Shimadzu RP-C18 liquid chromatographic system, 171
Shinoda test, 147
Shirodhara, 70
Shodhana therapy, 70
shuttle vectors, 363
Siddha system, 75
five elements, 75–76
formulations, 78–79
history, 75
humours, 76
kapham, 76
methods of diagnosis, 77
pitham, 76
principles of, 75, 76
seven physical constituents, 76
treatment, 78
vaatham, 76
silibin, 427
silibinin, 427
silicon (Si), 350–351
silicon carbide method, 364
Silybum marianum. see milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
silymarin, 7, 427
sinapic acid (SA), 182
Sinapis alba, 336
single-cell culture, 356–357
single-mode MAE (SMAE), 137, 137
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 398–399
site selection, for medicinal plant cultivation, 89
size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), 215
skin
cosmeceuticals, 301
nutrition and skin health, 305
wound healing, 251
skincare industry, curcumin in, 279
slow growth culture, 359–360
soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), 22
sodium alginate, 359
sodium nitrite test, 148
Sodium oligomannate, 385
softcorals, 383–384
soil, for medicinal plant cultivation, 89
Solanaceae, 19
Solidago Canadensis, 221
solidifying agent, 352
solid-phase extraction (SPE), 215, 381
solubilisation, 125
solubility test, 150
solvent
for extraction, 123–124
ideal properties of, 122–123
Solvent Extracted Oil, Milk and Milk Products Order
of 1992, 306
somatic cells, 347
somatic embryogenesis, 355
Sophora japonica L., 11
Soxhlation, 128–129, 128
Soxhlet extraction method, 124, 128, 211–212
soybeans, 308
adulterant detection in soybean oil, 114
speciation, rapid evolution and, 32
Species Plantarum (Linnaeus), 3
specificity, 261
speciociliatine, 112
speciogynine, 112
468 Index
spectroscopic techniques, 175, 335–336
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 177
mass spectrometry, 114–115
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 114, 177–178
in phytochemical analysis, 158
ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, 175–177
Sphagneticola calendulacea, 404
Spirulina, 377
Spirulina platensis, 375
sponges, 378
sponging, 378
spontaneous fusion, 358
squalamine, 386
Srotas, 69
Stachys, 336–337
Stachys ionica, 337
stamen samples, 339
standardization, pharmacognosy and, 12–13
standard operating procedures (SOPs), 89
starch, 282–283
statins, 267
stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1), 197
stems used for medicinal purposes, 20
Sterculia gum, 280
Sterculia urens, 280
sterilization area, 354
steroids, 189, 257, 267
stilbenes, 23, 192
stir-frying method, 93
St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), 425
Stockholm Convention, 326
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 321
Streptomyces avermitilis, 321
Streptomyces spp., 318
streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats, 245
structural elucidation, modern techniques in, 263–264
sublimation, 223–224
substrate channeling, 261
subtracted diversity array (SDA), 403
Sudan III test, 149
Sudan IV test, 149
Suillus placidus, 221
sulforaphane, 199, 309
sulfur (S), 350
sulfur-containing compounds, 167
sulfur-containing PSMs, 198
sun protection, cosmeceuticals role in, 303
supercritical fluid (SCF), 138
supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), 30–31
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 138–139, 139, 209, 207,
212–213, 381
supercritical water extraction, 381
superoxide dismutase (SOD), 191, 323
surface sterilization, 354
surgical therapy. see Ilaj-Bil-Yad (surgical therapy)
survival strategies, of marine organisms, 373
Sushruta Samhita, 68
sustainable agricultural methods, 316
sustainable marine development, 388
Swarasa, 71
Swedana, 70
sweet annie plant (Artemisia annua L.), 7, 35, 212
synthetic anti-diabetic pharmaceuticals, 8
synthetic biology, 183
synthetic pesticides, 316
synthetic seed, 359
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 247
t
Tabeeyat, 72
Tailas, 71
tamarind gum (Tamarindus indica L.), 283
tannins, 23, 144, 148, 191, 193, 200, 258, 308–309, 335
targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING), 404
taxoleic acid, 336
taxonomical classification of crude drugs, 25
taxonomic bias and expertise, 32
taxonomy, 3–6, 333
hierarchy of taxonomic ranks, 5
in identifying and categorizing crude drugs, 19
tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.)), 7
Tephrosia virginiana, 322
Tephrosia vogelii, 411
terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), 8
terpenes, 189, 191, 335
acetate mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of, 266–267
terpenoids, 7, 23, 144, 167, 190–191, 201, 315
chemotaxonomical classes of crude drugs, 26
in chemotaxonomy, 335
classes and functions of, 258–259
Salkowski test for, 149
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 259
Tetraselmis sp., 377
tetraterpenes, 335
Teucrium montanum, 340
Teucrium polium, 340
Teucrium scordium ssp. scordioides, 340
theobromine, 337
theophylline, 7
thiamine, 352
thiamine pyrophosphate, 255, 256
thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 9, 101, 173–175, 217,
218–219, 335, 382
in detection and evaluation of adulteration, 111–112
in phytochemical analysis, 158
Thirumanthiram, Siddha system in, 75
threonine, 352
Thuja, 340–341
Thuja occidentalis “aurea”, 340–341
Thuja occidentalis “globosa”, 340–341
Thuja plicata, 340–341
Thuja plicata “gracialis”, 340–341
thymine, 256
timbo. see Deguelia rufescens var. urucu
Index 469
time-of-flight (TOF), 382
Tinospora cordifolia (TC), 169
Ti plasmid, 365
tissue culture, 347
TLC. see thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
TM. see traditional medicine (TM)
tocopherols, 200
TOF. see time-of-flight (TOF)
Tollen’s test, 149
topotecan, 3
total anthocyanins content (TAC), 181
total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 242
total flavonoid contents (TFC), 171
carbohydrates determination, 153–154
determination, 151
estimation of total tannin content, 152–153
method, 152
principle, 151–152
protein determination, 154–155
of tannins, 152
total alkaloid determination, 153
total ion count (TIC), 173
totipotency, 347, 349
Trachyspermum ammi L.. see ajowan (Trachyspermum
ammi L.)
Traditional African Medicine, 28
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 6, 20, 28, 49, 101, 395
traditional DNA marker-based techniques, 13
traditional healers, 400
traditional herbal medicinal products, 434
traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), 437
traditional medical systems, 6, 46
African traditional medicine, 46
American traditional medicine, 46–47
Australian and Southeast Asian Medicine, 47
Ayurvedic medicine, 47
Chinese traditional medicine, 47
Classical Arabic, North African traditional medicine, 47–48
crude drug division based on, 28–29
European medicine, 47
traditional medicine (TM), 1, 44
traditional pharmacognosy, 11–12
tragacanth acid, 281
tragacanth gum, 280–281, 281
tragacanthin, 281
transcriptional factors (TFs), 195
transcription vectors, 363
transcriptome analysis, 402
transcriptomics, 11
transfer area for aseptic manipulation, 354
transferases, 260
transfer DNA (T-DNA), 364–365
transfer genes (tra genes), 363
transferosomes, 310
transformation, 364
transgenes, 362
transmittance test, 150
transomome sequencing, 402
transplanting method, 84
tremorine antagonism, 239
trial and error method, 45, 349
Trichoderma spp., 318
Trichosanthes kirilowii, 221
Trichuris suis, 320
tricin, 338
tricyclic antidepressants, 425
Tridosha, 68
Trifolium, 338
Trifolium pratense (red clover), 19
triglycerides, 260
triphasic systems, 210
triple maceration process, 209
triterpenes, 335
triterpenoids, 267
tropane alkaloids, 337
true alkaloids, 335
tryptophan, 265, 335
Tswett’s approach, 217
t-test, 250
turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), 7, 56, 412–413, 300
Tussilago farfara L., 322
tussilagone, 322
Type A gelatin, 279
Type B gelatin, 279
Type I REs, 362
Type II REs, 362
tyrosine, 263, 265, 335
u
UDP-Glucose, 263–264
Udvartana, 70
UIC Botanical Centre for Dietary Supplements Research, 434
Ulex, 337
Ulithiacyclamide, 375
ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC),
9, 341
ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with
quadrupole time-of-flight tandem MS
(UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), 341
ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), 334
ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
(UPLC-MS), 339
ultrasomes, 310
ultrasound and pressurized liquid extraction (UAPLE), 134
ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), 121, 135–136, 214, 381
ultraviolet (UV), 4
absorbance detector, 10
absorbance test, 150
detection, 213
filters, 303
radiation protection, 167
ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy), 144,
175–177, 336
in phytochemical analysis, 158
470 Index
Umbilicaria esculenta, 200
Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI), 97
Unani system, 72
element and humor quality as per, 73
formulations, 74
history of, 72
methods of diagnosis, 73
in Middle East, 6
principles of, 72
treatment, 74
Uncaria, 190
Uncaria guianensis, 300
Uncaria tomentosa, 300
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD), 380
United States Pharmacopeia, 424–425
unpaired t-test, 244
Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean
(UPGMA), 339
Upadhatus, 69
uracil, 256
urate oxidase, 241
uricase. see urate oxidase
uridine diphosphoglucuronsyl transferase, 427
urinary system diseases
acute renal failure in rats by nephrectomy, 241
adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in
rats, 242
allantoxanamide-induced hypouricemia in rats, 241
screening models for, 241
urine, physical examination of, 77
ursolic acid, 212
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 43, 299, 425, 425,
433–434
guidelines for nutraceuticals, 306
UV radiation (UVR), 304
v
vaatham, 76
types, 76–77
vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), 215, 219–220
Valerian, 20
valine, 268–269, 352
valuable herbs, 83
Vartti, 72
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 247
Vaseline, 301
Vata dosha, 68
Vati, 71
vectors, as carriers of transgene, 363
Vedas, The, 2
Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order of 1947, 306
verbascoside, 341
Vermes, 333
vibrational spectroscopic techniques, 8
vicenin-3, 339
vinblastine, 7, 49, 197, 412
vincristine, 7, 49, 412
vindoline, 197
vitalism, theory of, 256
Vitamentra, 333
vitamin B
vitamins, 257, 299, 352
vitexin, 339
volatile oils/terpenoids in crude drugs, 21, 22–23
Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce
in Indian scenario, 97–99
voucher specimens, 4, 89
. see thiamine
1
(VCSMPP), 97
w
Wagner’s test, 146
water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), 318
water-in-oil creams (W/O creams), 301
wellness, holistic approaches to, 305
whole-organism assays, 410
wiedemannioside C, 341
Willow bark, 20, 24, 412
Withaferin-A, 169–170
Withania somnifera L., 169
Withanolides, 169
World Health Organization (WHO), 1, 31, 43, 88, 207, 245,
306, 315
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 28
wrinkle reduction, 303
wrist circumferential sign, 78
x
xanthan gum, 283–284
Xanthomonas campestris, 283
xanthones, 338
xanthoproteic test, 150
XCMS tools, 408
X-ray crystallography, 264
X-ray diffraction (XRD), 158, 159
xylopyranose, 283
xymozymes, 261
y
Yajur Veda, 67
Y-maze test, 239
yogurt, 300
yohimbine-induced convulsions in mice, 238–239
z
zeatin (Z), 353
zeaxanthin, 309
Z-guggulsterone, 3
zinc (Zn), 350–351
zinc-hydrochloric acid reducing sugar test, 147–148