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Contents xi
12 Pharmacological Screening of Drugs from
Natural Sources 235
Jayesh D. Kadam, Adaeze L. Onugwu,
Yogesh A. Kulkarni
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Pharmacological Approaches 235
12.2.1 Discovery of Biologically Active
Compounds 235
12.2.2 Pharmacological Screening Methods 235
12.2.2.1 In vivo Models 235
12.2.2.2 In Vitro Models 251
12.3 Conclusion 252
References 252
13 Biosynthetic Pathways of
Phytopharmaceuticals 255
Poonam Nilesh Chougule
13.1 Introduction 255
13.1.1 Biosynthetic Pathway 255
13.1.2 History 255
13.1.3 Gross Idea 256
13.1.4 Milestones 256
13.2 Introduction to Primary and Secondary
Metabolites 256
13.2.1 Primary Metabolites 256
13.2.2 Roles and Significance 257
13.2.2.1 Primary Metabolites 257
13.2.2.2 Secondary Metabolites 258
13.3 General Metabolic/Synthetic Pathway
Which Shows from CO2 to Different
Primary and Secondary Metabolite
Formation 259
13.4 Enzymes 260
13.4.1 Functions of Enzymes 260
13.4.2 Catalytic Mechanism 261
13.5 Role of Enzymes in Biosynthetic
Pathways 261
13.5.1 Basic Metabolic Pathway and Their
Utilization to Produce Secondary
Metabolite 261
13.5.1.1 Basic Metabolic Pathways 262
13.5.1.2 Utilization for Secondary Metabolites 262
13.5.1.3 Intermediates and Possible Diversion of
Pathways 262
13.5.1.4 Keto-enol Tautomerism 263
13.6 Other Structural Modifications 263
13.6.1 Isomerization 263
13.6.2 Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation 263
13.6.3 Ring-Opening and Ring-closing
Reactions 263
13.6.4 Functional Group Inter-conversion 263
13.6.5 Modern Techniques in Structural
Elucidation 263
13.6.6 Importance in Drug Design and Synthesis 264
13.6.7 Intermediates and End Products in Secondary
Metabolic Pathways 264
13.6.8 Integration of Pathways 264
13.7 Shikimic Acid Pathway for Biosynthesis of
Aromatic Amino Acids 265
13.8 Acetate Mevalonate Pathway for Biosynthesis
of Terpenes 266
13.9 Biosynthesis of Aliphatic Amino Acids 268
13.10 Acetate Mevalonate Pathways for
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acyl-CoA 269
References 271
14 Pharmaceutical Aids of Natural Origin 273
Santosh Yele, Ashwini Deshpande, Kanchan
Salgar, Mohan Kalaskar
14.1 Introduction 273
14.2 Some Industrially Important Pharmaceutical
Aids 275
14.2.1 Acacia Gum 275
14.2.2 Agar-agar 275
14.2.3 Albumin 276
14.2.4 Alginates 276
14.2.5 Anthocyanidins 277
14.2.6 Cellulose 277
14.2.7 Chitosan 278
14.2.8 Cochineal 278
14.2.9 Curcumin 279
14.2.10 Gelatin 279
14.2.11 Gellan Gum 279
14.2.12 Guar Gum 280
14.2.13 Gum Karaya 280
14.2.14 Gum Tragacanth 280
14.2.15 Inulin 281
14.2.16 Lawsone 281
14.2.17 Locust Bean Gum 281
14.2.18 Pectins 282
14.2.19 Starch 282
14.2.20 Tamarind Gum 283
14.2.21 Xanthan Gum 283
14.3 Conclusion 284
References 285
15 Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 297
Charulata T. Nemade, Nayana S. Baste,
Manisha M. Bihani, Shilpa S. Raut
15.1 Introduction 297
15.1.1 Definition of Nutraceuticals and
Cosmeceuticals 297
xii Contents
15.1.2 Historical Overview 298
15.1.3 Significance in Modern Healthcare and
Beauty Industries 298
15.2 Nutraceuticals 298
15.2.1 Definition and Classification 298
15.2.1.1 Functional Foods 298
15.2.1.2 Dietary Supplements 299
15.2.2 Key Components and Ingredients 299
15.2.2.1 Vitamins and Minerals 299
15.2.2.2 Antioxidants 299
15.2.2.3 Omega-3 Fatty Acids 299
15.2.2.4 Probiotics 300
15.2.3 Health Benefits 300
15.2.3.1 Nutraceutical in Disease Prevention 300
15.2.3.2 Immune System Support 300
15.2.3.3 Cognitive Health 300
15.2.3.4 Anti-inflammatory Effects 300
15.3 Cosmeceuticals 301
15.3.1 Definition and Classification 301
15.3.1.1 Skin Cosmeceuticals 301
15.3.1.2 Creams Cosmeceuticals 301
15.3.1.3 Hair Cosmeceuticals 302
15.3.1.4 Antiaging Cosmeceuticals 302
15.3.2 Active Ingredients 302
15.3.2.1 Retinoid 302
15.3.2.2 Peptide 302
15.3.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid 302
15.3.2.4 α-Hydroxy Acids and β-Hydroxy
Acids 303
15.3.3 Beauty and Dermatological Benefits 303
15.3.3.1 Wrinkle Reduction 303
15.3.3.2 Moisturization and Hydration 303
15.3.3.3 Sun Protection and Acne Management 303
15.4 Synergies Between Nutraceuticals and
Cosmeceuticals 303
15.4.1 Nutraceutical and Cosmeceutical
(Nutra-cosmetical) 303
15.4.2 Internal and External Approaches to Health
and Beauty 304
15.4.3 Complementary Benefits 305
15.4.3.1 Skin Health from Within 305
15.4.3.2 Holistic Approaches to Beauty and
Wellness 305
15.5 Regulatory Considerations 305
15.5.1 FDA Guidelines for Nutraceuticals 306
15.5.2 Cosmetic Regulations and Approvals 306
15.5.3 Challenges and Opportunities in
Compliance 308
15.6 Future Trends and Innovations 308
15.6.1 Advances in Nutraceutical Research 308
15.6.2 Cutting-edge Cosmeceutical
Technologies 310
15.6.3 Market Trends and Consumer
Preferences 311
15.7 Conclusion 311
References 331
16 Pesticides and Allergens 315
Shatabdi Ghose, Bedanta Bhattacharjee,
Damanbhalang Rynjah, Damiki Laloo
16.1 Introduction 315
16.2 Natural Pesticide/Biopesticides and Natural
Anti-Allergens: Source, Bioactive Substances
and Applications 316
16.2.1 Natural Pesticides/Biopesticides 316
16.2.1.1 Plant-based Biopesticides 316
16.2.1.2 Insect-based Biopesticides 318
16.2.1.3 Marine-based Biopesticides 318
16.2.1.4 Animal-based Biopesticides 318
16.2.1.5 Microorganism-based Biopesticides 318
16.2.2 Natural Anti-allergens 319
16.2.2.1 Plant-based Anti-allergens 319
16.2.2.2 Insect-based Anti-allergens 319
16.2.2.3 Marine-based Anti-allergens 319
16.2.2.4 Animal-based Anti-allergens 319
16.2.2.5 Microorganism-based Anti-allergens 320
16.3 Pharmacological Mechanism and Toxicity
Profile of Some Common Natural Pesticides
and Anti-allergens 321
16.3.1 Natural Pesticides or Biopesticides 321
16.3.1.1 Azadirachtin 321
16.3.1.2 Abamectin 321
16.3.1.3 Nicotine 321
16.3.1.4 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 321
16.3.1.5 Ryania 321
16.3.1.6 Spinosad 322
16.3.1.7 Pyrethrins 322
16.3.1.8 Rotenone 322
16.3.2 Pharmacological Mechanism and Toxicity of
Natural Anti-allergens 322
16.3.2.1 Tussilagone 322
16.3.2.2 Mangiferin 322
16.3.2.3 Shikonin 322
16.3.2.4 Okicamelliaside 323
16.4 Global Market Surveillance of Biopesticides
and Anti-allergens 323
16.5 Commercial Production and Formulations of
Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 324
16.5.1 Commercial Production of Natural
Pesticides 324
16.5.2 Commercial Production of Natural
Anti-allergens and Formulations of Natural
Pesticides and Anti-allergens 325
Contents xiii
16.5.3 Challenges and Opportunities in the
Commercial Production and Formulations of
Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 325
16.6 Regulatory Aspects for Quality Control of
Pesticides and Anti-allergens 326
16.6.1 Regulatory Standard for
Pesticides 326
16.6.2 The Regulatory Standard for
Anti-allergens 326
16.7 Future Prospects and Opportunities 327
Acknowledgments 328
Conflict of Interest 328
Funding 328
References 328
17 Comparative Phytochemistry and
Chemotaxonomy 333
Prathamesh A. Marne, Anil T. Pawar, Amol A.
Tagalpallewar, Akshay M. Baheti
17.1 Introduction 333
17.2 Chemotaxonomy 333
17.3 Chemical Markers in Chemotaxonomy 334
17.3.1 Primary Metabolites 334
17.3.2 Secondary Metabolites 334
17.3.2.1 Glycosides 334
17.3.2.2 Alkaloids 335
17.3.2.3 Terpenoids 335
17.3.2.4 Phenolic Compounds 335
17.4 Methods in Chemotaxonomy 335
17.4.1 Chromatography 335
17.4.2 Spectroscopy 335
17.5 Phytochemical Approach in
Chemotaxonomy 336
17.5.1 Fatty Acids 336
17.5.2 Alkaloids 336
17.5.3 Phenolic Compounds 337
17.5.4 Essential Oils 340
17.5.5 Glycosides 341
17.5.6 Lignans 341
17.6 Limitations of Chemotaxonomy 342
17.7 Conclusion 342
References 342
18 Medicinal Plant Biotechnology 347
Anil T. Pawar, Amol A. Tagalpallewar, Manasi
Mishra, Arti G. Swami, Akshay M. Baheti
18.1 Introduction 347
18.2 Plant Tissue Culture 347
18.2.1 History of Plant Cell Culture
Technology 349
18.2.2 Nutritional Requirements and Cultural
Media 349
18.2.3 Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory
Requirements 353
18.2.4 Micropropagation 355
18.2.5 Types of Culture 355
18.2.5.1 Callus Culture 356
18.2.5.2 Cell Suspension Culture 356
18.2.5.3 Single-cell Culture 356
18.2.5.4 Protoplast Culture 357
18.2.5.5 Organ Culture 358
18.2.5.6 Root Culture 358
18.2.5.7 Leaf Culture 358
18.2.5.8 Flower Bud Culture 358
18.2.5.9 Ovary Culture 358
18.2.5.10 Ovule Culture 358
18.2.5.11 Embryo Culture 359
18.2.5.12 Anther and Pollen Culture (Microspore
Culture) 359
18.2.6 Synthetic Seed or Artificial Seed 359
18.2.7 In-Vitro Plant Germplasm Conservation 359
18.2.8 Plant Cell Immobilization 360
18.2.8.1 Methods of Immobilization 360
18.2.9 Biotransformation 360
18.2.10 Applications of Plant Tissue Culture 361
18.3 Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA
Technology) 362
18.3.1 Restriction Endonuclease 362
18.3.2 Vectors as Carriers of Transgene 363
18.3.3 Methods of Gene Transfer 364
18.3.3.1 Direct Gene Transfer Methods 364
Microprojectile Bombardment/
Gene Gun 364
Microinjection 364
18.3.3.2 Indirect Gene Transfer Methods 364
18.3.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering 365
18.4 Conclusion 366
References 366
19 Marine Pharmacognosy 371
Mamta Kumari, Piyushkumar Sadhu, Niyati
Shah, Chitrali Talele
19.1 Introduction 371
19.1.1 Exploring Marine Organisms for Bioactive
Compounds 371
19.1.2 Importance of Marine Organism in Drug
Discovery 371
19.2 Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity 372
19.2.1 Types of Marine Ecosystems 372
19.2.2 Biodiversity in Marine Environments 372
19.2.3 Adaptations and Survival Strategies 373
19.2.4 Ecosystem Services Provided by Marine
Biodiversity 373
19.2.5 Biodiversity Threats and Conservation 373
xiv Contents
19.3 Bioactive Compounds from Marine
Microorganisms 373
19.3.1 Microbial Diversity in the Marine
Environment 374
19.3.2 Isolation and Characterization
Techniques 374
19.3.3 Pharmaceutical Applications 374
19.4 Marine Algae and Their Medicinal
Potential 375
19.4.1 Diversity of Marine Macroalgae 375
19.4.1.1 Cyanobacteria as Marine Microalgae 375
19.4.1.2 Marine Macroalgae 376
19.4.2 Bioactive Compounds and Their
Applications 376
19.4.2.1 Pigments 376
19.4.2.2 Proteins 377
19.5 Marine Invertebrates and Its Bioactive 378
19.5.1 Sponges (Phylum Porifera) 378
19.5.2 Molluscs 379
19.5.3 Echinoderms 379
19.6 Extraction Process and Characterization
Techniques 380
19.6.1 Collecting and Processing of Marine
Compounds 380
19.6.2 Extraction Process and Characterization
Techniques 380
19.6.2.1 Supercritical Water Extraction 381
19.6.2.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 381
19.6.2.3 Solid-phase Extraction 381
19.6.2.4 Microwave-assisted Extraction 381
19.6.3 Analytical Tools and Technologies 382
19.6.3.1 Biological Screening 382
19.6.3.2 Thin-layer Chromatography Analysis 382
19.6.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis 382
19.6.3.4 Mass Spectroscopy 382
19.7 Pharmacological Activities of Marine-derived
Compounds 382
19.7.1 Anticancer Properties of Marine
Compounds 382
19.7.1.1 Marine Plants 382
19.7.1.2 Marine Fungi 383
19.7.1.3 Marine Bacteria 383
19.7.1.4 Softcorals 383
19.7.2 Neuroprotective and Neuropharmacological
Effects 384
19.7.2.1 Parkinson’s Disease 384
19.7.2.2 Alzheimer’s Disease 385
19.8 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Marine
Microorganisms 385
19.8.1 Aplidin (Plitidepsin) 386
19.8.2 Bryostatin-1 386
19.8.3 Dolastatin 10 (IMMU-110) 386
19.8.4 Halaven (Eribulin) 386
19.8.5 Squalamine 386
19.8.6 Lurbinectedin 386
19.9 Marketed Marine Drug Product 386
19.10 Future Prospects 388
19.10.1 Advancements in Marine Natural Product
Research 388
19.10.2 Overcoming Challenges in Sustainable
Marine Development 388
19.11 Conclusion 388
References 389
20 Molecular Pharmacognosy 395
Piyushkumar Sadhu, Mamta Kumari,
Ghanshyam Parmar, Chitrali Talele
20.1 Introduction 395
20.1.1 History and Evolution of
Pharmacognosy 395
20.1.2 Current Trends in Pharmacognosy 396
20.1.3 Scope and Objectives 396
20.2 Molecular Biology Techniques in
Pharmacognosy 396
20.2.1 DNA Extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction,
Sequencing, and Cloning 397
20.2.2 Significance of Different Molecular Biology
Techniques 397
20.2.3 Different Examples of Molecular Markers,
Barcodes, and Databases for Molecular
Identification and Authentication of
Medicinal Plants 398
20.3 Molecular Genetics and Genomics of
Medicinal Plants 399
20.3.1 Genomics of Medicinal Plants 400
20.3.1.1 Genome Evolution 401
20.3.1.2 Genome Duplication 401
20.3.1.3 Examining the Molecular Genetic Basis for
the Economic Features of Medicinal Herbs
Using Whole Genome Sequences 401
20.3.1.4 Transcriptome Analysis 402
20.3.1.5 Case Studies of Herbal Genomics 402
20.3.2 Genetics 403
20.3.2.1 Novel Technologies in Genetics and
Biotechnology to Evaluate Genetic
Multiplicity and Analyze Genomic and
Transcriptomic Data 403
20.4 PTC of Medicinal Plants 404
20.4.1 Direct Applications of PTC 405
20.4.1.1 Mass Propagation 405
20.4.1.2 Germplasm Conservation 405
20.4.1.3 Secondary Metabolite Production 406
20.4.1.4 Genetic Improvement 406
20.4.1.5 Accelerated Breeding Programs 406
Contents xv
20.4.2 Indirect Applications of Plant Tissue
Culture 406
20.4.2.1 Ploidy Engineering 406
20.5 Molecular Biosynthesis and Metabolomics of
Medicinal Plants 407
20.5.1 Importance and Application of
Metabolomics in Medicinal Plant
Research 407
20.5.2 Metabolomics Techniques and Analytical
Tools 408
20.6 Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology of
Medicinal Plants 410
20.6.1 Pharmacology of Medicinal
Plants 410
20.6.1.1 Phytochemical Analysis 410
20.6.1.2 Bioassays 410
20.6.1.3 Receptor Binding Studies 410
20.6.1.4 Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and
Clinical Trials 411
20.6.2 Toxicology of Medicinal Plants 411
20.6.2.1 In Vivo Toxicity Studies 411
20.6.2.2 In Vitro Toxicity Assays 411
20.6.2.3 Safety Pharmacological Studies 412
20.6.2.4 Risk Assessment 412
20.7 Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Toxicity
of Plant-derived Drugs 412
20.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 413
References 413
21 Clinical Pharmacognosy 421
Jayesh D. Kadam, Sandip T. Auti
21.1 Introduction 421
21.2 Pharmacognosy 421
21.2.1 Emerging Areas in Pharmacognosy 422
21.2.1.1 Forensic Pharmacognosy 422
21.2.1.2 Molecular Pharmacognosy 422
21.2.1.3 Ecopharmacognosy 422
21.2.2 Function of Pharmacognosy in Healthcare
System 422
21.3 Clinical Pharmacognosy 423
21.3.1 Role of Clinical Pharmacognosy in
Healthcare System 423
21.3.2 Drug Interaction Studies on Botanicals and
Dietary Supplements 423
21.3.2.1 Concept of Drug Interaction 423
21.3.2.2 Drug Interaction with Botanicals and Dietary
Supplements 424
21.3.3 Role of Natural Allergenic Extract in the
Diagnosis of Allergic Conditions 428
21.3.3.1 Natural Allergenic Extracts: Production and
Quality Control 429
21.3.3.2 Methods for the Quality Control of Allergenic
Extracts with their Advantages and
Disadvantages 431
21.3.3.3 Allergenic Extracts for Diagnosis and
Treatment (Table 21.3) 432
21.4 Clinical Studies on Botanicals and Dietary
Supplements 433
21.4.1 Phase I, II, III, IV Trial on Botanicals, and
Dietary Supplements with Example 434
21.5 Clinical Pharmacokinetics 435
21.5.1 Clinical Support of the Herbal-drug
Interaction Caused by the Blockage of
Transporters and Drug-metabolizing
Enzymes 435
21.5.1.1 Hydrastis Canadensis 435
21.5.1.2 Kava Kava 436
21.6 Phytoequivalence 436
21.7 Future Prospects of Clinical
Pharmacognosy 437
21.8 Conclusion 437
References 437
Index 443
List of Contributors
Rahima Amjad
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
The University of Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Pakistan
Moses Sam Arul Raj
Department of Botany
A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous)
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
India
Sandip T. Auti
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy &
Technology Management
SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
(Deemed to be University)
Mumbai, Maharashtra
India
Muniappan Ayyanar
Department of Botany
A. V. V. M. Sri Pushpam College (Affiliated to
Bharathidasan University)
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
India
Akshay M. Baheti
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Health Sciences and Technology
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Nayana S. Baste
Department of Pharmacognosy
SNJB’s Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy
Nashik, Maharashtra
India
Vishal Beldar
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy &
Technology Management
SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
(NMIMS) Deemed-to-be-University
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Bedanta Bhattacharjee
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Girijananda Chowdhury University, Tezpur Campus
Tezpur, Assam
India
Piyush S. Bafna
Department of Pharmacology
H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Vishal S. Bagul
Department of Pharmacognosy
H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Manisha M. Bihani
Department of Pharmacognosy
Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy
Bengaluru, Karnataka
India
Gajendra Choudhary
School of Pharmacy
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya
Indore, Madhya Pradesh
India
xviii List of Contributors
Poonam Nilesh Chougule
Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy
Peth-Vadgaon, Maharashtra
India
Ashwini Deshpande
SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy & Technology
Management
Hyderabad, Telangana
India
Shahira M. Ezzat
Department of Pharmacognosy
Faculty of Pharmacy
Cairo University
Cairo
Egypt
Mai M. Farid
Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics
National Research Centre
Giza
Egypt
Jineetkumar B. Gawad
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
VIVA Institute of Pharmacy
Virar (E), Maharashtra
India
Shatabdi Ghose
Department of Pharmacology
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati Campus
Guwahati, Assam
India
Shailendra Gurav
Department of Pharmacognosy
Goa College of Pharmacy
Panaji, Goa
India
Nilambari Gurav
Department of Pharmacognosy
P.E.S's Rajaram and Tarabai Bandekar College
of Pharmacy
Ponda, Goa
India
Muhammad Saad Hashmi
Institute of Food Science and Nutrition
Bahauddin Zakariya University
Multan
Pakistan
Uzma Javaid
Department of Anatomy
Sargodha Medical College
Sargodha
Pakistan
Amna Javed
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
The University of Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Pakistan
Jayesh D. Kadam
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy &
Technology Management
SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management
Studies (NMIMS) (Deemed to be University)
Mumbai, Maharashtra
India
Mohan Kalaskar
Department of Pharmacognosy
R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Rakhi Khabiya
Acropolis Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Indore, Madhya Pradesh
India
Zamir G. Khan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Yogesh A. Kulkarni
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy &
Technology Management
SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
(NMIMS) Deemed to be University
Mumbai, Maharashtra
India
List of Contributors xix
Mamta Kumari
Department of Pharmacy
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University
Vaodara, Gujarat
India
Damiki Laloo
Phytochemical Research Laboratory
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences
Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati Campus
Guwahati, Assam
India
Prathamesh A. Marne
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Health Sciences and Technology
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Mona M. Marzouk
Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics
National Research Centre
Giza
Egypt
Rana M. Merghany
Department of Pharmacognosy
Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute
National Research Centre
Giza
Egypt
Mughisa Nagori
Mahakal Institute of Pharmaceutical Studies
Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh
India
Charulata T. Nemade
Department of Pharmacognosy
SNJB’s Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy,
Nashik, Maharashtra
India
Manasi R. Nimbalkar
Department of Kriya Sharir,
Ashtang Ayurved Mahavidyalaya
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Ranjeet Nimbalkar
Anubandha Health Care
Comprehensive Cancer Care Clinic
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Adaeze Onugwu
University of Nigeria
Nsukka, Enugu State
Nigeria
Ghanshyam Parmar
Department of Pharmacy
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University
Vaodara, Gujarat
India
Manasi Mishra
Department of Biosciences and Technology
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Popat Mohite
AETs St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research
Palghar, Maharashtra
India
Rakesh E. Mutha
Department of Pharmacognosy
H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Deepak M. Patil
Department of Quality Assurance
H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Anil T. Pawar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Health Sciences and Technology
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Abhijeet Puri
AETs St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research
Palghar, Maharashtra
India
xx List of Contributors
Devyani Rajput
Amity Institute of Pharmacy
Amity University (M.P.) 47005
Shilpa S. Raut
Department of Pharmaceutics
K.K. Wagh College of Pharmacy
Nashik, Maharashtra
India
Damanbhalang Rynjah
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Girijananda Chowdhury University, Tezpur Campus
Tezpur, Assam
India
Piyushkumar Sadhu
Department of Pharmacy
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University
Vaodara, Gujarat
India
Rushikesh P. Said
Institute of Chemical Technology
Mumbai
Marathwada Campus
Jalna, Maharashtra
India
Kanchan Salgar
SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy & Technology
Management
Hyderabad, Telangana
India
Sanjay J. Surana
Department of Pharmacognosy
R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research
Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
Arti G. Swami
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Health Sciences and Technology
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Amol A. Tagalpallewar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Health Sciences and Technology
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Chitrali Talele
Department of Pharmacy
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University
Vaodara, Gujarat
India
Santosh U. Yele
Department of Pharmacognosy,
Poona College of Pharmacy
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Pune, Maharashtra
India
Niyati Shah
Department of Pharmacy
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University
Vaodara, Gujarat
India
Preface
The field of Pharmacognosy, with its roots in ancient practices of medicinal plant use, has evolved into a dynamic
scientific discipline integrating phytochemical analysis,
biotechnological advancements, and clinical applications.
“Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Applications” provides a comprehensive overview of this multifaceted field. It begins with a historical
exploration of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, detailing the evolution of medicinal plant use and scientific
inquiry. The book covers the classification of crude drugs,
ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, and complementary
medicinal systems, offering insights into the cultural and
ecological dimensions of plant-based medicines. Practical
aspects such as cultivation, collection, preparation, adulteration, and evaluation of plant drugs are discussed in
detail. The book elucidates methodologies for extracting
bioactive compounds, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, and advanced analytical techniques for
quality control. It highlights the therapeutic potential of
plant secondary metabolites and the processes of isolation,
purification, and characterization of herbal drugs. Biological screening methods and biosynthetic pathways of
phytopharmaceuticals are explored, alongside pharmaceutical aids, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, pesticides, and
allergens. Comparative Phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy,
and modern plant biotechnology are explored, along with
the emerging field of marine Pharmacognosy. Molecular
and Clinical Pharmacognosy bridge research and clinical
applications, emphasizing the translation of scientific
discoveries into health benefits. This book serves as a
resource for students, researchers, and practitioners, combining traditional knowledge with modern advancements
to provide a holistic understanding of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry.
EDITORS:
UCHENNA E. ODOH
SHAILENDRA S. GURAV
MICHAEL O. CHUKWUMA
July, 2024
Nigeria