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Файл:Простой Python просто с нуля
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ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ – ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɟɬɟɫɶ – ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ.
x
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɞɜɚ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ – ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ
ɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɧɹɬ
ɩɨɞ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɡɧɚɤɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ,
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ. ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɤ:
# ɜɜɟɫɬɢ x – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ, ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɥɢ?
# ɜɜɟɫɬɢ y
if x <> y:
print 'ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ!'
Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
if x**2/a**2 + y**2/b**2 == 1:
Ɍɟ, ɤɬɨ ɫɢɥɺɧ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɭɡɧɚɸɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɤ ɷɥɥɢɩɫɭ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ,
ɧɚ 13:
if x % 13 == 0:
print 'Ok'
ȼɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɫɨ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ:
if x > 0:
if x > 10:
print “I'm here!”
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɢɦ, ɬɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ.
if x > 0:
if x < 10:
print 'I”m here!'
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
91 dd
, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ – ɢ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ. Ⱥ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
ɩɨɩɪɨɳɟ? Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ.
if (x > 0) and (x < 10):
print 'Ok'
51
x
# ɢɥɢ ɬɚɤ
if (x >= 1) and (x <= 9):
print 'Ok'
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɨɥɲɟɛɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ
and, ɬɨ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɨɛɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ
ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɲɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 91 dd
, ɚ ɜɧɟ ɟɝɨ? Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ X ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɥɢ X ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ? Ɍɚɤ ɢ ɩɢɲɟɦ.
if (x < 1) or (x > 9):
Ɂɚɞɭɦɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɟ – ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɨɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ :
x = 1
if (x > 0) and (x < 5):
print 'Ok'
if not ((x < 0) or (x > 5)):
print 'Ok'
Ok
Ok
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɺɧɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ:
if x > 1:
if not (x > 1): # ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɱɬɨ if x <=1
Ʉɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɡɚɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ? ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɞɭɦɚɟɬ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɦɵ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ.
ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɣ ɱɭɬɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ:
if (x >= 1) and (x <= 9):
if (x < 1) or (x > 9):
52
ɉɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ. Ⱥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɤ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɨɦɨɡɞɤɨ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.
if not ((x >= 1) and (x <= 9)):
pass
Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɟɪɺɦ ɜɫɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ
not. ɂ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ, ɢ ɜɨɬ ɨ ɱɺɦ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɥɨɜɚ
or, ɨɧɨ ɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ. ȼ
ɛɵɬɭ ɢɥɢ-ɢɥɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ.
ɂɥɢ ɹ ɟɺ ɜɟɞɭ ɜ ɁȺȽɋ, ɢɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɜɟɞɺɬ ɦɟɧɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɭ
© ɤ/ɮ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɟɧɧɢɰɚ
ȿɳɺ ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɜɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɥɟɜɨ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ – ɬɭɬ ɭɠɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. Ɉɧɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ – ɢɥɢ ɧɚɥɟɜɨ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɢɥɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɜ
ɁȺȽɋ, ɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɭ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨ ɠɢɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɦ.
Ɉɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ. ɉɪɨɛɭɞɢɬɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. ȿɳɺ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ
ɉɨɤɚ ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɢ ɨ
ɮɨɪɦɟ. ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɫ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ:
x = int(raw_input('x = '))
if x > 0:
print ('x positive'
ɋɚɦɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ, – ɩɭɫɬɶ ɨɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɸ. ɉɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
x = int(raw_input('x = '))
if x > 0:
print ('x positive')
if x <= 0:
print ('x NOT positive')
53
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨ, ɬɨ ɹ ɫ ɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɟɧ.
Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ? ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɜɚ – ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɡ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ? ȼɟɞɶ ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɛɵɥ ɞɚ, ɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɬ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
if x > 0:
print ('x positive')
else:
print ('x NOT positive')
ȼ ɨɛɨɛɳɺɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ:
if <ɍɋɅɈȼɂȿ>:
<ɉɊɈȻȿɅɕ><ȾȿɅȺɌɖ ɑɌɈ-ɌɈ>
else:
<ɉɊɈȻȿɅɕ><ȾȿɅȺɌɖ ɑɌɈ-ɌɈ ȾɊɍȽɈȿ>
Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟ
else ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɂ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɣɬɟ ɞɜɨɟɬɨɱɢɟ. ɂ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨ, ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. ɂɥɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
else. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢ,
if, ɢɥɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɞɭɦɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ
ɝɨɥɨɜɵ, ɧɨ ɭɠ ɪɚɡ ɦɵ ɟɺ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɧɚ ɛɵ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɬɚɤ –
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɭɥɺɦ. ȼ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ
if-else ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɟɪɭɧɞɚ, ɧɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɵ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɪɢ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɧɚɫ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ – ɫɟɦɶ, ɜɨɫɟɦɶ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ? ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɫɤɨɥɶ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɣ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɵ
ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɩɨɡɠɟ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɞ – ɫ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ:
if x > 0:
print ('x positive')
elif x < 0:
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print ('x negative')
else:
print ('zero')
pass
ɉɪɢɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟɫɶ ɢ ɨɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ. Ɂɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɟɱɤɨ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɥɟɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ
else ɢ if. ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ X ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
elif, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ,
ɧɭɥɹ? ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɫɹ
ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
pass. ȼ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ – ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɟɦɭ
ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ X ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ – ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. ɂ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɦ ɜ ɫɟɤɰɢɸ
else. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ – ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɫɺ ɤɨɧɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɵɦ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɭ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɵɯɨɞ.
ɗɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ.
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ – ɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɞɜɚ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɩɪɨɫɢɥɚ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɭ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɬɜɟɬ. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɟɺ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɚɤɚɹ – ɟɫɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨ ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɢ, ɜ
ɩɪɢɞɚɱɭ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
import random
x = random.randint(10,99)
y = random.randint(10,99)
print x, '+', y, '= ?',
z = int(raw_input())
rightZ = x + y
if z == rightZ:
print 'you are Ok'
else:
print 'something''s wrong'
print 'sum is ', rightZ
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɜɫɺ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. Ɂɚɞɭɦɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɟɺ
ɬɟɤɫɬ.
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ɇɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɜɚ
ȿɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɷɪɵ – ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1937. ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɝɨɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɫɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɭɦɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɫɧɵɣ ɝɨɞ – ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸ.
Ƚɨɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɫɧɵɣ, ɟɫɥɢ:
ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 4
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 100
ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 100 ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ 4
Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ:
1899 ɧɟɬ
1900 ɧɟɬ
1902 ɧɟɬ
1903 ɧɟɬ
1904 ɞɚ
…
2000 ɞɚ
ȼɨɬ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɚ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ, ɝɨɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɛɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɢ ɞɭɲɢ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ – ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɉɚɫɯɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɬɭɬ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ,
ɢɡɜɢɧɢɬɟ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɉɚɫɯɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ –
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɟ, ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ, ɩɪɨɲɭ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ.
ȿɳɺ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ – ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨɦɧɢɤɟ Ʉɧɭɬɚ – ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɥɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɧɸɚɧɫ.
ȿɫɥɢ, ɩɨ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɫɯɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɺɬ ɫ
ɞɚɬɨɣ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ, ɬɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɫɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ. ɉɨ
ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɧɟɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɟɧɶɤɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ
ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ. ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɞɚɬɵ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɨɲɢɬ ɜ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ȿɳɺ – ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɭɦɚɥ Ʉɚɪɥ Ɏɪɢɞɪɢɯ Ƚɚɭɫɫ, ɬɨɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ Ʉɨɪɨɥɶ Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɜ. Ⱥ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɲɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ – ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɝɚɭɫɫɨɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ.
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Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ȼɢɤɢɩɟɞɢɢ, ɧɨ ɬɚɦ ɨɧ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ
ɱɺɦ-ɬɨ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɟɦ ɧɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɹ
ɜɡɹɥ ɫ ɫɚɣɬɚ mooseum.ru, ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɳɺ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ-ɬɨ ɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɤɟ. ȼɨɬ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ:
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ 19 ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ a.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ 4 ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ b.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ 7 ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ c.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ 19a + 15 ɧɚ 30 ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ d.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ 2b + 4c + 6d + 6 ɧɚ 7 ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ e.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ f = d + e.
ȿɫɥɢ f 9, ɬɨ ɉɚɫɯɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ (22+f) ɦɚɪɬɚ;
ɟɫɥɢ f > 9, ɬɨ ɉɚɫɯɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ (f-9) ɚɩɪɟɥɹ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ:
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɞɚɬɭ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ ɧɚ
13 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ 20-ɦ ɢ 21-ɦ ɜɟɤɚɯ.
Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ, ɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥ:
ȿɫɥɢ ɉɚɫɯɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɨɦ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ (7 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ), ɬɨ ɨɧɚ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ʉɢɪɢɨɩɚɫɯɚ (Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɧɹ ɉɚɫɯɚ)
© mooseum.ru
Ɂɚɤɨɞɢɪɭɣɬɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɫɯɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɧɚɣɞɢɬɟ
ɫɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɣɬɟ. Ɇɵ ɠɟ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɵɟ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ
ə ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɦɨɺɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɟ
ɩɨ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɸ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɹ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɢ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɪɨɝɨɝɨ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ,
ɥɭɱɲɚɹ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɺɬɫɹ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ
ɜɵɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɧɟ ɱɢɬɚɥɢ, ɬɨ ɜɚɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ
ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɥɢ – ɬɨ ɜɚɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ ɢ ɉɢɬɨɧ.
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɟɡɨɛɢɞɧɨ. Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɦ,
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɲɬɭɤɨɜɢɧɚ:
2
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɨɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ
0
cbxax . ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ
, xx . ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ
21
57
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ – ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
x
x
x
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɧɭɥɸ.
ɉɪɨɳɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɤɫɚ ɧɟɬ:
0153
Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
15
5
x
3
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɤɫɚ ɥɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɭɥɺɦ ɢ
ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ. ɂɡɜɢɧɢɬɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɜɚɦ ɨɛɢɞɧɵɦɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ, ɹ ɭɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɜɧɨ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɤɧɢɝ ɧɟ ɱɢɬɚɸɬ – ɚ ɡɚɱɟɦ? – ɨɧɢ ɟɳɺ ɢ
ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɸɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɧɢɤɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɨɥɶɡɚ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɸɬ ɬɨɠɟ. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. ɂɡɜɢɧɢɬɟ, ɨɬɜɥɺɤɫɹ.
– ɂɡɜɢɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɥ ɜɚɦ ɜɚɲɢ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɩɪɹɬɚɬɶ
© ɤ/ɮ Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ ɢ ɝɨɥɭɛɢ. Ⱥ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɦ, ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ, ɦɧɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ. ɇɚɲɚ ɤɨɲɟɱɤɚ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥɚ
ɩɵɥɟɫɨɫ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ – ɜɬɹɧɭɥɚɫɶ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
2
0252
ȿɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɢ
2,5.0
xx . ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ.
21
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ. ȿɺ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɟɳɺ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɦ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɟ. ȼɵ
ɡɧɚɟɬɟ, ɤɚɤ ɠɢɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɦ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɟ? ɂ ɹ ɧɟɬ. Ⱥ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɟ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɭɦɟɥɢ.
ȿɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ – ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɭɤɚ,
ɇɨ, Ȼɨɠɟ ɦɨɣ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɫɤɭɤɚ… © Ⱥ.ɋ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧ «ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ Ɉɧɟɝɢɧ»
58
ȼɨɬ ɨɧɚ, ɷɬɚ ɜɨɥɲɟɛɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɹɧɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɟɺ
ɤɥɢɧɨɩɢɫɶɸ ɧɚ ɝɥɢɧɹɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɚɯ:
2
acbb
4
x
2,1
r
a
2
.
Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦ.
A = 2; B = 5; C = 2
d = B**2 - 4*A*C
x1 = (-B + d**0.5)/ (2*A)
x2 = (-B - d**0.5)/ (2*A)
print A,B,C
print 'x1 = ', x1, ' x2 = ', x2
2 5 2
x1 = -0.5 x2 = -2.0
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɷɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɞɢ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ-ɬɨ
ɟɳɺ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɟɬ, ɧɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɣɬɟɫɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɪɚɡ, ɧɨ
ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ. ɇɨ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɞɥɹ
ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɡɠɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɩɢɲɟɦ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɢɲɟɦ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɡ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɲɟɦ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɶ – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚ ɲɬɭɤɨɜɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɞ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ, ɬɨ ɜɫɺ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ – ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ
ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɞɜɚ, ɚ ɨɞɢɧ, ɢɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ, – ɞɜɚ, ɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ, ɬɨ ɜɫɺ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɨ – ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ. ɂɥɢ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɤɨɪɧɢ ɟɫɬɶ – ɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ, ɚ ɧɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ. ɇɨ
ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɧɚɲɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɭɯɧɟɬ, ɭɩɚɞɺɬ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɫɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ.
Ⱥ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ.
59
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ
x
? ɏɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ
0 a
ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɥɶ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɗɬɨ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ – ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɧɟ
ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɦ, ɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
02 cbxax ɩɪɢ 0
0 cbx ɢ ɦɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ
ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
cx
b
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɚɛɡɚɰ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɟɫɥɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ, 0 c ? ɗɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɨ
c , ɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ȿɫɥɢ 0z
0 a ɢ 0 b ? ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ,
c .
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ. ə ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ –
ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ – ɢ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ. Ɍɟɫɬɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵ ɛɭɞɟɬɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɜɚɲɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɞɨ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ. ɉɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ – ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ A,B,C. ɇɚɞɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɬ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ, ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ:
2 5 2 X
2 4 2 X
= -2 X2 = -0.5
1
= -1
1,2
2 1 2 ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ
0 3 6 X
1,2
= -2
0 0 3 ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ
0 0 0 ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ
ɉɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɟɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɚɲɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ.
if A <> 0:
x1 = 0; x2 = 0
elif B <> 0:
x1 = 0; x2 = 0
else:
x1 = 0; x2 = 0
.
60
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