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ɑɬɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɩɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ?
ɋɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɚ, ɦɨɹ, ɤɧɢɝɚ – ɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɨ
ɉɢɬɨɧɭ, ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɟɳɺ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɥɭɱɲɚɹ
ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɞɚɺɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ – ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɸ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ɇɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɛɵ
ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɺɦɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɧɢɝ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɱɧɟɟ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɧɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȿɳɺ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɲɟɟ ɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ – ɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ. ɇɟ ɜ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ. ȼ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ
ɠɟ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɬɚɤ ɛɭɞɭ?
Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ Ƚɜɢɞɨ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ
Ɋɨɫɫɭɦɚ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤ, ɨɧ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɥ, ɨɧ ɟɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ ɢ
ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɺ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɏɨɬɹ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɷɬɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
Ʌɭɬɰ (Mark Lutz) – ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɧɢɝ, ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɹɡɵɤ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɢ
ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɹɬɫɹ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɭɬɚɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɝɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɸ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸ – ɜ Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɈɈɉ) ɹ
ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɸɫɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ. Ɂɚɨɞɧɨ ɡɚɣɦɭɫɶ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɨɣ – ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɦɨɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɩɨ
ɈɈɉ. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ, ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɤɭɩɢɬɟ.
Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ, ɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɂɡɭɱɚɟɦ ɉɢɬɨɧ (Learning
Python). ɗɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɹɡɵɤ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɹ ɛɵ
ɩɨɞɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, Ʌɭɬɰ ɜɫɺ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ-ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ.
ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɥɢɱɧɨ ɦɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɢɞɧɨ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɧ ɫ
C++, ɧɟ ɫ Ⱦɟɥɶɮɢ. Ⱥ C++ ɹ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɥɸ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɤɬɨ ɛɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɥ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɧɚ
ɨɛɥɨɠɤɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɟ ɡɦɟɹ, ɚ ɤɪɵɫɚ?
ɉɪɨɱɬɢɬɟ ɉɢɥɝɪɢɦɚ ȼɝɥɭɛɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɉɢɬɨɧ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɈɈɉ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. ȼɫɺ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɹɡɵɤ.
11
ȿɳɺ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɜɬɨɪ – ɋɭɡɢ Ɋɨɦɚɧ Ⱥɜɪɟɜɢɱ. ɈɈɉ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. ȼɫɺ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢ ɪɚɡɭ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɯ. ɉɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɹ ɭɜɚɠɚɸ, ɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɟɟ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɩɨ ɉɢɬɨɧɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ:
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȿɳɺ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɂ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɡɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ.
ə ɯɨɱɭ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ.
ɂ ɟɳɺ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ, ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɤɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ.
Ȼ.Ʉɟɪɧɢɝɚɧ, Ɏ.ɉɥɨɞɠɟɪ «ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ», «Ɋɚɞɢɨ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɶ», 1984, «The Elements of Programming Style»
Ⱦɨ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɺ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ – ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɝɞɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɚ ɝɞɟ ɩɥɨɯɚɹ.
Ʌɭ Ƚɪɢɧɡɨɭ «Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Windows 95/NT»,
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, «ɋɢɦɜɨɥ»,1997, Lou Grinzo Zen of Windows 95
Programming.
ɉɢɬɨɧ ɭɠɟ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɞ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ Windows, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
Ɋɨɞɠɟɪɫ «Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ», Ɇɢɪ, 1989,
«Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics».
ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɇɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ,
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɟɬ. Ɉ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɜɫɺ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɞɟɥɟ ɪɢɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ.
ɗ.Ⱦɟɣɤɫɬɪɚ «Ⱦɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ».
12
ȼɟɥɢɱɚɣɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɪɟɦɺɧ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɲɭɬɨɤ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ
Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɢɥ. ȼ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ,
ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥ.
ɇɭɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɭɦɟɬɶ?
ɇɟɬ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ! ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ
ɭɦɟɟɬ, ɨɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɹ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɥ – ɫɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢɲɶ, ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ
ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢɬ – ɹ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɸ. Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ,
ɜɚɲɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɟɣ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ.
Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ, ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ – ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ… Ɇɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɦɟɸɬ ɜɫɟ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɮɚɣɥ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɹ ɜɚɫ ɧɚɭɱɭ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɭ, ɢɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɂ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ. ɂɡ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ. ɂɡ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ – ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɢɧɭɫ. Ʉɬɨ ɨɧ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɡɧɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɟɫɬɶ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɺ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɞɭɦɚɟɬɟ ɨ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ – ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɚɣɥɵ,
ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ – ɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ
ɱɺɬɤɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɉɢɬɨɧɚ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɧɟɟ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, Ʌɢɲɧɟɟ ɹ ɜɚɫ ɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟ
ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸ, ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ – ɨ ɛɚɣɬɚɯ ɢ ɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ.
Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɟɳɺ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɰɢɬɚɬɚ:
ȿɫɥɢ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɢɡ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ, ɧɟ
ɜɨɥɧɭɣɬɟɫɶ © Ʌɭɬɰ
ȼɨɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɞɭɯɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ.
13
Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ,
ɢɥɢ
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɞɪɭɝ, ɱɟɝɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɜɚɦ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɸ, ɜɵ ɩɨɩɚɞɺɬɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɭ ɢ
Ⱦɨɛɪɵɟ ȼɪɚɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɬɹɬ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɨɬɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɥɢɲɧɟɟ, ɬɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɚɦ
ɩɨɞɫɭɧɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɂɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɢ, ɚ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɤɭɞɚ ɫɦɟɲɧɟɟ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ, ɜɵ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɥɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɚɫ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɦ ɢ
ɦɺɪɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɚɲɢ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɬɭɲɤɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
ȼɟɫɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵ ɱɺɬɤɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɫ ɠɞɺɬ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɍɭɬ
ɭ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɜɚɫ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ, ɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ, ɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɬɟ
ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ. ɗɬɢɦ ɦɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɢ ɡɚɣɦɺɦɫɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɵ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɡɧɚɟɬɟ, ɭ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɚɪɺɧɧɵɯ
ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɨ ȿȽɗ – ɟɞɢɧɵɣ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɩɨ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɟ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɩɹɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ȼɨɬ ɨɧɢ: Ȼɟɣɫɢɤ, ɒɤɨɥɶɧɵɣ
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ əɡɵɤ, Python, ɋ++, Pascal.
ȼɨɡɶɦɺɦ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ
ɩɹɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ. ɇɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ. ɑɬɨ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ? ȿɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ 10,22,11,50,30. ɇɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɢɦɟɟɦ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ: 10,11,22,30,50. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɟɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɸ – ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɹɬɶ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɧɭɜ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɢ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨ – ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɟɺ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɚɹ.
ȼɫɺ ɜɟɪɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ
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ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɢɫɟɥ, ɞɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ
ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɚɹ.
ȼ ɱɺɦ ɢɞɟɹ? ɂɞɺɦ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɚɦ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ,
ɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ, ɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɢɯ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ – ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ – ɷɬɨ ɛɵɜɲɟɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ. ɂ ɬɚɤ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɥɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ
ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɥɢ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɡ. Ɉɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜɨɣ? ɋɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɸ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɜɢɞɟɥɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ,
ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɛɨɤɚɥɟ ɫ ɲɚɦɩɚɧɫɤɢɦ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɜɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɭɤɚɦɢ. ȼɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢɤɚɤ.
1. Ȼɟɣɫɢɤ. ɉɪɢɞɭɦɚɧ ɜ 1964-ɦ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ Ɍɨɦɚɫ Ʉɭɪɰ ɢ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ʉɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ Microsoft Office ɜɟɪɫɢɹ Visual
Basic. ȼɵɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɨɮɢɡɢɤɭ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɸ,
ɫɜɚɹɜɲɟɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɤɨɞ, ɫɤɭɱɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɧɶɸ ɤɟɞɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɞɪɚɯ ɬɭɧɞɪɵ ɧɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɜ
ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɇɢɠɧɟɜɚɪɬɨɜɫɤɚ.
Dim i, j, ind1, ind2, t As Integer
Const n As Integer = 5
Dim a(n - 1) As Integer
Rem ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
a(1) = 10
a(2) = 22
a(3) = 11
a(4) = 50
a(5) = 30
Rem ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ
For i = 0 To n - 1
For j = 0 To n - 1 - 1
If a(j + 1) < a(j) Then
t = a(j)
a(j) = a(j + 1)
a(j + 1) = t
End If
Next j
Next i
15
2. ɒɤɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ. ɉɪɢɞɭɦɚɧ ɜ 1980-ɟ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ
ȿɪɲɨɜ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ Ʉɭɦɢɪ.
ɚɥɝ ɋɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɧɚɱ
. ɰɟɥ ɬɚɛ a[1:5]
. ɥɨɝ ok
. ɰɟɥ tmp
. ɰɟɥ i
. | ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
. a[1]:=10
. a[2]:=22
. a[3]:=11
. a[4]:=50
. a[5]:=30
.
. | ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ
. ok:=ɧɟɬ
. ɧɰ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ok
. . ok:=ɞɚ
. . ɧɰ ɞɥɹ i ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 5-1
. . . ɟɫɥɢ a[i] > a[i+1]
. . . . ɬɨ
. . . . . tmp:=a[i]
. . . . . a[i]:=a[i+1]
. . . . . a[i+1]:=tmp
. . . . . ok:=ɧɟɬ
. . . ɜɫɟ
. . ɤɰ
. ɤɰ
.
ɤɨɧ
3. Python. ɉɪɢɞɭɦɚɧ ɜ 1991-ɦ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Ƚɜɢɞɨ ȼɚɧ Ɋɨɫɫɭɦ, ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɟɰ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ 2.7.14.
# ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ
a = [ 10,22,11,50,30 ]
# ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ok = False
while not ok:
ok = True
for i in xrange(0,len(a)-1):
if a[i] > a[i+1]:
a[i],a[i+1] = a[i+1],a[i]
ok = False
16
4. C++. ɉɪɢɞɭɦɚɧ – ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ – 1972–1983. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ – ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ. ɂɥɢ Ⱦɟɧɢɫ Ɋɢɬɱɢ ɢ Ʉɟɧ Ɍɨɦɩɫɨɧ, ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ. ɂɥɢ Ȼɶɺɪɧ
ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ, ɞɚɬɱɚɧɢɧ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ Turbo C++ 3.0.
int a[5];
int ok,tmp;
// ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ
a[1] = 10; a[2] = 22; a[3] = 11; a[4] = 50; a[5] = 30;
// ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦ
ok = 0;
while (!ok)
{
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
{
ok = 1;
if (a[i] > a[i+1])
{
tmp = a[i];
a[i] = a[i+1];
a[i+1] = tmp;
ok = 0;
}
}
}
5. Pascal. ɉɪɢɞɭɦɚɧ ɜ 1970-ɦ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɇɢɤɥɚɭɫ ȼɢɪɬ, ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɟɰ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ Delphi 7.
const
N = 5;
var
a : array[1..N] of integer;
ok : boolean;
tmp : integer;
i : integer;
{ ɬɭɬ ɦɵ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ }
a[1]:=10; a[2]:=22; a[3]:=11; a[4]:=50; a[5]:=30;
{ ɚ ɬɭɬ ɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦ }
ok:=false;
repeat
ok:=true;
for i:=1 to N-1 do begin
if a[i] > a[i+1] then begin
ok:=false;
{ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ }
tmp:=a[i];
17
a[i]:=a[i+1];
a[i+1]:=tmp;
end;
end;
until ok;
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɬɢɱɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɜɧɢɤɚɟɦ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ,
ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ, ɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ. ɋɚɦɨ
ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɢ ɨ ɱɺɦ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ ɡɧɚɸ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɸ ɧɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɢɧɧɨ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɜɟɪɫɢɢ C++ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ,
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɣɬɟ ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɣɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ. ɇɨ ɭɱɬɢɬɟ, ɪɚɡ ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɨ ɉɢɬɨɧɭ,
ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɝɨ.
ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɹ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɩɢɲɭ ɜɵ ɫ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ? Ɇɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɩɢɲɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɹ ɩɢɲɭ
ȼɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɫɶ ɤ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ
ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɧɟ ɥɢɰ, ɬɨ ɩɢɲɭ ɫ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɞɚ? Ɉɬɜɟɱɚɸ ɢ ɢɡɜɢɧɢɬɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɸ ɨ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɛɵɥ
ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɢ … ɇɟɬ, ɧɟ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɬɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɟɥɺɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɟɜɤɢ …... Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɛɵɥ
ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɱɢɥ ɡɭɛɵ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɡɧɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɬɶ, ɫɜɟɪɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɥɢɬɶ. Ⱥ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɧɚɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɜɟɪɥɹɬ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɦɚɥɨ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɱɬɨ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ. ɋ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ.
Ʉɧɢɝɚ, ɧɚ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɞɚ, ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɢɬ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ȼ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɭɠɟ ɭɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɫɶ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ?
ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɹ ɪɟɲɚɸ ɟɺ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ɋɟɲɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɦɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ. Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ – ɨ ɱɺɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɜɚɦ ɭɠɟ
ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɟɺ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ,
18
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɜɫɺ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ, ɡɚɱɟɦ ɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ? ɇɨ
ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɜɵɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ.
ɂ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ.
# ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɜɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɜɨɬ ɷɬɨɬ. Ɍɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɬ ɪɟɲɺɬɨɱɤɚɯ? ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ, ɚ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɧ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɨɬ ɢ ɬɭɬ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ. ȼɵ ɫɦɟɥɨ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɺ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɪɟɲɺɬɨɤ, ɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɟɬ. Ⱥ ɞɥɹ
ɱɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ? Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɲɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɡɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɜɚɦɢ ɫɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ.
# ɤɨɧɟɰ ɉɨɱɟɦɭ
Ɉ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ – ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɧɟɬ
ɇɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɫɥɨɜ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɱɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɣɞɺɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɨɟɣ
ɤɧɢɝɟ ɧɟɬ, ɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɬ ɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɛ Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ
ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɺ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɚ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɫɶ,
ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɦ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɟɫɹ. ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ. ɇɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ – ɧɟ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɬɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
Ⱥ ɬɟɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ.
Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, Ʌɭɧɬɰ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɈɈɉ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ
ɩɢɰɰɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɢɰɰɟɪɢɢ. ɇɚɬɹɧɭɬɶ ɫɨɜɭ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɡ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ, ɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ – ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ. ɍ ɧɟɝɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɬ.
ɗɬɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ.
19
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ – ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɇɨ ɬɭɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ –
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɬɶ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɝɨɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ. ɑɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɟɣɛɥ. ɇɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɠɟ
lambda-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɨɥɝɨ ɞɭɦɚɥ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɥ. Ɉɬɥɨɠɢɦ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ
ɤɧɢɝɢ.
ɂ ɟɳɺ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɞ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɦɹɬɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɺɧ. ɗɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɚɹ. ɇɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɥɸ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɫɶ. ɇɭ ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɧɟ, ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ.
Ⱥ ɟɳɺ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ GUI – Graphic User
Interface, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. ɉɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦɭ – ɧɚɠɚɥ ɧɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɢ
ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ. Ⱥ ɟɳɺ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨ ɛɚɡɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɤɟɬɚɯ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚɯ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ, ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ…
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