Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Элементы теории образования электрического тока в грунтовых и водных средах (проводниках второго рода). Монография
.pdf
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɚɸɬ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
U, I, P
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
Iɤ= E/r.
ȼ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɪɟ
ɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɚ
ɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ
ɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɬɨɤɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɯ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɗȾɋ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ
)
ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ
.
Iɤ= E/r
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨ
ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɜɬɨɪɨ
ɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɗȾɋ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɨɤ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɤɭ
,
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ
ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɗȾɋɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɪɚɜɧɨɣɧɚ
.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɡɚ
-
-
-
,
-
-
-
-
ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɞ
ɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡ
ɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
[11, 16].
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
t,
ƕ
C = 18–30, į = 1–2 A/ɞɦ²,
≈
50
ɦɢɧ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɤɢɫɥɵɣ
50–80 ɝ/ɥ., 2.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ Ɋ
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɫɟɪɧɚɹ
w, ȼɬ 170 70 68 65
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
12–15
ɦɤɪ
– ≈80–90
50–100 ɝ/ɥ., 3.
6–9
ɦɤɪ
–
ɦɢɧ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ
ɗɦɭɥɶɝɚɬɨɪ Ɉɉ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
: 1.
Ʉɚɞɦɢɣ ɫɟɪɧɨ
-10 5–10 ɝ/ɥ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11
-
-
-
:
-
Ɍɨɤ
I+, Ⱥ 22,1 9,5 9,5 8,6
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
U, ȼ 1,5 0,75 0,5 1
131
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ
ɫɬɨɪ
=
AK
170/22,1 = 7,6923 1,5–7,6923 = –6,192 –6,192/0,0679 = –91,192 1,5/22,1 = 0,0679
70/9,5 = 7,3684 0,75–7,3684 = –6,6184 –6,6184/0,0789 = –83,8834 0,0789
68/9,5 = 7,1579 0,5–7,1579 = –6,6579 –6,6579/0,0526 = –126,576 0,0526
65/8,6 = 7,5581 1–7,5581 = –6,5581 –6,5581/0,1162 = –56,438 0,1162
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦ
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɹ
ɫɬɨɪ
B,/ IPE
+ = I+·U, ȼɬ 33,15 7,125 4,75 8,6
Ɋ
P– = Pw – P+, ȼɬ 136,85 62,875 63,325 56,4
EUE −=
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
g+ = P+/U²,
g– = P–/U²,
r– = U/I–,
U+ = I+R
B,
AKAK
Ɉɦ
Ɉɦ
Ɉɦ
Ɍɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ
I/,
ȿ zA
=
AK
−
–1
1,47333 1,26666 19 8,6
–1
60,822 111,7777 253,3 56,4
–1
0,0164 0,0789 0,0526 0,1162
7,691 7,3682 7,1573 7,5508
Ʉɚɠɭɳɟɟɫɹ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
==
+
/,rzUIɈɦ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 13
ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ
ɂɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
U_ = I_·z 6,1919 6,6184 6,6579 6,558
U = U+ – U_ 1,5 0,7498 0,499 0,993
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ
1.
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚ
ɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ
ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥ
, ɬ. ɟ.
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
. 12
ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
.
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɩɨɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ
ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
.
ɂɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
3.
U (
ɬɚɛɥ
. 13)
ɟɫɬɶ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚɧɟɧɚ
U = U+ – U–, ɬ. ɟ. U
ɪɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
-
:
-
-
ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ
.
132
4.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɩɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ
ɪɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ İȝ
[15, 19].
,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ
.
,
8.5. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɨ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ
. 27
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɢ
-
.
-
ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
.
Ƚ
Ɋɢɫ
. 27.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
133
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɥɸɱ Ʉɥ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧ,ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜɵ
ɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɗȾɋ, ȿ
ɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɬɨɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɨɤɚɦɢ
–
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɢɫ
i+, i
–
ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭ
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɋ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ Ⱥ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɜɵ
ɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɺɬɫɹ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɤ
ɬɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɬɨɤ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɨɞ
ɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɨ
ɤɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɯ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ȿɫɥɢ Ʉɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ,ɚɦɩɟɪɦɟɬɪ ɪȺ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɤ
ɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɤ
i
ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɟ; ɜɨɥɶɬɦɟɬɪ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹ
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ
;
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɜɚɬɬɦɟɬɪ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ Ɋ
.
I
ɜɰɟɩɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɤɚɬɨɞ
i
–
ɢ
i+,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
–
ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
=
Ɋ
+
Ɋ
,
Ɋ
+
–
ɝɞɟ Ɋ
ɳɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɢ Ɋ
ɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ
.
–
ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
+
, P = IE
–
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ
–
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ
ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
.
ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ȿ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ
I
min
ɞɨ
I
max
,
ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɦɩɟɪɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɬ
ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɚɬɬɦɟɬɪɨɦ
Ɍɨɤ
I, A 3 5 8 10 12
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
U, B 5 10 15 18 25
–
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ
ɜɨɥɶɬɦɟɬɪɨɦ
. 14.
–
ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 14
-
-
-
-
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ Ɋ, ȼɬ
43,75 118,75 250 325 550
134
ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨ
ȿ=ȿ
-
ɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ
g = P/U2,
r+ = U/I,
g+ = 1/ r+,
g– = g – g+,
–1
Ɉɦ
1,75 1,187 1,11 1,0 0,88
–1
Ɉɦ
1,66 2 1,875 1,8 2,1
–1
Ɉɦ
0,6 0,5 0,53 0,55 0,48
–1
Ɉɦ
1,15 0,67 0,58 0,44 0,4
. 15.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 15
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɚ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɟ ɹɜ
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ
.
ɢɨɧɨɜ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ, ɚ
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢ
ɫɬɨɪ
− .
ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
g
ɢ
g
+
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɡɚ
–
-
-
-
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
g+, g– = f(U) (
g+, g–, Ɉɦ
Ɋɢɫ
. 28.
–1
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɪɢɫ
. 28).
18
g
+
U, B
ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
135
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɬɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ
ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
ɟɬɫɹ
).
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɨɤ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ
).
i
+
,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ (ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭ
ɪɚɜɟɧ ɬɨɤɭ
i
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ (ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟ
–
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɦɦɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ
,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
I–,
ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ ɤ ɚɧɨɞɭ, ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɨ
r
ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ
–
r+,
I+,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɤɚɬɨɞɭ ɨɬ ɚɧɨ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɦɦɚɯ
.
-
-
-
-
-
136
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9
ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɌȿɈɊɂɂ ɂ ɗɄɋɉȿɊɂɆȿɇɌȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɅɂɌɈȼ ɉɈ ɉɊɈȼɈȾɂɆɈɋɌɂ
Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ
Ɍɜɨɪɰɵ ɧɶɸɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ
,
ɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɲɶ
!
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɨ
ɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ
ɪɵ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡ
ɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɢ
.
ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨ ɧɚ
ɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɧɟ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɟɧ
ɰɢɚɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɧɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.1. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ȼ. ɇɟɪɧɫɬ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ɍɨɦɫɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɢɯ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ İ
ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ İ
= 62;
ɜɨɞɵ İ
= 81.
= 2,5;
ɷɮɢɪɚ İ
= 4,1;
ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ İ
= 25;
ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢ
ɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɚ
ɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨ
ɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɬ. ɤ. ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ
,
ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ İ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɜɟ
:
-
-
-
-
-
137
ɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ İ
–
ɤɚɤ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ İ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨ
ɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ
–
ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪ
ɧɵɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ İ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɢ ɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
: İ > 50 –
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, İ
< 12–50 –
ɫɥɚɛɵɟ. ȼɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɦɟɪɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɢ
,
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ. ɉɚɦɹɬɭɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ
,
ɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛ
ɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ, ɝɞɟ ɬɨɤɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ «ɜɚɧɧɚ
-
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ
ɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ
[6].
ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟ
»,
ɦɨɠɧɨ
-
-
-
-
-
Ɋɢɫ
. 29.
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɜ «ɜɚɧɧɟ
» (
ɪɢɫ
. 29)
:
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨ
= .0dsE
S
³
ɥɹɪɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɚɦ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟ
ɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ «ɜɚɧɧɟ» ɚɧɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɫɨ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
,
ɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɤɚ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
138
(
-
-
-
ɚ
).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɨɤ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ İ
,
ɚ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɞɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ, ɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ijȺɢij
ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɟ
ɪɹɞɚɦɢ; İ
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
–
ɚ
t
[7].
; g –
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦ
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹ
: F = EA·g = Q·g/ 4·ʌ·r
ɩɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ
2
·
İ
,
ɚ
t
, (
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ Ƚɚɭɫɫɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ
,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɠ
–
Ʉ
ɝɞɟ
Q –
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ
; r –
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚ
),
ɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ
g
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ
ɤɚɦɢ, ɬ. ɟ
. UȺɄ = WȺɄ/g =
ij
A
–
ij
= F·l/g = E·l,
Ʉ
ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟlɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɬɨɱ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ij
= W/g =
Ⱦɠ/Ʉɥ
= ȼ. ɉɨ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨ
ɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ 1ȼ, ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ
-
,
-
-
-
-
-
,
ɡɚɪɹɞ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
1Ⱥ = 6,25·10
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
–19
Ⱦɠ/ɷɥɟɦ. ɡɚɪɹɞ, ɬɨɝɞɚ
+18
ɷɥɟɦ. ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ
.
-
ɜɨɥɶɬ
: 1ȼ = 1,6·10
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɵɲɟɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ, ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
.
ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
,
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝ
ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɨɤɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ
.
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦɢ
,
ɬɨɤɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɢɧɚ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ ɜ «ɜɚɧɧɟ» ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɭɦɦɟ
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɨɞɚ ɤ ɚɧɨɞɭ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɨɬ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ ɢɫ
ɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤ ɡɚɠɢɦɚɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
.
ȼ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ Ɉɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
-
-
-
-
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ
139
ɦɢɤɪɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬ. ɟ
,
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ
–
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹ
. ,
I =
t
Q
Ʉɥ/ɫ. ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɬɨɤ
–
ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɚɹ
-
ɞɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɭ ɤɚɤ
Ⱥ = I
2
·R.
ɇɟ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨ
ɢɥɢ
.gEA ⋅=
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɨ
Ⱥ = I·U
ɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ (ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥɚ ɩɪɟ
ɞɟɥɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ) ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɚ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟ
ɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ İ
),
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤ
ɚ
ɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ
Ⱥ = I·U
ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ (ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ) ɜɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ
Q,
ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ
ɦɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ Ɉɦɚ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦɢ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ) ɪɚɜɧɚ
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ij
Q,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
; I ɢ U –
ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɥɢɧɟɣ
ɚ
–
ij
= U, ɚ Ea = F·g ,
ɤ
ɝɞɟ
Pw = I·E –
: Pw = I·U +
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɝɞɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ
ȼ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ
ȿɫɥɢ
Ɋ = I·U
.
ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ
; Q –
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ
:
/g = Q/4·ʌ·r2·
W
A
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɬɨ
,
ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵ
İ0İ
.
r
Ɋ = I·UɢɊ = U
Ɋ = U
2
/R
ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
2
/R –
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. Ɉɧɢ
ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɨɦ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬ
ɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɨɞ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɥɟɧ
ɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ɚɧɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɜɚɡɢɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ
[8]),
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ɉɦɚ ɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ
ɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ Ƚɚɭɫɫɚ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɮɚɪɚɞɟɟɜ
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
140
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]