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ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɚ C ɢɥɢ
C++, ɬɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫ ɬɟɦ
ɠɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ɗɬɨ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɦ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɛɨɸɫɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜɵɫɨɫɚɧɧɨɣ – ɢɡ
ɩɚɥɶɰɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɱɚɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ. ɂ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ, ɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ. ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ?
ȿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɮɚɣɥɟ, ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɜ ɮɚɣɥɚɯ
B.py. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ:
ɢ
A.py
import B
def doSomething_A():
print 'Ok'
def do():
B.doSomething_B()
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ:
import A
def doSomething_B():
print '''I'm here'''
A.doSomething_A()
ȼɨɬ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ:
import A
A.do()
ɑɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ? ɂɥɢ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ?
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɡ
B ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ B.doSomething(). Ɍɚ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
A ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ A.doSomething(). Ɂɚɤɨɧɧɨ ɥɢ
A.do() . Ɍɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɡ
ɷɬɨ? Ⱥ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ:
171
I'm here
Ok
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɢ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɹ ɧɟ
ɲɭɱɭ
. Ɍɚɤ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ. Ɇɧɟ ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɥɟɝɤɨ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɢ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɞɭɦɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱥ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɨ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ
ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ. ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɜɫɺ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ.
Ɍɪɟɬɶɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɨɥɲɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
from ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɧɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɜɫɺ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ,
import, ɟɫɬɶ ɟɳɺ ɫɥɨɜɨ from.
ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɚɠɟɦ. Ɇɢɧɭɫ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ
ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ. ɉɥɸɫ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ə ɫɱɢɬɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɥɢɲɧɹɹ.
ɑɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼɨɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ
mathConsts ɜ ɮɚɣɥɟ mathConsts.py.
ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɢɦɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɮɚɣɥɚ.
pi = 3.14158
Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ:
import mathConsts
def SofCircle(R):
return mathConsts.pi*R**2
print 'S = ', SofCircle(2)
ɉɹɬɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɹ ɧɚɭɱɭ ɜɚɫ ɩɥɨɯɨɦɭ, ɧɨ ɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɷɬɨ
ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɛɵɬɶ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɯ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:
mathConsts.pi = 3
print 'ɧɚɲɟ ɩɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɩɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ', mathConsts.pi
ɧɚɲɟ ɩɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɩɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ 3
172
S
ɇɟ ɞɟɥɚɣɬɟ ɬɚɤ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ.
# ɩɨɤɚɡ ɷɪɭɞɢɰɢɢ
ȼ 1897 ɝɨɞɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɲɬɚɬ ɂɧɞɢɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ-ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɥɚɬɨɣ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɺɧ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɦɵ-ɬɨ ɡɧɚɟɦ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɦ
Ɂɚɞɨɪɧɨɜɚ –
# ɤɨɧɟɰ ɉɨɤɚɡɚ
ɒɟɫɬɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɢ
ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ, ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ, ɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɚ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ.
ɍɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɞɢɨ.
- Ɍɚɤ, - ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ DJ, - ɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɣɲɨɜ ɥɢɫɬ ɜiɞ ɉɟɬɪɢɤɚ ɡ ɫɟɥɚ Ɂɚɥɭɩiɜɤɢ.
ɉɟɬɪɢɤ ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɩiɫɧɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟ, ɉɟɬɪɢɤɭ, ɫɥɭɯɚɣ
ɩiɫɧɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ.
- Ɉ, ɡɧɨɜɭ ɥɢɫɬ ɜiɞ ɉɟɬɪɢɤɚ ɡ ɫɟɥɚ Ɂɚɥɭɩiɜɤɢ, ɉɟɬɪɢɤ ɡɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɩiɫɧɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟ, ɉɟɬɪɢɤɭ, ɫɥɭɯɚɣ ɩiɫɧɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ.
- Ⱥ ɨɫɶ ɉɟɬɪɢɤ ɡ ɫɟɥɚ Ɂɚɥɭɩiɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰiɸ Ɍwɟntɭ first
ɫɟnturɭ shizɨid mɚn ɡ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɚɥɶɛɨɦɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ "Ʉiɧɝ Ʉɪiɦɡɨɧ"... ɉɟɬɪɢɤɭ, ɧɟ
ɜɵ%:;ɫɹ, ɫɥɭɯɚɣ ɩiɫɧɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɦɛɚɣɧ...
© ɚɧɟɤɞɨɬ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ
ȼɨɬ ɢ ɫ ɧɚɦɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ – ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɢɦɨɦɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɦ ɧɚɲɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɚɧɟɤɞɨɬɟ,
ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɡɧɟɫɺɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜɵ ɡɚɞɚɞɢɬɟɫɶ ɜɟɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɢɡ
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɚɧɟɤɞɨɬɚ –
ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦ – ɫɚɦɚɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɭ ɬɭɩɵɵɵɟ…
ɇɚɲɟ ɥɸɛɢɦɨɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤ ɱɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɥɟɩɵɟ ɬɟɥɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ? ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɬɨ
2.3
.
173
ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ. Ⱦɚ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɺ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɜɵɪɚɫɬɢɬɶ ɤɚɛɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɬɨɥɳɟ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ. ɂ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɚ ɬɭɲɢ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɱɚɬ ɧɚɫ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɢɯ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ,
ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ – ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ,
ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ. ɍ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
ɧɟɝɨ. Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ
A, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ B. ɋ ɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ? ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɜɫɺ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ
A ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɵ
A ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ B. ȼ
ȼɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɝɥɭɩɨ, ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢ ɨ ɱɺɦ? Ⱦɥɹ
ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ, ɢɝɪɭɲɟɱɧɨɣ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ – ɞɚ, ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɧɢ ɨ ɱɺɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɨɧ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɺɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɜɟɳɶ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ – ɥɟɝɤɨ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ – ɫɥɨɠɧɨ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɭɪɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ – ɩɨɞɛɨɪɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
© ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ? Ȼɢɫɦɚɪɤ? ɏɟɦɢɧɝɭɷɣ? Ʌɟɣɛɚ Ɍɪɨɰɤɢɣ? Ɍɨɱɧɨ
ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɉɭɲɤɢɧ
ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɲɭɬɤɢ, ɷɬɨ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɨ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɞɟɥɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɜɧɢɡ
. ɇɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɈɈɉ – Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ,
ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɨ ɈɈɉ ɦɵ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɪɚɥɢɫɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ
ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɱɧɺɦ ɦɵ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɝɨɥɬɟɥɵɟ ɮɚɧɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ
ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɨ
ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ – ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ.
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ɏɨɬɹ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɺɯ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɹɜɧɨ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɱɟɝɨ, ɧɚɱɧɺɦ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ:
# -*- coding: cp1251 -*sqTwo = 'Ⱦɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ'
sqOne = 'Ɉɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ'
sqNone = 'Ʉɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ'
sqIdent = 'Ɍɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ'
sqStrange = 'ɑɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɟ'
sqRoots = 'Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɨɪɧɢ'
ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɜɵɜɨɞ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɛɭɤɜ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɤɨɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɢɞɧɵ ɢ ɬɚɤ,
ɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ – ɤɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɉɢɬɨɧ ɪɚɫɬɺɬ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɜɫɺ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ,
ɜ ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɭɠ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ – ɜɜɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɂ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɫɹ ɨɛ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨ ɪɚɡ
ɧɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɚɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ɉɪɢɱɺɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ.
import sqSq
import sqLineary
import sqIdent
import sqConst
def Input():
global A,B,C
A = 3; B = 10; C = 3
def Output():
print 'A = ',A, ' B = ', B, ' C = ',C
if roots <> []:
print roots[len(roots)-1]
if len(roots) >= 2:
print sqConst.sqRoots
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for i in xrange(0,len(roots)-1):
print roots[i]
A = 0; B = 0; C = 0
Input()
if A <> 0:
roots = sqSq.Rez(A,B,C)
elif B <> 0:
roots = sqLineary.Rez(B,C)
elif (C <> 0) or (C == 0):
roots = sqIdent.Rez(C)
else:
roots = [sqConst.sqStrange]
Output()
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ. ɑɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ
ɬɭɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ? ȼɨɬ ɷɬɨ:
def Input():
global A,B,C
A = 3; B = 10; C = 3
Ȼɟɡ ɫɥɨɜɚ
global ɩɪɨɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ A,B,C ɬɚɤ ɛɵ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɨ ɧɢɯ
ɛɵ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɥ. ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ – ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ, ɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ.
ɋɬɪɨɤɚ ɫ
global ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ
ɦɢɪɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɢ
ɪɚɡɭ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɫɶ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ – ɟɫɥɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɱɭɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɦɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ
print A,B,C ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɫɹ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ. ɇɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɚ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ roots ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɧɢ – ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɜɭɯ,
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ. Ɂɚ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɟ
176
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɺɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ, ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ
ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ – ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɚɣɥɟ ɫ
ɥɸɛɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ, ɷɬɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ
ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨ ɢɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ.
import sqConst
def Rez(A,B,C):
dis = B**2 - 4*A*C
if dis > 0:
x1 = (-B+dis**0.5)/(2*A)
x2 = (-B-dis**0.5)/(2*A)
roots = [x1,x2,sqConst.sqTwo]
elif dis == 0:
x = (-B)/(2*A)
roots = [x,sqConst.sqOne]
else:
roots = [sqConst.sqNone]
return roots
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɢ. ɑɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ? ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ
ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
return roots. ȼɵ ɜɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɥɢ? Ⱥ ɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɛɵɥ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɭɞɢɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
import sqConst
def Rez(B,C):
B = float(B); C = float(C)
x = -C/B
roots = [x, sqConst.sqOne]
return roots
ȼɫɺ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɜɨɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɫ ɹɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ. ɇɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ,
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɢɩ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɭɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɟɬɭ ɢ ɫɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼɡɚɦɟɧ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɉɢɬɨɧ
ɫɚɦ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ
ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ:
import sqConst
177
def Rez(C):
if C == 0:
roots = [sqConst.sqId]
else:
roots = [sqConst.sqNone]
return roots
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɢɱɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ. ȼɫɺ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ, –
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɭ
ɧɚɫ ɜɫɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ (3,10,3)
ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
A = 3 B = 10 C = 3
Ⱦɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɨɪɧɢ
-0.333333333333
-3.0
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɪɢɫɭɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ, ɤɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤ
ɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɍ ɧɚɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜɫɺ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ.
178
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɞɟɜɹɬɚɹ. Ɏɚɣɥɵ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɮɚɣɥ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɦ ɜ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹɯ
© ȼɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ, ȼ. ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧ, ɜɪɨɞɟ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ
ɐɢɬɚɬɭ ɩɨɧɹɥɢ, ɩɪɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɸ? Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɳɭɩɚɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɳɭɩɚɬɶ
ɦɨɠɧɨ – ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɳɭɩɚɬɶ – ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɳɭɩɚɬɶ,
ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ – ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ. Ɏɚɣɥ ɩɨɳɭɩɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ. ɑɢɫɬɨ ɪɭɤɚɦɢ
ɩɨɳɭɩɚɬɶ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ. ɇɨ ɮɚɣɥ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ
ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɠɺɫɬɤɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɟ, ɢɥɢ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɺɧɧɵɦ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ CD ɢɥɢ DVD ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɳɭɩɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ. Ɏɚɣɥ – ɨɧ
ɟɫɬɶ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ – ɮɚɣɥ ɨɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ. ɑɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɮɚɣɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
– ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞ Windows. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɱɢɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɮɚɣɥ,
ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɟɝɨ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɜɲɚɹ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ. ɇɟɬ, ɩɪɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ɮɚɣɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ – ɝɞɟ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ. ɇɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɥɢ?
ɋɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɣɦɺɬɟ.
ȿɳɺ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ – ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɮɚɣɥ, ɧɚɞɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ,
ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ, ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɥɹɸ ɢ
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɭ – ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɮɚɣɥɚ, ɧɚɞɨ
ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ. ɋɬɪɚɧɧɨ? ɋɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɣɦɺɬɟ.
ɂ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ – ɟɫɬɶ ɮɚɣɥ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɬɶ ɮɚɣɥ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ – ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɥɟɲɤɟ. ɂ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ
ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɭɞɥɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɟɫɬɶ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
179
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ. ȼ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɞɜɢɧɭɬɵ ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɱɢɧɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɮɚɣɥ, ɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɮɚɣɥ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ
ɮɚɣɥ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɮɚɣɥ –
ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ. Ⱦɚɜɚɣɬɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɦɫɹ.
ɇɨ! ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ – ɜɞɪɭɝ! – ɪɟɲɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɚɯ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɤ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɦ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɦɵ ɷɬɢ ɷɬɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ.
ɒɚɝ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
ə ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɢɫɚɥ, ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ, ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ. ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ – ɦɨɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɷɬɨ
ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ, ɢ ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɩɨɞ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɵ.
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɸɫɶ, ɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɹ ɧɚɞɟɸɫɶ, ɜɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
ɛɚɣɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ,
ɧɟɜɚɠɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɚɛɡɚɰɭ. Ȼɚɣɬ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɛɢɬɨɜ. Ȼɢɬ –
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ȼɢɬ – ɞɜɨɢɱɧɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ – ɢɥɢ ɞɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ.
Ȼɚɣɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0…255. ɉɨɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ,
ɩɨɱɟɦɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ, ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨ ɛɢɬɵ ɢ
ɛɚɣɬɵ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ – ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ – ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɚɣɬɨɜ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ-ɬɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ
ɛɚɣɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɜɫɺ, ɧɨ ɤ ɮɚɣɥɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɨ. Ɉ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɣɬɚɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ, – ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɮɚɣɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ. ɇɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ – ɛɭɤɜɚ. ɂɥɢ ɰɢɮɪɚ. ɂɥɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɟɩɢɧɚɧɢɹ.
ɂɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɟɳɺ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ
ɮɚɣɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɟɳɺ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɪɟɬɤɢ. ɗɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɦ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɺɧ ɩɢɲɭɳɢɯ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɤ. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ.
Ɂɜɭɱɢɬ ɝɥɭɩɨ, ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ ɥɢ? Ɇɵ ɜɟɞɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɠɚɥɢ <Enter> ɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɢ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɧɚɠɚɥɢ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɭ, ɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬ ɛɵɥ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ – ɢ ɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɢ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧ ɟɳɺ
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