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Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ.
ɂ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ? ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɫɬɶ
ɢɦɹ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɺ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: Ⱦɢɦɚ – ɱɭɞɚɤ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɭ Ɇ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, Ⱦɢɦɚ – ɢɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɜɫɺ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚ
ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɞɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ
ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ. Ⱦɢɦɚ – ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɨɥɶ, ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɬɚɤ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɢɲɟɦ ɜ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɟ,
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ. ɇɨ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɢɦ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ.
Dima = 0
x = 3
print x
ɍ ɧɚɫ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɢɨɬɤɭɞɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 3. ȿɳɺ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ
ɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ ɧɨɥɶ.
# ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɨɬɤɭɞɚ, ɹ ɢɦɟɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ – ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɇɚɦ
ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ – ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ.
ȼ ɩɢɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɬɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ – ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɫɬɪɨɤɚ,
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. ɉɪɢɱɺɦ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ
ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ.
# ɤɨɧɟɰ ɉɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ
ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɧɭɞɧɵɦɢ, ɦɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɢɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɵ
ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 3. ɉɨɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
Ɂɚɞɭɦɚɟɬɟɫɶ ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɥɢ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ, ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɣɬɟ – ɜɵɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɢ.
x, ɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɟɣ
Dima, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧ
x ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
31
print x
3
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɦ:
x = 3
y = 2
z = x + y
print 'z = ', z
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ:
z = 5
Ʉɚɤ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ X ɢ Y ɢ
ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ Z, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɵɜɟɥɢ.
ȼɵɜɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɚɤ, ɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨ, ɫ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶɸ. ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦ
ɜɫɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɹ:
x = 2
y = 3
z = x - y
print 'z = ', z
z = -1
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɥɢɫɶ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɛɟɡ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɍɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɟɟ –
x = 2
y = 3
z = x * y
print 'z = ', z
z = 6
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɟɟ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ,
ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ.
x = 2
y = 3
z = x ** y
32
print 'z = ', z
z = 8
ɑɢɫɥɚ ɬɟ ɠɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɋ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ – ɨɞɧɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ
ɩɨɞɟɥɢɦ 23 ɧɚ 5, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ 4 ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ 3. ȼɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ, ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɬɚɤ
ɭɱɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ, ɤɚɤ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ. Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ?
x = 23
y = 5
z = x / y
ost = x % y
print 'z = ', z
print 'ost = ', ost
z = 4
ost = 3
Ʉɨɫɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɧɚɰɟɥɨ. Ɂɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɞɚɺɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɟɲɢɦ ɧɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ,
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ȿɫɬɶ ɬɪɺɯɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ. ɇɚɞɨ
ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɰɢɮɪɵ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ 321, ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ 3,2.1. Ʉ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɞɩɨɥɡɚɬɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɲɚɝɚɦɢ – ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɟɲɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɨɩɪɨɳɟ.
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ-ɧɚɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɜɭɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ. Ɋɚɡɛɟɪɺɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ
ɰɢɮɪɵ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
x = 32
c1 = x % 10
c2 = x / 10
print c2,c1
ɉɨɪɚ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɡ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɹ. ɂɦɹ ɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ – x,y,z. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ
ɭɜɢɞɟɥɢ, ɢɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɛɭɤɜ ɢ ɰɢɮɪ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɚɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ – ɢɦɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɛɭɤɜ, ɰɢɮɪ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɩɨɞɱɺɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɰɢɮɪɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɺɧ – x, y123,
a_plus_b, _pi_na_tri. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɺɧ ɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ, ɜɵ
ɫɚɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɫɶ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ
ɹɡɵɤɚ – ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ
x ɢ X ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɷɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
33
ɧɟɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɟɦɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɜɵɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ:
V = ((3.1415*H)/3) *(R**2 + R*r + r**2)
ɗɬɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɭɫɟɱɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɱɬɨ. R ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢ r
ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ – ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɢɫɶ ɤ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ – ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ – ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɰɢɮɪ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɥɟɜɨɣ, ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ, ɰɢɮɪ, ɛɭɞɟɬ.
Ɉɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ.
ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɫɺ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 10
ɱɢɫɥɚ 32, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ 2, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɚɰɟɥɨ ɧɚ 10, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɰɢɮɪɭ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɶ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɚɤ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɬɪɺɯɡɧɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ. ɋ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ – ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 10. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɦ
ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ 321, ɧɚ 10 ɧɚɰɟɥɨ? Ɇɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ 32, ɞɜɭɯɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ,
ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɦɟɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɰɟɥɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
x = 321
c1 = x % 10
c2 = (x / 10) % 10
c3 = (x / 10) / 10
print c3,c2,c1
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɥ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɟɟ:
c3 = x / 100
34
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ – ɦɵ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ, ɚ ɫɜɟɥɢ ɟɺ ɤ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ, ɭɠɟ ɪɟɲɺɧɧɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɣɬɟ ɬɚɤ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɢɡ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɳɺ ɨɞɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, – ɫɤɨɛɤɢ. ȼɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɜɫɺ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɨɤ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɟ, ɢ
ɮɢɝɭɪɧɵɟ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ – ɜɚɦ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ. ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɜɫɺ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɯɭɠɟ. Ɉɧ ɜɫɺ ɫɠɭɺɬ, ɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ
ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ – ɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ
ɫɤɨɛɤɢ.
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɛ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ. ɉɨɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɫ
ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɬɚɦ, ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɜɵɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɞɨ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɯ, ɦɨɧɫɬɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɭ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɭɯɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɬɪɺɯɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɜɵɞɚɫɬ
ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. Ⱥ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɫɬɢ
– ɨɧ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɬɨɬ, ɛɟɫɩɨɳɚɞɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ
ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ.
m
U
. ɗɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ
Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɜɨɬ ɟɫɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɜɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥɢ, ɞɚ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɡɚɛɵɥɢ – ɪɚɫɱɺɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɚɦ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ-ɬɨ, ɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ, ɨ ɧɢɯ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɢ V ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ?
Ɇɧɟ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɥɶ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ? ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ.
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ.
ɂɥɢ, ɩɨ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢ, ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ
V
Ⱦɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ, ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɴɺɦ
ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ, ɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ
ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɣɞɺɦ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ.
35
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɟɬɟ.
ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ. ɇɟ ɬɨ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɬɨ ɝɪɹɡɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ,
ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɨɛɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
1
,
13
3
,
,
125
19
. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɪɨɛɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ
25
1
5
127
3
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɜ ɞɟɥɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ.
ɂɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ – ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ, ɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ – ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɪɨɛɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
2. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ? ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɟɳɺ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ
ɝɪɟɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɉɢɮɚɝɨɪɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɱɢɫɥɚ. ɂ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɫɬɨ ɛɵɤɨɜ. Ɍɭɬ ɞɥɹ
ɦɟɧɹ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɲɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨ – ɱɟɦɭ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ? – ɱɟɦ ɛɵɤɢ ɜɢɧɨɜɚɬɵ? – ɱɬɨ ɫ ɦɹɫɨɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ? Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɨ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. ȼɨɬ ɟɫɬɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɦɺɞɚ, ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɤ
ɧɟɣ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ ɬɚɤ, ɥɨɠɤɭ ɞɺɝɬɹ. ȼɵ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɞɺɝɨɬɶ? ɉɭɬɚɟɬɟɫɶ ɜ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɯ? ɗɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɰɚ. ɇɭ ɩɭɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɞɺɝɬɹ. ɉɭɫɬɶ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɟɝɨ. Ɇɺɞ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɺɞ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɤ ɜɟɞɪɭ ɦɟɞɚ? Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɤ ɛɨɱɤɟ ɦɺɞɚ?
ə ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɰɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ
ɢɧɨɟ.
# Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ȿɫɬɶ ɤɭɱɚ ɩɟɫɤɚ. Ɇɵ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɺ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɟɫɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɥɢ ɤɭɱɚ
ɩɟɫɤɚ ɤɭɱɟɣ ɩɟɫɤɚ? Ɇɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɦ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɭɱɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɫɱɢɧɤɟ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɭɱɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɭɱɟɣ?
Ʉɚɤ ɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɷɬɨɬ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɞɚɧ ɜ ɦɨɯɧɚɬɵɟ ɫɟɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ
Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚ – Ɇɨɥɨɞɺɠɢ, ɢ ɬɚɦ ɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɣ ɢ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
Ɉɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ.
# ɤɨɧɟɰ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ
Ʉɨɪɨɱɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ.
2213
!10
ɂɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɚɠɚɟɬ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ
42
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
36
ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɫɺ ɜ ɧɺɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ, – ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɟɟ
ɧɟɤɭɞɚ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ. ȼɫɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɢ ɰɟɥɵɟ, ɢ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɢ ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ – ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɰɟɥɵɟ, ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɢɫɶ, ɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɛɵɥɢ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ
ɧɚɲɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ?
ȼɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɵɣ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ:
x = 7
y = 2
z = x/y
print 'z = ', z
z = 3
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɧɟɫɺɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ.
x = 7.0
y = 2
z = x/y
print 'z = ', z
z = 3.5
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ 2 ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ 2.0, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ – ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɦ. ȼɫɺ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɨɫɶ – ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɶ ɜ
ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ. ȼɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ – ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɤɟ. ɋɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ:
z = 2.3 + 1.2
print 'z = ', z
z = 3.5
ȼɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɟ:
z = 1.234 - 3.99
print 'z = ', z
37
z = -2.756
Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɨ, ɡɚɣɦɺɦɫɹ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɟɝɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ – ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ.
z = 3 ** 2.5
print 'z = ', z
z = z = 15.5884572681
ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ
25.2
xxx
. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɜɧɹɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ
ɜɵɜɨɞɚ – ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ – ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɦ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɢɩ.
ȼ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɟ, ɜɫɟɦ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɫɢɧɭɫ, ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ, ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ
ɛɟɡ ɡɚɬɟɣ:
x = 1
z = sin(x)
print 'z = ', z
ɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:\start.py", line 5, in <module>
z = math.sin(x)
NameError: name 'math' is not defined
ȼ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɉɢɬɨɧ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɢ
ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ. ɇɚɞɨ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ:
import math #!!!
x = 1
z = math.sin(x) #!!!
print 'z = ', z
38
z = 0.841470984808
ɋɥɨɜɨ
import ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ. ɋɥɨɜɨ math –
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɺ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɩɨɡɠɟ. Ⱥ ɩɨɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɱɚɫɬɨ.
Ⱥ ɩɨɤɚ – ɬɨ, ɛɟɡ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɚɤ:
a = 2; b = 3
print 'a = ',a,' b = ',b
c,d = a,b
print 'c = ',c,' d = ',d
a = 2 b = 3
c = 2 d = 3
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɞɜɚ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɞɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɫ ɡɚɩɹɬɨɣ, – ɬɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɞɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦ ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ – ɬɟɦ ɞɜɭɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɯ ɞɜɭɯ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ. ɇɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɢ
ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɵ, ɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɠɭ, ɪɚɡɜɟ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ:
a,b = b,a
print 'a = ',a,' b = ',b
a = 3 b = 2
Ɉɞɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɢ – ɢ ɞɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ,
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ.
ɋɬɪɨɤɢ
ɋɬɪɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ – ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. ɉɨɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɜɵɥɟɡɚɸɬ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ:
ɉɨɬɨɦ ɜɚɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɥɨɯɨ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɩɨɬɨɦ © Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɧɵɱ
a = 'abcd'
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b = 'efgh'
s = a + b
print 's = ', s
s = abcdefgh
ɗɬɨ ɦɵ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ
ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɤɚɜɵɱɟɤ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɧɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ, ɧɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ.
ȼɵɱɟɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ –
ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ.
a = 'abc '
s = a * 3
print 's = ', s
s = abc abc abc
ȼɫɺ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. ɋɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɦ.
ȼɜɨɞ
ȼɵɜɨɞ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɜɨɞ. ɋ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ
ɜɜɨɞɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɫɺ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɺ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ. ȼ
ɉɚɫɤɚɥɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ. ɇɨ – ɚ
ɤɭɞɚ ɬɵ ɞɟɧɟɲɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɨɞɤɢ © Ⱥɧɟɤɞɨɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɲɭɬɨɤ – ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɦɟɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɫ ɧɟɬ.
ɇɚɱɧɺɦ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ – ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɦ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɦɹ, ɨɬɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɸ, ɚ
ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɦ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɺ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɉɢɬɨɧ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɤɭ. ȼɫɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɯɨɬɶ ɤɢɪɢɥɥɢɰɚ, ɯɨɬɶ ɢɜɪɢɬ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɥɢɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɤɚ ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ.
firstName = raw_input('first name = ')
secondName = raw_input('second name = ')
lastName = raw_input('last name = ')
print 'person is ', firstName + ' ' + secondName + ' ' + lastName
first name = John
second name = F.
last name = Kennedy
person is John F. Kennedy
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