Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Простой Python просто с нуля

.pdf
Скачиваний:
0
Добавлен:
08.09.2026
Размер:
2 Мб
Скачать
a = 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.3 - 0.9 print 'old.a = ', a
a = decimal.Decimal('0.3') + decimal.Decimal('0.3') + decimal.Decimal('0.3') - decimal.Decimal('0.9') print 'new.a', a
old.a = -1.11022302463e-16 new.a 0.0
ɑɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ? Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ – ɹ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɫɶ? ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɦ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ ɩɢɲɟɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ? ɇɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ. ȼɫɹ ɬɚ ɞɪɟɛɟɞɟɧɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɟɜɚ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ
decimal. Ɇɚɥɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɦɵ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ 0.3,
decimal.Decimal(‘0.3’). ɂ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨɝɨ
a,
a ɬɨɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɬɟɫɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ
b = a + 0.33
ɬɨ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ – ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:
b = a + decimal.Decimal('0.33')
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ – ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɪɭɫ, ɢɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɚɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɚɦɩɢɪ – ɤɨɝɨ ɭɤɭɫɢɥ, ɬɨɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɚɦɩɢɪɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɨ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ. ȼ ɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸ, ɷɬɨ ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɠɟ ɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɯ.
241
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ C. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ EXE-ɮɚɣɥ?
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɬɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɟɺ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ. ɍɱɟɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ, ɟɺ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɵ ɛɭɞɟɬɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɫɚɦɢ. Ⱥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɟɳɺ. ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ. Ⱥ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ?
Ʉɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɇɨɪɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɍɬɢɥɢɬɵ – Norton Utilities. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ-ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ɋɚɦɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ Disk Editor – Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ⱦɢɫɤɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɚɞɦɢɧɚ ɢ ɟɦɭ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɭɠɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɛɵɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɞ, ɤɭɩɢɜ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɩɨ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ. Ɉɧ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɜɤɭɲɚɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɟ. Ɍɚɦ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɱɺɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɜɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ
Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ, ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ, ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɉɢɬɨɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɲɢɦ ɢ ɜɫɺ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɚɫ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ.
Ⱦɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ EXE-ɮɚɣɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ. ɂɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ-ɞɜɭɦɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɦɢ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɤɚɱɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. ɋɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ EXE, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɨɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɞɨɜ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɯ ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɬ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ Microsoft Visual Studio. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟɬ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɥɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɷɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɧɰɵ ɫ ɛɭɛɧɨɦ.
ɑɬɨ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ – ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɟ.
ɇɨ ɹ ɜɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
ɜɫɺ. Ȼɵɥ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ, ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɜɲɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɟɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɷɬɚ
.
242
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ D. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɸ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ – ɧɚɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɜɟɳɢ. ȼ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɡɟɧ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ, ɧɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ
ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɚɹ – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ
ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. ɇɚɞɨ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ IDLE ɫɧɨɜɚ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ. Ɇɨɣ. ɇɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɣ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɚ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɥɹɩɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɶɢ-ɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ.
Ʉɪɚɫɢɜɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɭɪɨɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ. ɋɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɺɧɧɨɝɨ. ɐɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ. ɉɢɲɢɬɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɨ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
import this. ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɜɵ
ɞɡɟɧ ɤɚɤ
243
Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɥɟɡɚɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɥɭɲɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɹɜɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɟ – ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɭɝɚɞɚɬɶ. Ⱦɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ – ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɏɨɬɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ – ɟɫɥɢ ɬɵ ɧɟ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɟɰ.
# ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɧɚɦɺɤ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ. # ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɸɥɶɩɚɧɨɜ.
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ.
# Ɉɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ: # – Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɬɚɧɤ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɥɭɱɲɢɣ? # – Ɍɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, – ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ ɨɧ. ɏɨɬɹ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ. # ɧɟɬ, ɧɟɬ, ɧɟɬ, ɧɟɬ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɢɞɟɹ ɯɪɟɧɨɜɚɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɬɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɺɧ ɨɛɚɥɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ – ɞɚɣɬɟ ɞɜɟ!
# ɥɢɱɧɨ ɦɧɟ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ.
Disclaimer, ɤɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹɹ ɧɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɟɧ.
ɷɬɨ.
244
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ E. ȼɫɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥ ɞɚ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɡɚɛɵɥ – ɚ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɑɢɫɥɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɰɢɮɟɪɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɧɢɡɭ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:
. Ɍɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ, ɧɨ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ 123. ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ
123
10
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ? ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ
10
ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ.
Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɨɫɶɦɺɪɤɚ? ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɧɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɶɦɺɪɤɭ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ:
8
012
ɜɢɞɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ – ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɰɢɮɪɵ 8 ɢ 9. ȼɟɞɶ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɟɬ ɰɢɮɪɵ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ 10.
Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɟɟ ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɤɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ, ɩɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɧɢɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ, ɬɨ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɧɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ:
16
012
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɬ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɨɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɚɹ. ȿɳɺ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ:
16
.
FF
255
Ⱦɜɨɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ, ɱɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɹ ɡɧɚɸ ɝɞɟ ɢ ɡɚɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɷɬɨ ɥɢɲɧɟɟ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɟɱɚɥɢ © ȿɤɤɥɟɫɢɚɫɬ
012
123103102101123
uuu . ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ
8331664838281123 uuu . Ⱦɚɥɶɲɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ
10101010
15;14;13;12;11;10 FEDCBA . Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ
101610161016101610161016
291332256163162161123
uuu . Ʉɚɤ ɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɳɚɥ, ɟɫɥɢ
245
Ʉɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɜɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ: ɧɨɥɶ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ – ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ 123 ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ:
2
012346
951248166422232021011111
.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɬ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ. ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ – ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɜɫɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɬɨ, ɱɟɦ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɫɹ, ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ, ɦɵ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɦ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ. ȼ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ – ɞɜɨɢɱɧɚɹ, ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɚɹ.
x2 = 0b1011111 x8 = 0o123 x16 = 0x123
print 'x2 = ',x2, ' x8 = ', x8, ' x16 = ', x16
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɭɥɺɦ ɢ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ
o ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɬɪɨɤɟ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɛɵɥ ɟɳɺ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɦ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɵ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɚɧɤɚɯ, ɢ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚɦ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɚɰɢɸ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɮɨɤɚɪɬɚɯ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɬɚɥɢ, ɧɭɥɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɺɪɤɢɜɚɬɶ – ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɥɟɜɵɣ.
Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɢɬɶ? Ⱦɜɨɢɱɧɨɟ, ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɨɟ? ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ? ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ? ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɦ:
xAll = x2 + x8 + x16 print 'xAll = ', xAll
xAll = 469
Ȼɟɡɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨ, ɧɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨ, ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ? Ʌɟɝɤɨ, ɉɢɬɨɧ ɨ ɜɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɥ.
print 'x2 = ', bin(x2), ' x8 = ', oct(x8), ' x16 = ', hex(x16)
x2 = 0b1011111 x8 = 0123 x16 = 0x123
Ɋɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ, ɜɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɫɶ. ə ɭɜɟɪɟɧ.
246
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ. ɂ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɚɞɨ, ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɡɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɡɭɫɬɶ.
0000000
16102
1010001
16102
2020010
16102
3030011
16102
4040100
16102
5050101
16102
6060110
16102
7070111
16102
8081000
16102
9091001
16102
101010 A
111011 B
121100 C
131101 D
141110 E
151111 F
16102
16102
16102
16102
16102
16102
Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ – ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ – ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɺ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ – ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ. ɂ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɷɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ – ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɟɪɶɺɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
247
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ F. ȼɫɺ ɨ ɛɢɬɚɯ ɢ ɛɚɣɬɚɯ
ȿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ – ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɱɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ? ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɦɟɬɪ. Ⱥ ɱɟɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɨɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ – ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪ, ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪ, ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪ. Ⱥ ɝɞɟ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɱɚɟɬɫɹ? ə ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ, ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚɯ. ɇɭ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ ɹ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ. ɂ, ɭɜɟɪɟɧ, ɜɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ.
ȿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ – ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. ɂ ɭ ɧɟɺ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɺ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɛɨɥɶɲɟ. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ – ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ – ɧɟɥɶɡɹ.
ɗɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɬ? Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɬɚ ɞɚɥ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝ ɍɢɥɶɹɦ ɒɟɤɫɩɢɪ –
Ȼɵɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ? To be or not to be? ?22 BB
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɺɬɤɨ – ɞɟɧɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɧɶ? ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ – ɞɟɧɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɱɶ? Ⱥ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜɟɱɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɪɨ? Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ. Ȼɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ? ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɧɢ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɵ ɭɠɟ ɱɺɬɤɨ ɭɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɜɫɺ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɢɬ ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ. ɂɦɟɟɦ:
False
0
2
True
1
2
ɇɨ ɛɢɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɢɬ. Ȼɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɫɬɶ, ɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɬ. ȼɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɢɬ, ɚ ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɮɪ. ɑɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɛɚɣɬɵ? ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɰɟɥɵɟ, ɚ ɛɟɡɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɥɵɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ,
ɛɢɬ. Ȼɢɬ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɞɚ ɢɥɢ
ɛɚɣɬ. Ȼɚɣɬɷɬɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɛɢɬ ɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
248
ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɬɟɣɥɢɜ – ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:
000000000
102
100000001
102
25511111111
102
ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɚɣɬ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ 255 ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɚɣɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ. Ⱦɜɨɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ
ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ. ɑɬɨ ɟɳɺ ɯɭɠɟ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɲɢɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɨɥɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɟɤ. ɇɚɞɨ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ, ɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɨɣ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ:
0000000000
162
0100000001
162
11111111 FF
162
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɮɚɣɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼ ɬɟɯ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɚɦ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɨɞɢɧ ɛɚɣɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0..255. ɇɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ? Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɦɚɥɨ – ɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɚɥɨ?
Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɭɸ ɰɢɮɪɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɮɪ ɨɞɧɚ ɭɲɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. ɑɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɚ ɜɨɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ – ɜ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɞɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɚɤ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ, ɚ ɜɨɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ – ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ. ɐɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɣɬɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɜɚ ɛɚɣɬɚ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ – ɱɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ – ɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɚɣɬɚ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɨɧɚ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ, ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɫɚɦɢ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ.
249
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɤ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɢɬ, ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɨɱɢɬɫɹ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɺ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɚɣɬ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ – ɟɫɥɢ ɧɨɥɶ, ɬɨ ɥɨɠɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɬɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɨ – ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɨɥɶ, ɚ ɱɬɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ, ɬɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ. ɇɢ ɪɚɡɭ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ, ɜɡɝɥɹɧɭɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ. ɏɭɠɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɞɜɚ, ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɺɧɧɵɯ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɚɣɬɚ, ɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
Ɉ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨ. Ɋɚɧɶɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨ – ɨɞɢɧ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɚɣɬ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟ ɭɝɚɞɚɟɲɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɞɜɚ. ɇɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ
ɘɧɢɤɨɞ. ɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɶ – ɡɚɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɵ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 6900 ɢɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɣ – ɩɥɸɫ ɟɳɺ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ.
ɉɥɨɯɚɹ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɶ – ɩɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɟ ɭɝɚɞɚɟɲɶ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɘɧɢɤɨɞ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɺ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɬɶ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɞɨ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɜ ɮɚɣɥ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɭɠɚɫ ɫ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ –
ɫɥɨɜɨ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɨɧɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɢɬɭ. Ɉɧ ɢ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɚɣɬɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɭ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɚɣɬɚ. ɑɬɨ ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ? ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɚɣɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɚɣɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɧɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɛɚɣɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɡɚɣɦɺɬ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɛɚɣɬɨɜɨɝɨ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ – ɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ
ɯɢɬɪɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɛɚɣɬɨɜɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ?
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɺ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ, ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ɇɢ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ. ɇɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɤɢɥɨɛɚɣɬ. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɯ – ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ. Ɇɚɫɫɢɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɣɦɭɬ ɯɨɬɶ ɤɢɥɨɛɚɣɬ, ɯɨɬɶ ɦɟɝɚɛɚɣɬ.
250
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]