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Простой Python просто с нуля

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Ʉ ɱɟɦɭ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɥɟɩɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɤɫɚɦ ɧɭɥɟɣ? ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɹ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ. Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɧɢɱɬɨ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɛɵɬɶ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɞ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ? ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɬɨ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɚ ɛɵ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. ɇɨ ɦɵ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɧɢ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ, ɧɢ ɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ – ɤɨɪɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ. ɉɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɦ.

ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, 0z ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ

a . ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ, ɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɧɨ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɧɨ. ȼ

acbdis 4



ȿɫɥɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ, ɬɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ, ɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ.

Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɞɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ, ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟɬ? Ɇɵ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɨɛɨɝɚɳɺɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨɤɚ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɜɟɞɺɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ. ɂ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ, ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɤɭɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɹ ɭɱɭ ɜɚɫ ɧɟ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɉɢɬɨɧ. ə ɭɱɭ ɜɚɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ. ȼɫɺ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

result = 'ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ'

if A <> 0: # ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ x1 = 0; x2 = 0 elif B <> 0: # ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɺ x1 = 0; x2 = 0 else: # ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ x1 = 0; x2 = 0

print 'a = ', A, 'b = ', B, 'c = ', C print result print 'x1 = ', x1, ' x2 = ', x2

Ⱥ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ? Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɜɚɦ, ɦɨɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɞɪɭɡɶɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɛɭɤɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɨɜɤɢ.

ɋɧɨɜɚ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɧɟɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɺɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɳɺ ɬɪɢ.

dis = B**2 - 4*A*C;

if dis > 0: x1 = (-B+dis**0.5)/(2*A); x2 = (-B-dis**0.5)/(2*A); result = 'ɞɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ' elif dis == 0: x1 = (-B)/(2*A); x2 = x1 result = 'ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ' else: // ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ – ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ x1 = 0; x2 = 0 result = ‘ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ’

Ⱥ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɦɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɹ? Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɟɦ. ɇɭ, ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɟɦ, ɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɹɜɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ, ɜ ɯɭɞɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɭɫɨɪ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɭɥɢ. ȼ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɟɺ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɨɣ.

ɂ ɟɳɺ, ɦɧɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɧɚ ɧɨɥɶ – ɞɨɝɚɞɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɚ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ. ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɢ, ɦɧɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɞ ɧɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ – ɫɬɪɨɱɤɢ ɹ ɬɭɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɥ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɥɹɥ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:

x1 = (-B+dis**0.5)/(2*A); x1 = (-B-dis**0.5)/(2*A);

ɏɨɪɨɲɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫ ɠɞɭɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɸɪɩɪɢɡɵ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɝɨɬɨɜɶɬɟɫɶ.

Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɫɺ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. ɂɥɢ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ.

# ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɺ x1 = -C/B; x2 = x1 result = 'ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ'

Ⱥ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ? ɇɚɩɨɦɧɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɫ

ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ.

A = 0; B = 5; C = 2 result = 'ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ'

if A <> 0: # ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ # ɷɬɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ elif B <> 0: # ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɺ x1 = -C/B; x2 = x1

ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ? Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ



. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ

4.0



ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɟ:

a = 0 b = 5 c = 2 ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ x1 = -1 x2 = -1

ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɬ – ɷɬɨ ɉɢɬɨɧ, ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɚɦ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ A, B, C ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ (0, 5, 2) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ – ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɠɟ

ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɦ. Ⱥ

ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɫɺ ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ? Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɢɥɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ 0.5. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɦ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɦ.

ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ.

ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ

ɇɚɲɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ

ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɢ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ. ɗɬɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ. ɇɟɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɢɩ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɫɺ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ.

A = 0; B = 5.0; C = 2.0

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɺɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ:

a = 0 b = 5.0 c = 2.0 ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ x1 = -0.4 x2 = -0.4

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɞɭɦɚɟɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢɫɶ, ɬɨ ɜɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬ. Ɇɵ ɟɳɺ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ.

Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ – ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɚ

. ȼɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ

0 C

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ? ȼɵ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɵ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɜɚ – ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ.

# ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ if C == 0: x1 = 0; x2 = 0 result = 'ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ' else: x1 = 0; x2 = 0 result = 'ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ'

ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɹɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ? ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ. Ⱥ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɹ ɨɛɟɳɚɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ – ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ.

ɉɟɪɜɵɣ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ

print result if result == 'ɞɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ': print x1,x2 elif result == 'ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ': print x1 else:

pass

ɑɟɦ ɩɥɨɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ? ɉɥɨɯ ɨɧ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɭɲɢɬɫɹ. ɇɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ, ɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɩɭɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ. Ⱥ ɜɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ.

Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɚɹ. ɐɢɤɥɵ

ȼɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ.

ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɢɤɥ for

əɡɵɤ ɉɢɬɨɧ – ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɚɹ ɡɦɟɹ. əɡɵɤ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɺ. Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ, ɹ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɥɸ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɣ – ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɦɨɠɧɨ. ȼɨɬ ɟɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɚɫ ɞɚɱɚ. ɂ ɜɵ ɡɚɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɚɱɟ ɜɨɡɞɜɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ.

ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɹɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ ɬɢɩɚ «ɫɨɪɬɢɪ», ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ «Ɇɷ» ɢ «ɀɨ»…

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɵɪɵɬɶ ɹɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɲɚɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɤɫɤɚɜɚɬɨɪ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɧɚɧɹɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɥɢɰ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɬɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɨ ɱɺɦ ɷɬɨ ɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɵ ɡɚɣɦɺɦɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɰɢɤɥ? ȼ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:

print 'Stop!' print 'Stop!' print 'Stop!' print 'Stop!' print 'Stop!'

Stop! Stop! Stop! Stop! Stop!

Ʉɚɤ-ɬɨ ɫɤɭɱɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɬɟɤɫɬ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɰɢɤɥɵ ɢ ɜɵɞɭɦɚɧɵ. ɐɢɤɥ, ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ. ɉɢɲɟɦ ɰɢɤɥ:

for i in xrange(1,5): print 'Stop!'

ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ. ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ – ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ʉɚɤ

ȼɫɺ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ? ɑɬɨ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ? ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ. ɋɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ-ɦɟɧɟɟ ɹɫɧɨ – ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɤɨɧɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɟɬɨɱɢɟɦ, ɚ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɚ – ɬɨɱɶ-ɜ-ɬɨɱɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ, ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ.

ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɜɢɞɧɟɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɡɚɝɢɛɚɹ ɢɯ, ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɩɹɬɢ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɰɟɥɵɯ

ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɩɹɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɶɰɚɯ

ɩɹɬɶ ɡɚɝɧɭɬɵɯ

ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ. ɇɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɦɵ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ! Ɂɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɦ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ. ȼɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ:

Stop! Stop! Stop! Stop!

Ⱥɤɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟ! ɉɨɱɟɦɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɩɹɬɢ, ɨɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ? ɉɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ – ɫɥɨɧɚ ɟɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ – ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ I, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ – ɟɳɺ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

, ɟɳɺ – ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ.

ɰɢɤɥɚ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ

Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɣ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱ, ɨɧ ɠɟ Ƚɨɝɚ, ɨɧ ɠɟ Ƚɨɲɚ, ɨɧ ɠɟ ɘɪɢɣ, ɨɧ ɠɟ Ƚɨɪɚ, ɨɧ ɠɟ ɀɨɪɚ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ?

ȿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ I, ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɢ ɹ ɜɚɫ ɭɜɟɪɹɸ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɜɫɺ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1

i . ɗɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɲɚɝ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ – ɚ ɧɟ

ɲɚɝ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɷɬɨ

i , ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ

ɩɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɚ I ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ? ȼɵɜɨɞɢɦ.

for i in xrange(1,5): print 'i = ', i

i = 1 i = 2 i = 3 i = 4

ɂɬɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɹɜɧɨ ɢ ɱɺɬɤɨ ɩɢɲɟɦ (1,5) – ɰɢɤɥ࣊ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɞɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ.

ɍɪɨɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ. ɍɱɢɬɟɥɶ:

- Ⱦɟɬɢ, ɫɥɨɜɚ

ɜɢɥɶɤɚ, ɬɚɪɟɥɶɤɚ, ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɛɷɡ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ.

ɫɥɨɜɚ

ɭɱɢɬɟɥ, ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ, ɚ

Ƚɨɝɢ:

-ɍɱɢɬɟɥ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ? ɍɱɢɬɟɥɶ:

-Ƚɨɝɢ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ.

ɗɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɉɢɬɨɧɭ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɭ ɬɚɤ: ɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɰɢɤɥ

ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ. Ɇɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ

for ɜ

ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ. ɐɢɤɥ

for ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɺ.

— ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ? — Ɉ, ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ; ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɨɧ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɫɺ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɯɨɱɟɬ. — ȿɦɭ ɛɵ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ, ɫɭɞɚɪɵɧɹ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɲɬɚɧɵ

ɇɚɦ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ

ɜɫɺ – ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɞɥɹ

ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɡɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɨɟ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ȼɦɟɫɬɨ

xrange ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ range, ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ – ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ,

xrange?

ɬɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɟɟ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ range(1,5) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 5

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ, ɜɵ ɜɟɞɶ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɥɢ ɷɬɨ,

ɧɨ!

ɩɪɚɜɞɚ?

# ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨ ɱɺɦ.

xrange ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ.

range ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɢ

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɡɚɤɚɠɟɬɟ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɞɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ, ɬɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɝɚɛɚɣɬ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ

range. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ xrange – ɬɨ ɧɟɬ.

Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɢɝɪɭɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɜɚɠɧɨ. # ɤɨɧɟɰ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ.

start = 1 stop = 2

for i in xrange(start+1,stop*2-1): print 'i = ', i

Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɜ ɭɦɟ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ɐɢɤɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ. ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɬɟɣ

for i in xrange(5,1): print 'i = ', i

Ⱥ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ. ɐɢɤɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɫɹ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɧɨɥɶ ɪɚɡ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɂɥɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɲɚɝ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɥɸɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɺɬ ɧɚɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ – ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɥɸɫ ɨɞɢɧ, ɧɚɜɟɪɧɨɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɨɞɢɧ? ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɨɞɢɧ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:

for i in xrange(5,1,-1): print 'i = ', i

i = 5 i = 4 i = 3 i = 2

ȼ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ – ɲɚɝ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɥɸɫ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. ɉɨɤɚ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ.

for i in xrange( -10,-1,+4): print 'i = ', i

ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɤɥɚ I ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɢɤɥ? Ɂɧɚɤ ɩɥɸɫ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɧ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ:

i = -10 i = -6 i = -2

Ɇɨɺ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ – ɰɢɤɥ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɩɥɸɫ ɨɞɢɧ. ȼ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɦɢɧɭɫ ɨɞɢɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɩɨ ɦɨɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨ ɥɢɲɧɟɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. ɉɨɫɥɭɲɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɥɸɫ ɨɞɢɧ! ɂ ɟɳɺ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɦ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ

for i in xrange(5): print i, '^ 2 = ', i**2

0 ^ 2 = 0 1 ^ 2 = 1 2 ^ 2 = 4 3 ^ 2 = 9 4 ^ 2 = 16

ȼɵɜɨɞ – ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɬɨ ɨɬɫɱɺɬ ɩɨɣɞɺɬ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɧɭɥɹ. Ɂɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɥɢ, ɰɢɤɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ

xrange ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ:

for i in xrange(1,5): print i

1 2 3 4

ɗɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɹɬɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɨɬ ɩɹɬɢ ɞɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ?

for i in xrange(5,1,-1):

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