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Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɟɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɟɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɟɺ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ «ȿɜɝɟɧɢɹ Ɉɧɟɝɢɧɚ»:
ȼɫɟ ɹɪɭɫɵ ɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɜɡɨɪɨɦ,
ȼɫɺ ɜɢɞɟɥ – ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɭɛɨɪɨɦ
ɍɠɚɫɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɟɧ ɨɧ © Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ – ɧɢɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɉɧɟɝɢɧ ɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɡɨɪɨɦ.
Ɉɧ ɨɤɢɧɭɥ ɜɡɨɪɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɵ ɬɟɚɬɪɚ. Ⱥ ɥɢɰɚ – ɨɧɢ ɬɚɦ, ɜ ɹɪɭɫɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɳɟ.
ɋɚɦɵɟ ɧɟɡɚɬɟɣɥɢɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ. ȼɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ:
a = 'ɂɜɚɧɨɜ'
b = 'ɉɟɬɪɨɜ'
c = 'Ʉɨɲɤɢɧ-ɋɨɛɚɤɢɧ'
ad = '01.01.1970'
bd = '02.02.1980'
cd = '03.03.1990'
Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ – ɧɟɜɚɠɧɨ. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɯɨɠɟɟ
ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ. ȼɨɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɢ ɜɜɟɞɺɦ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
def names():
a = 'ɂɜɚɧɨɜ'
b = 'ɉɟɬɪɨɜ'
c = 'Ʉɨɲɤɢɧ-ɋɨɛɚɤɢɧ'
def birthdays():
ad = '01.01.1970'
bd = '02.02.1980'
cd = '03.03.1990'
names()
birthdays()
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɚɥ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ, ɧɨ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɟɟ. ɉɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɺɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ.
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
131
def names():
Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ def, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ ɫ ɞɜɨɟɬɨɱɢɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɭ <Enter>,
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɜɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ. ȼɫɺ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼɵɡɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɟɺ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɚɪɵ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɞ,
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɟɺ ɬɟɥɟ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ. ɉɨɤɚɠɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ. ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ,
ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ.
def odin():
print 'Ɉɞɢɧ ɹ ɭɦɧɵɣ ɜ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɩɚɥɶɬɨ ɫɬɨɸ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ'
Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ?
print 'Ɉɬɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɪɨɳɚ ɡɨɥɨɬɚɹ'
odin()
print
print 'ə ɩɨɦɧɸ ɱɭɞɧɨɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɶɟ'
odin()
print
print 'ɋɤɚɠɢ-ɤɚ ɞɹɞɹ ɜɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɞɚɪɨɦ'
odin()
print
Ɉɬɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɪɨɳɚ ɡɨɥɨɬɚɹ
Ɉɞɢɧ ɹ ɭɦɧɵɣ ɜ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɩɚɥɶɬɨ ɫɬɨɸ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ
ə ɩɨɦɧɸ ɱɭɞɧɨɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɶɟ
Ɉɞɢɧ ɹ ɭɦɧɵɣ ɜ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɩɚɥɶɬɨ ɫɬɨɸ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ
ɋɤɚɠɢ-ɤɚ ɞɹɞɹ ɜɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɞɚɪɨɦ
Ɉɞɢɧ ɹ ɭɦɧɵɣ ɜ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɩɚɥɶɬɨ ɫɬɨɸ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ
ɋɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɫɬɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɚɛɵɬɶ, ɬɨ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬ, ɧɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬ. ɗɬɨ ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ
132
ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɟɫɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɤɨɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵ. Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ, – ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ.
ȿɳɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɷɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ,
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ –
ɜɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɢɦ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ, ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ
ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ. Ɉɬɤɭɞɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ?
Ɉɬɜɟɬ – ɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ, ɢɡ ɬɟɯ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɟɺ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:
def fillEmptySpace():
print 'ɉɪɢɜɟɬ'
print 'ɉɪɢɜɟɬ'
print 'ɉɪɢɜɟɬ'
fillEmptySpace()
ɉɪɢɜɟɬ
ɉɪɢɜɟɬ
ɉɪɢɜɟɬ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɟ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɸ, ɜɟɪɧɢɬɟɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȼɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. Ɉɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. ȼɵ ɟɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɟɫɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɵ ɩɢɲɢɬɟ, ɧɨɫɢɬ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɫɺ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɬɨ, ɪɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ, ɜɚɲɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ
ɤɨɦɭ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɟɳɺ. Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɤɨɦɭ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɟɳɺ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ
ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ? Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɜɚɲɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ɇɨ ɜɨɬ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɭ, ɧɚɡɨɜɺɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɉɪɢɜɟɬ, ɚ ɞɜɚ.
ɂɥɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ. ɉɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ
ɬɚɤɨɟ, ɱɟɝɨ ɟɳɺ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɧɟɬ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵ ɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɉɪɢɜɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ.
ɉɨɬɨɦ ɜɵ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɟɬɟɫɶ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɦ
133
ɫɤɭɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɜɵ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ. ɋɤɭɱɧɵɦ – ɞɚ,
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ – ɧɟɬ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɉɪɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ. Ɉɩɹɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɡɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
def fillEmptySpace( num ):
for i in xrange(0,num):
print 'ɉɪɢɜɟɬ'
fillEmptySpace(2)
ɉɪɢɜɟɬ
ɉɪɢɜɟɬ
ȼ ɱɺɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ? ȼ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ
ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɢɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ
ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜ
ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
n = 2
fillEmptySpace(n*2)
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
num ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɚɤɚɹ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɟɦɵɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɛɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ.
Ⱦɜɢɝɚɟɦɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ – ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɬɨ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɞɜɭɦ? ɉɭɫɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ.
def fillEmptySpace( text, num ):
for i in xrange(0,num):
print text
fillEmptySpace( 'Ʉɭ-ɤɭ', 2)
Ʉɭ-ɤɭ
Ʉɭ-ɤɭ
134
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ, ɧɚɞɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɨɩɵɬ – ɩɨɦɟɧɹɺɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ, ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ. Ɍɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ⱦɚ, ɹ
ɡɧɚɸ. ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɦɟɬɨɞ – ɭ ɧɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ, ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɺ ɧɟ
ɧɚɞɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ. ɇɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɠɟ ɫ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ? ɂ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɦɵ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɬɨ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ
ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ, ɭ ɧɚɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɨɞɧɨ.
import random
def ourReplace( s,
what,
forWhat):
where = s.find(what)
if where >= 0:
word = random.choice(forWhat)
s = s.replace( what, word)
print s
s = 'ə ɩɨɦɧɸ ɱɭɞɧɨɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɶɟ'
L = ['ɬɜɨɪɟɧɶɟ', 'ɜɚɪɟɧɶɟ', 'ɞɟɧɶ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɶɹ', 'ɫɚɦɨɝɨɜɚɪɟɧɶɟ' ]
ourReplace( s, 'ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɶɟ', L)
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ, ɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ? ɑɬɨɛɵ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɯɨɬɶ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɪɭɯɧɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ
ɧɟɬ. Ⱥ ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɨɧɚ ɪɭɯɧɟɬ? ə ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɥ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɭɯɧɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɵɦ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɶɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɭɡɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ
ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɺɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢɦ ɦɵ
ɡɚɣɦɺɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ. Ɍɨɱɧɟɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɺɧ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɉ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ
ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɚɲɚ ɰɟɥɶ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ. Ɇɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɸ,
135
ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɛɟɡ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɨɣɞɟɬɟɫɶ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɨɛɨɣɞɺɬɟɫɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ
ɭɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, –
ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, – ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɜɵ
ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɵ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɚ, ɧɨ ɯɨɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɭɡɧɚɟɬɟ.
ȼɜɟɞɺɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ, ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɨɬ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɬɚɳɢɬɶ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ. ȿɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
what, forWhat. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵ, ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɞ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ⱥ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ – ɷɬɨ
ourReplace ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɷɬɨ s,
s, ‘ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɶɟ’, L. Ɉɧɢ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ – ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɨ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.
ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ. ȿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ. Ɉ ɱɺɦ ɪɟɱɶ?
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ? Ⱥ ɡɚɱɟɦ? ɏɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɧɟ
ɧɟɤɭɞɚ, ɛɟɪɭ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ. ɇɢɱɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɳɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɬ, ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ. Ɂɚɱɟɦ?
ɉɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɢɥɢɫɶ
ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɲɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɬɭɩɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ.
def ourPlus( x,y):
z = x + y
print 'z = ', z
ɉɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ:
ourPlus( 1,2)
ourPlus( 1.23, 3.456)
ourPlus( 'Oh ', 'babe!')
ourPlus( [1,2,3,4,5], [77,88,99])
136
z = 3
z = 4.686
z = Oh babe!
z = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 77, 88, 99]
ɑɬɨ ɜɢɞɢɦ? Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɦɵ – ɫɸɪɩɪɢɡ! – ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ɗɬɨ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɉɢɬɨɧ. ɇɨ ɜɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ
ɞɪɟɜɧɸɸ, ɧɟɨɩɢɫɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ ɜɚɡɭ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɞɨ ɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɟɪɟɠɧɨ
ɢ ɧɚ ɰɵɩɨɱɤɚɯ – ɚ ɬɨ ɜɚɡɚ ɜɞɪɟɛɟɡɝɢ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟɜɢɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ:
ourPlus( [1,2,3], 101)
Ʉɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ. ȼɟɞɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ – [1,2,3,101]. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɦɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɢ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɟ:
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "int") to list
ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ. Ʉ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ,
ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
ourPlus( [1,2,3], [101])
z = [1, 2, 3, 101]
Ɍɨɠɟ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ, ɧɨ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɢ ɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɥɟɬɹɬ ɩɨ ɜɟɬɪɭ. ȼ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ, ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ.
ɂ ɨɩɵɬ, ɫɵɧ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ… © Ⱥ. ɋ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ
ȼɟɪɧɭɫɶ ɫ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥ. ɉɢɬɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɦɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɬɢɩɨɜ:
x = 2
y = 3.1
137
s = 'abcd'
L = [1,2,3,4,5]
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
if type(x) == int:
print 'yes'
else:
print 'no'
yes
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ:
if type(y) == float:
if type(s) == str:
if type(L) == list:
Ɉɛɨɝɚɳɺɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɜ
ɧɚɲɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.
def ourReplace( s,
what,
forWhat):
if (type(s) == str) and (type(what) == str) and \
(type(forWhat) == list):
where = s.find(what)
if where >= 0:
word = random.choice(forWhat)
s = s.replace( what, word)
print s
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɟɲ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥ, ɞɚ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɡɚɛɵɥ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ – ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ. ɇɚɲɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɯ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ, ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ? ə ɫɱɢɬɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. ɇɚɜɟɪɧɨɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ,
ɱɬɨ ɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ. Ɏɚɧɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ. ɗɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɞɚ.
ȼɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ – ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɞɭɬ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɟ, ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɞɚɫɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ȼɨɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɜɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ.
138
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨ ɜɟɳɚɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ – ɞɥɹ ɦɟɧɹ ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɵ – ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ –
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɵɦ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ
ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ – ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɬ ɫɢɧɭɫ, ɷɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ.
import math
x = 0.5
f = math.sin(x)
print 'sin(', x, ') = ', f
sin( 0.5 ) = 0.479425538604
ɂɦɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ
ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɦ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ. ȿɳɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɢɦɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɲ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0.5 ɢ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ sin(0.5)= 0.479425538604.
Ɉɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ȼɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɧɨ
ɛɵɜɚɸɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ.
ɉɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɢ ɟɺ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɱɧɺɦ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ. ɉɭɫɬɶ
ɧɚɲɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ. ɉɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨ, ɧɨ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɞɟɢ.
def onlyFive():
result = 5
139
return result
N
N
f = onlyFive()
print 'onlyFive = ', f
onlyFive = 5
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɫɺ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
return, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɺ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ
ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
result. Ɇɵ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɟɺ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɤɨɞɟ ɞɨɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɵɦ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɚ
ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɋɢɧɭɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɟɡɞɟ, ɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɢɝɞɟ
ɧɟɬ. ɇɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɥɢ, ɧɨ ɹ
ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɦɵ ɟɳɺ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ, ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɚɥ. ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ:
uuuu ...321!, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
244321!4 uuu .
# ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɭɞɧɵɯ
ɉɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ 1!0 . Ⱥ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ? Ɍɚɤ ɹ ɜɟɞɶ
ɭɠɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ – ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ.
# ɤɨɧɟɰ Ⱦɥɹ
def Fuct( N ):
result = 1
for i in xrange( 2, N+1):
result = result * i
return result
f = Fuct(4)
print f
24
Ɇɧɟ ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ N+1 ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ – ɚ ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ? ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɰɢɤɥ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɫɹ ɞɨ N, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ N+1. ȿɳɺ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɩɵɬ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
140
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