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Файл:Простой Python просто с нуля
.pdf
print i
5
4
3
2
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɧɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ.
ɐɢɤɥ for – ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ – ɜɵɜɟɞɟɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ
ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
-------------10 100 1000
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ
10, ɧɚɞɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
xrange(1,11). ɉɢɲɟɦ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ:
for i in xrange(1,11):
print i,
print i**2,
print i**3
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
-----------10 100 1000
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ. ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɜɫɺ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ –
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
print
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ
ɜɪɟɦɺɧ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɷɬɚ
ɂɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ:
ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɹ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ: ...4,3,2,1
...19,16,13,10 Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɩɥɸɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
71
ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ N ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ?
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ.
¦
i
n
a
i
1
aa
n
1
n
. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɜɢɞ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
2
ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ. ɉɨɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɬɭɩɨ ɢ ɜ ɥɨɛ – ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɦ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ. ɉɥɚɧ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ:
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ N
ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɢɤɥ
ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ
ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ
Ɂɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɢɬɫɹ, ɩɨɤɚ. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɣ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ
...4,3,2,1
N = int(raw_input('N = '))
sumIter = 0
for i in xrange(1,N+1):
sumIter = sumIter + i
print 'sumInter = ', sumIter
N = 4
10
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ. ɂ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ.
sumForm = ((1 + N)/2)*N
print 'sumForm = ', sumForm
if sumIter == sumForm:
print 'Ok'
else:
print 'very, very bad!'
ȼɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɺ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɦ.
N = 3
sumInter = 6
sumForm = 6
Ok
72
ȼɫɺ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɪɢ. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɞɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ –
N
N
ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ.
N = 2
sumInter = 3
sumForm = 2
very, very bad!
ɑɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɲɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. Ⱥ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ? Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɰɟɥɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɥɸɫ ɞɜɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɪɢ, ɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɷɬɨ
ɧɚɰɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ. ȿɳɺ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ, ɧɨ
ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɭ? ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɧɟɱɺɬɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɢɞɧɨ. ɑɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ? ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ – ɜɜɟɫɬɢ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɜɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɟ: 2.0. ɂɞɟɹ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɚ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɨɦɟɲɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
int ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɜɜɨɞɚ. ɇɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɺ ɧɚ float,
ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:
sumForm = ((1 + N)*0.5)*N
N = 2
sumInter = 3
sumForm = 3.0
Ok
ȼɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɦ? Ɉɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɛ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɱɧɨɦ. ɇɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ – ɧɟ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ, ɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɧɨɥɶ, ɚ
ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ – ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɭ. Ⱥ
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ? Ⱦɚ, ɛɵɜɚɟɬ – ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɭɦɦɚ, ɚ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ
ɞɪɭɝɨɟ – ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ, ɧɨ
ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ.
ɗɬɨ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɫ ɬɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɟɺ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɧɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ. Ɉ ɱɺɦ ɪɟɱɶ? ɋɭɦɦɭ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɫ ɷɬɨ ɫɤɭɱɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɥɨɛ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɧɟɬ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɚ. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥ?
uuuu ...321! – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. ɂ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ:
73
N = int(raw_input('N = '))
F = 1
for i in xrange(2,N+1):
F = F * i
print N,'! = ', F
N = 6
6 ! = 720
ɉɪɨɛɟɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɲɟɫɬɺɪɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨ, ɢɫɩɪɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɚɦɢ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
ɧɺɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɤɭɪɫɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ.
ȿɳɺ ɨɞɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɭ ɜɨɡɶɦɺɦ ɭ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɝɨ ɉɟɪɟɥɶɦɚɧɚ, ɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ
ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ, ɚ ɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɉɟɪɟɥɶɦɚɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ
ɧɟ ɨɬɟɰ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ. Ɂɚɩɭɬɚɥɢɫɶ? Ɋɚɡɛɟɪɢɬɟɫɶ!
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɰɢɬɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɉɟɪɟɥɶɦɚɧɚ «
ɀɢɜɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ», ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɰɢɬɚɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ, ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɢɬɚɬɚ:
ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ,
ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɭɸ ɢɡ
«Ƚɨɫɩɨɞ Ƚɨɥɨɜɥɟɜɵɯ» ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜɚ:
ɉɨɪɮɢɪɢɣ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ ɫɢɞɢɬ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɟ, ɢɫɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɰɢɮɢɪɧɵɦɢ
ɜɵɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ
ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɚɦɟɧɶɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɞɭɲɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɡɭɛɨɤ
ɫɬɨ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɚ ɫɟɛɟ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɜ ɥɨɦɛɚɪɞ ɧɚ ɢɦɹ ɦɚɥɨɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɉɨɪɮɢɪɢɹ?
ȼɵɯɨɞɢɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ: ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɶɫɨɬ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɉɨɪɮɢɪɢɸ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ 50 ɥɟɬ, ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɜ
ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ (ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ Ƚɨɥɨɜɥɟɜ ɡɧɚɥ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɵ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɫɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɦɢ), ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɩɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɥɚɬɢɥ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɨɦɛɚɪɞ.
ɉɟɪɟɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɠɭ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. ȿɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɋɚɥɬɵɤɨɜ-ɓɟɞɪɢɧ. ɍ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ
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ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɹɬ ɝɨɥɭɛɢ,
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ, ɹ ɢɦɟɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ. ɇɚ ɧɺɦ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɢɞɹɬ ɝɨɥɭɛɢ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ
ɝɨɥɭɛɶ ɫɢɞɢɬ ɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ. ɍ ɧɟɝɨ – ɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ – ɟɫɬɶ ɪɨɦɚɧ ɩɪɨ
ɧɟɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ – «
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ Ƚɨɥɨɜɥɺɜɵ». ɋɚɦɵɣ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ –
ɉɨɪɮɢɪɢɣ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɪɨɤ 100 (ɫɬɨ) ɪɭɛɥɟɣ, ɧɨ
ɦɚɦɟɧɶɤɚ ɡɚɧɵɤɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɬɢɥɚ. ɉɨɪɮɢɪɢɸ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ. Ɉɧ
ɧɚɩɪɹɝɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɚɦɟɧɶɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɫɬɨ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɜ
ɥɨɦɛɚɪɞ (ɢɥɢ ɛɚɧɤ) ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɵ, ɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɥɟɬ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ
ɜ ɜɨɫɟɦɶɫɨɬ. ɉɟɪɟɥɶɦɚɧ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɝɞɚ
ɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɟɪɟɥɶɦɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ
ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ. Ⱥ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ. Ɋɟɲɚɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɦ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɬ. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ –
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɫɬɚɥɨ.
ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɞɟɧɟɝ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ, 100 ɪɭɛ. 00 ɤɨɩ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ 1%. ɂɦɟɟɦ:
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ 100.00 + 100.00u1% = 100.00 + 1.00 = 101.00
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ 101.00 + 101.00u1% = 101.00 + 1.01 = 102.01
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ 102.01 + 102.01u1% = 102.01 + 1.02 = 103.03
Ʉɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɪɺɯ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ, ɧɚɛɟɠɚɥɢ ɟɳɺ ɢ
ɤɨɩɟɣɤɢ. əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟ 1%, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɥɢɲɧɢɯ ɞɟɧɟɝ
ɧɚɛɟɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. ɏɨɬɹ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɞɟɧɟɝ ɥɢɲɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɷɬɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ? Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ – ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɦ ɞɥɹ 1%,
ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɬɢɦ ɞɥɹ 10% –
ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɩɨɞɛɟɪɺɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ɉɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɜɨɞ.
sumBefore = float(raw_input('ɫɭɦɦɚ = '))
procent = float(raw_input('ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ = '))
numYears = int(raw_input('ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ = '))
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ȼɫɺ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɹɫɧɨ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɬɵɯ ɥɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɦ – ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɰɢɤɥɨɦ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ
numYears+1.
sumAfter = sumBefore
for i in xrange(1,numYears+1):
sumAfter = sumAfter + (sumAfter*procent)/100.0
print 'ɧɚɲɢ ɞɟɧɸɠɤɢ = ', sumAfter
Ʌɸɛɭɸ, ɫɚɦɭ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɦɵ ɭɠɟ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɪɭɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɪɺɯ ɥɟɬ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ
ɦɨɠɧɨ – ɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ – ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ.
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ
ɧɚɲɢ ɞɟɧɸɠɤɢ = 101.0
ɧɚɲɢ ɞɟɧɸɠɤɢ = 102.01
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɟɧɸɠɤɢ = 103.0301
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɢ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɧɚɳɭɩɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ – 100
ɪɭɛɥɟɣ, ɫɪɨɤ – ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɥɟɬ. Ɇɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ.
1% 164.43
10% 11739.08
2% 269.16
3% 438.39
4% 710.67
5% 1146.74
Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ – ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ – ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɦ ɜɟɞɶ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɶɫɨɬ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ? ɉɨɞɛɟɪɢɬɟ ɧɭɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ, ɦɵ ɭɠɟ
ɛɥɢɡɤɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɥɢ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢɡɛɚɜɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ
ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵ ɡɚɣɦɺɬɟɫɶ ɫɚɦɢ, ɨɫɜɨɢɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɱɭɬɶ ɩɨɡɠɟ.
Ɋɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ – ɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ȿɳɺ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹ ɭɫɩɟɥ ɞɨ ɜɚɫ ɞɨɧɟɫɬɢ.
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əɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɧɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʌɢɱɧɨ ɹ
ɫɯɨɞɭ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɥ LISP, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɢ APL,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɡɞɚɥɟɤɚ. Ⱦɚ ɢ ɬɨ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ, ɪɚɫɨɜɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ Ʌɢɫɩɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɜɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ
ɡɚɜɟɥɨɫɶ. ȼ APL, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɛɵɥɢ, ɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ, ɜɨ
ɜɫɟɯ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɫɬɶ. ɉɢɬɨɧ –
ɹɡɵɤ
ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɬɨɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ. ȼ ɱɺɦ ɩɨɞɜɨɯ?
ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ – ɜ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ ɢɥɢ C++. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɬɢɩ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ, ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɵɟ, ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɵɟ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ, ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɜɫɺ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ. ɇɨ! – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɬɢɩ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɣ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɭɸ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ
ɰɟɥɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɢɦɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɬɚɤɨɟ – ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨ! –
ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɨ! – ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɰɟɥɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ
ɰɟɥɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɱɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥ-ɥɢɬɪɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɨ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ, ɬɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ. ə ɱɟɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɨ ɰɟɥɵɯ, ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɵɯ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ. ɂ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɟɫɬɶ. ə ɜɚɫ ɨɛɦɚɧɭɥ – ɢɯ ɧɟɬ! Ⱦɚ, ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɬ, ɧɟɬ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ȿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɛɟɡ ɬɢɩɚ. ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ? ȼɨɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ, ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ:
integer = 44
single = 3.14
string = 'Ɇɚɦɚ ɦɵɥɚ ɪɚɦɭ'
Ʉɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɦɵ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ – ɰɟɥɨɝɨ, ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ
ɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɞɥɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɤɨɞ?
integer = 44
77
single = 3.14
string = 'Ɇɚɦɚ ɦɵɥɚ ɪɚɦɭ'
integer = 'Ɇɚɦɚ, ɦɚɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ?'
string = 3.14158 ** 3
print integer
print string
Ɇɚɦɚ, ɦɚɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ?
31.005902024
ɑɬɨ ɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ – ɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɚ
ɫɬɪɨɤ – ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɟ. ɂ ɜɵɜɟɥɢ. ɂ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ.
Ɂɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ – ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɟɬ! ɗɬɨ ɦɵ ɟɳɺ ɨɛɞɭɦɚɟɦ. ɉɨɬɨɦ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬ – ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ. Ⱥ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɟɳɺ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ? ɉɨɝɥɹɞɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ – ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɭɫɟɱɺɧɧɨɣ
ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ. ȼɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢɡ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ,
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ, ɚ
S ɢ 2S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
1
h
V , ɝɞɟ h
3
)(
SSSS
2211
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ –
ab
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɤɚɬɟɬɚɦɢ
,ba ɢ 22,ba . Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ
11
S
.
2
Ɂɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦ.
a1 = float(raw_input('a1 = '))
b1 = float(raw_input('b1 = '))
a2 = float(raw_input('a2 = '))
b2 = float(raw_input('b2 = '))
h = float(raw_input('h = '))
S1 = (a1*b1)/2
S2 = (a2*b2)/2
V = (h/3) * (S1 + (S1*S2)**0.5 + S2)
print 'V = ', V
78
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ. ȿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ, –
ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦ, – V. Ⱥ ɟɳɺ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ. ɇɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ
,ba ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ȿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ
11
S ɢ 2S . ɗɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
1
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɟɬ –
ɢɡɛɟɝɚɣɬɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ! Ɇɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɫɨɜɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɧɟ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɵ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ – ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɦɭɫɨɪɢɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ. ɉɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɩɨɧɹɬɶ
ɟɝɨ, ɤɨɞ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɭɫɬɶ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɫɨ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɨɧɢ ɠɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ (boolean). Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ – ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɜɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɧɚɫ, ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɟ
– ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɜɢɞɢɬɟ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɚ
ɧɟɣ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ,
ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ
ɮɥɚɠɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɥɨɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɬɢɱɤɚ – ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɧɨ. ɂɥɢ ɨɧ.
checkbox –
ɉɪɢɫɥɚɥɢ ɑɚɩɚɟɜɭ ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɭ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɛɟɪɟɱɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɢɥɢ?
ɉɨɞɭɦɚɥ ɑɚɩɚɟɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ:
)(52OHHC . ɇɚɭɬɪɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ – ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɚ
ɩɭɫɬɚɹ, ɜɫɟ ɩɶɹɧɵɟ. ɋɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɉɟɬɶɤɭ – ɤɚɤ ɞɟɥɨ ɛɵɥɨ?
– ɋɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɱɭɲɶ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ, ɚ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ – Ɉɇ. ɉɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɥɢ – ɢ
ɬɨɱɧɨ – Ɉɇ!
© Ⱥɧɟɤɞɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɫɞɚɜɲɢɯ ȿȽɗ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɧɚ 146 ɛɚɥɥɨɜ.
ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɥɚɠɨɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ –
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɟ ɥɢ
ɜɵ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ? ɉɨɤɚ ɟɺ, ɩɬɢɱɤɭ, ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɲɶ, ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɟɲɶɫɹ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɉɈ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ, ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɪɚɡ
ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ. ɉɨɞɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
<ɋɨɝɥɚɫɟɧ>.
© ɂɡ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɲɭɬɤɚ.
79
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɦɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɮɥɚɠɤɭ ɧɚ
ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵ ɢɯ
ɜɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ. ȼɵɜɨɞ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ, ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɑɬɨ ɹ ɢɦɟɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ? ȿɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɚɹ
ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɬɪɺɦ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɦɵ
ɭɜɢɞɢɦ 3 ɢɥɢ 3.0, ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ 3.0000079.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɟɫɬɶ, –
ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ.
ɉɨɹɫɧɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɟɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɥɢ. ɇɢɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɧɟɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ
False. ɇɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɹɫɧɵ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ȼɫɺ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢɥɢ ə ɫɨɝɥɚɫɟɧ ɢɥɢ Ⱦɟɧɟɝ ɧɟɬ.
True ɢɥɢ
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ. ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ? Ɉɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ,
ɦɧɨɝɨ. Ⱥ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɚɹ – ɟɳɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɤɧɢɝɢ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɭ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
yes = True
no = False
print yes, no
True False
ɑɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ? Ⱦɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, – ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɜɚ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɜɵɜɟɥɢ – ɧɚ
ɷɤɪɚɧ. ɍɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɢɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɂ ɡɚɱɟɦ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ? ɇɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɦ.
a = 5; b = 2
plus = a > b
if plus:
print 'a > b'
a > b
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ.
ɂɥɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
if – ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ
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