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Файл:Простой Python просто с нуля
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ɑɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ? ȼɢɞɢɦ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ:
something = raw_input('ɜɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ = ')
ɋɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ. ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
raw_input. ȼ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɭ ɧɟɺ ɬɟɤɫɬ – ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɜɜɨɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɨ. ȼ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ
ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ <Enter>. ȼɫɺ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ
ɭɞɨɛɧɨ – ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɫɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɡɭɫɬɶ.
# ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɨɛ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɟ
ɉɪɢɱɺɦ ɬɭɬ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɚ? Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɧɨɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢɱɺɦ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ 99%. ɉɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ȾɇɄ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ – ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɦɭɫɨɪ, ɜ
ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ –
ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜ. ɂ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɨ
ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɛɨɪɨɦ. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɚ ɱɬɨ ɠɟ ɬɚɦ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɯɢɬɪɨ
ɡɚɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ? Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɣ ɝɥɚɡ? ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɥɟɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ?
Ɂɟɥɺɧɚɹ ɩɭɩɵɪɱɚɬɚɹ ɤɨɠɚ? Ⱦɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɯɜɨɫɬ?
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɛ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ: ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɧ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ
ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ. Ȼɵɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬ — ɋɜɨɞɟɲ. Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢɬ ɨɧ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɧɞɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ – ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɋɜɨɞɟɲɚ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɧɚ
ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ, ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɛɚ ɷɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɚɪ ɫɥɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ – ɬɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɛɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɋɜɨɞɟɲ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬ
ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨ ɥɶ ғ ɲɢɣ ɜɟɫ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ.
Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ
ɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ. ȼ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɷɬɨ stone, ɚ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ rock. ɇɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɥɟɬ.
41
# ɤɨɧɟɰ ȼɫɬɚɜɤɢ
x
R
S
S
y
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɦ. ȼɜɟɞɺɦ ɞɜɚ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɩɭɫɬɶ x ɢ y, ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɦ
z .
ɉɢɬɨɧɭ ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ, ɜ ɤɚɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ, ɰɟɥɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ, ɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɳɟ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɧɚɞɨ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ – ɤɚɤɨɣ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɣɞɺɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɲɢɛɢɬɶɫɹ. ȼɨɬ ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ:
x = int(raw_input('x = '))
y = int(raw_input('y = '))
z = x**y
print 'z = ', z
x = 2
y = 10
z = 1024
ȼɫɺ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ, ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɞɜɨɣɤɢ ɞɨ… – ɧɭ ɞɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɦɵ ɜɜɟɥɢ
ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɺ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɨɫɶ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɧɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɢ
ɧɭɠɧɚ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ
int, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ. Ɇɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɭɠ ɨɧɨ
ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ. Ɂɚɭɱɢɬɟ ɧɚɢɡɭɫɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɺ
ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɭ. Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɤɭɧɭɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɵɥ ɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ:
2
. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɉɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɟ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɸ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɧɹɥ.
import math
R = float (raw_input('R = '))
S = math.pi * R**2
print 'S = ', S
R = 2.5
S = 19.6349540849
Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
int ɡɚɧɹɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ float, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ
ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ. ȿɳɺ ɪɚɡ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ
42
import math, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ
ʌ.
# ɧɚɞɨɟɥɨ – ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ
ȼɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɷɬɚ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ ɛɭɞɭ ɱɭɞɨɜɢɳɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨ, ɡɚɬɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. ȼɨɡɶɦɺɦ – ɱɢɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɜ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɚɣɬɚ. Ɍɭɞɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɬɨɥɤɚɬɶ ɲɟɫɬɢɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ –
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 123456 – ɢ ɟɳɺ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɇɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ – ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ, ɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, – ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ. ɏɨɬɹ
ɧɟɬ, ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ.
ɇɟ ɦɟɥɨɱɢɫɶ, ɇɚɞɟɧɶɤɚ! © ɂɪɨɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ
Ɇɵ ɩɨɣɞɺɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ!
© ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɂɥɶɢɱ Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɇɚɞɟɠɞɟ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɧɟ Ʉɪɭɩɫɤɨɣ
ɍ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɰɢɮɪ ɱɢɫɥɚ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ
ɦɚɧɬɢɫɫɚ. ɂɡ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɦɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɨɞ ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ?
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ.
ɦɚɧɬɢɫɫɚɱɢɫɥɨ 10u .
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɧɬɢɫɫɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɥɸɫ ɞɜɚ, ɬɨ
0
123456112345610123456
u u ɱɢɫɥɨ .
2
1234560010123456
u ɱɢɫɥɨ .
ɉɪɨ ɩɥɸɫ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɚɤ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ,
4
ɩɭɫɬɶ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ,
ɱɢɫɥɨ .
3456.120001.012345610123456
u u
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɬɟ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɚɳɢɯ ɰɢɮɪ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɟɫɬɶ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɮɪ
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚɯ. ȼɫɺ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɥɸɫ-ɦɢɧɭɫ ɩɨɥ-ɥɚɩɬɹ.
# ɤɨɧɟɰ ɇɚɞɨɟɥɚ
ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ – ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɺɫ ɜɫɺ
ɷɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɝɪɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɵ ɫɥɵɲɚɥɢ, ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ – ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ
ɭɱɢɥɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɨɧɚ ɦɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɧɚ
ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢ ɜ ɥɨɛ, ɫɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɦɟɧɹ – ɚ ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ? – ɬɨ ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɞɭɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ
43
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ. Ȼɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɝɞɟ
}
{
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. ɑɚɳɟ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ
ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɯ. ɇɚɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ.
ɋɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɝɪ,
ɬɚɦ ɛɟɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢɤɚɤ. ȿɳɺ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɤɭɱɧɨ ɢ ɭɧɵɥɨ. Ⱥ ɟɳɺ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ
Ɇɨɧɬɟ-Ʉɚɪɥɨ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ-ɬɨ Ɇɨɧɬɟ-Ʉɚɪɥɨ – ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɢɲɤɨ, ɤɭɞɚ ɜɫɟ
ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɸɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɚɡɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ. Ɂɜɭɱɢɬ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɨ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ – ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ.
Ɂɧɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸ ɤ
ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ:
ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ.
import random
x1 = random.randint(0,5)
x2 = random.randint(0,5)
x3 = random.randint(0,5)
x4 = random.randint(0,5)
x5 = random.randint(0,5)
print x1,x2,x3,x4,x5
0 1 5 2 1
ɑɢɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ – ɧɟɬ, ɹ ɧɟ ɠɭɥɶɧɢɱɚɥ – ɜɵɩɚɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɣ
5,0
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
. ɂ ɦɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ, ɢ ɧɨɥɶ, ɢ ɩɹɬɶ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ, ɧɨ ɧɢ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ɇɚɦ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
random, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɹ ɢ
ɩɢɲɭ ɷɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ
44
ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨ ɲɚɝɚɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɢɬɶ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ. ɗɬɢɦ ɦɵ ɡɚɣɦɺɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɝɥɚɜɟ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. Ⱥ ɩɨɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɤɨɞ:
import random
x = random.randint(10,99)
y = random.randint(10,99)
print x, '+', y, '= ?',
raw_input()
print 'result is ', x+y
81 + 22 = ?
result is 103
ɇɚ ɱɬɨ ɟɳɺ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ? ɇɚ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɹɬɭɸ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ
print x, '+', y, '= ?', – ɷɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɬɪɨɤɚ
raw_input(). ȼɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɺɬ – ɡɚɬɨ
ɨɧɚ ɦɨɥɱɚ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɢ <Enter> . Ɂɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɷɬɨ ɜɚɦ ɟɳɺ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ.
ɋɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ.
import random
x1 = random.random()
x2 = random.random()
print x1, x2
0.726732416853 0.967583829512
ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɟ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɹ ɞɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɨɬ
ɧɭɥɹ ɞɨ ɫɬɚ, ɢɥɢ, ɬɨɝɨ ɯɭɠɟ, ɨɬ ɫɬɚ ɞɨ ɬɪɺɯɫɨɬ?
45
Ɉɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɤ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɭ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɲɺɥ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɜɲɢɣ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɩɶɸɬ, ɭɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɠɺɧ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɛɶɸɬ ɦɨɪɞɵ ɢ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɞɨɧɨɫɵ.
– Ⱦɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɭ ɦɟɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɫ ɧɟɬ, – ɩɪɟɪɜɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ, –
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɣɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ. © Ȼɵɥɶ
ȼɨɬ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ – ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɟɬ, ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ. Ɂɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɵ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɨɲɢɪɟ, ɬɨ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ? Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ – ɬɨ
ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ? ɋɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ – ɧɟ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ
ɧɚ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ (0,1), ɚ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
(10,11). Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ. ɋɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ, ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ.
import random
x1 = random.random()
x_10_11 = x1 + 10
x_0_100 = x1 * 100
x_100_300 = x1*200 + 100
print x_10_11
print x_0_100
print x_100_300
10.7360001241
73.600012407
247.200024814
Ɉɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ – ɟɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ
ɫɚɦɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ. ȼ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ
random ɟɳɺ ɨɱɟɧɶ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɣɬɟɫɶ.
46
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɚɲɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨ – ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ
ɞɟɫɹɬɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ, ɧɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɦɚɥɨ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ȼɨɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɦɚɥɨ-ɩɨɦɚɥɭ, ɦɵ ɢ ɧɚɱɧɺɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɧɚɱɧɺɦ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ȼɜɨɞɢɦ
ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɟ, ɧɟɜɚɠɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ – ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɢɲɟɦ –
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɸ – ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɢɲɟɦ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɵ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɲɚɦɩɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɩɢɥɢ; ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɟɧɟɝ —
ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɢɥɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ, ɜɨɞɤɭ.
© Ʌ. ɇ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɣ «ɉɨɫɥɟ ɛɚɥɚ» – ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
x = int(raw_input('x = '))
if x > 0:
print ('x positive')
Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ – ɧɟ ɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ.
Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ, ɭɡɧɚɜ ɜ ɥɢɰɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɠɚɬɢɢ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɢ <Enter> ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ. ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ – ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ, ɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɟɧ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɛ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɚɯ.
ɇɚɞɨ ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ – ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ
ɩɪɨɛɟɥ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ. Ɍɭ ɠɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ – ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ, ɢ ɢɯ – ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ – ɨɬ ɧɢɯ – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ,
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ.
47
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɭɜɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɛɹ ɮɢɪɦɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ ɧɚɞɨ
ɜɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ – ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɮɢɪɦɚɯ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ɇɨ
ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɥ
ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨ. ɇɟɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɺɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɟɬɢɬ, ɧɟɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɱɬɨ. ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɜɫɺ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ – ɧɟɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɧɟ
ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɧɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ, ɨɧ ɠɟ Ⱦɟɥɶɮɢ, ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ:
if x > 0 then begin
y:=x*x;
z:=y - 1;
if z div 2 = 0 then begin
ShowMessage('ȼɫɺ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɨ!');
end;
end;
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɪɬɢɬɶ – ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɬɚɤ:
if x > 0
then
begin
z:=y - 1;
if z div 2 = 0
then begin
ShowMessage('ȼɫɺ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɨ!');
end;
end;
y:=x*x;
ɇɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɬɚɤ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ! Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɷɬɨ ɭɠɚɫɧɨ, ɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ.
Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ, ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɪɬɢɬɟ ɤɨɞ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
if x > 0:
print ('x positive')
ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ.
ȿɳɺ ɪɚɡ – ɬɚɤ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ, ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
48
if <ɍɋɅɈȼɂȿ>:
<ɉɊɈȻȿɅɕ><ȾȿɅȺɌɖ ɑɌɈ-ɌɈ>
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨ if,
ɞɜɨɟɬɨɱɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɢ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ! Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ – ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦɭ –
ɜɚɪɢɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɥɢ ɧɚɲɭ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɥɢɫɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. ɋɥɨɠɧɟɟ
Ⱥ ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ? ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ X ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ?
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ – ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ – ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ,
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ – ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ. ɇɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ? Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ:
x = int(raw_input('x = '))
if x > 0:
print ('x positive')
x = x +1
print x
x = 3
x positive
4
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢ
ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɤɫ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ
ɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ. ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɱɭɬɶ-ɱɭɬɶ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ:
if x > 0:
print ('x positive')
x = x +1
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ. ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɩɨɞɫɤɚɠɭ ɨɬɜɟɬ – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ X ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ
49
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ, ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ.
ɉɨɬɪɟɧɢɪɭɣɬɟɫɶ – ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɟɦɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ X:
x = 1
if x > 0:
x = x + 2
x = x + 3
x = x + 4
if x > 9:
x = x - 10
print x
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ɧɨɥɶ.
Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ
<ɋȾȿɅȺɌɖ ɑɌɈ_ɌɈ>,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɱɬɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɛɵ ɨɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɫ
ɨɬɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɢ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ
ɟɳɺ ɨɞɢɧ, ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ.
if x > 0:
if x > 10:
print 'I''m here!'
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ – ɩɪɢ X ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɞɚɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ.
ȿɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ? Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɟɬ – ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɵ
ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ. ȼɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ:
if x > 0:
if x < 0:
if x >= 0:
if x <= 0:
if x == 0:
if x <> 0:
pass
Ɉɬɫɬɭɩɵ, ɹɫɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɥ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɤɨɧɰɟ ɧɚɫ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɥɢ, ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ – ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɦɵ
ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɟɪɺɦɫɹ – ɚ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ? ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɚ
50
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