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Файл:Простой Python просто с нуля
.pdf
0, 2, -10 ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ 5
3
0, 5, 3 ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ
5
a = 0, b = 0, c <> 0
0, 0, 10 ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟɬ
a = 0, b = 0, c = 0
0, 0, 0 ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɥɢ? ȼɫɺ ɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ? ɉɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɦ ɜɢɠɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɥɢ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɟ
ɜɫɺ. ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɧɟɬ. ɐɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɰɟɥɨ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɬɟɫɬɚ (0, 5, 3) ɨɬɜɟɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ (0, 5.0, 3.0), ɬɨ
ɜɫɺ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ? ɇɟɬ ɧɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ. ɇɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɞɨ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ.
ɗɬɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɜɧɟɫɺɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
ɇɨ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɜɫɺ. ȼ ɬɟɫɬɟ (5, 10, 5) ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ –1
2
/3 , ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ –1. Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ (5.0, 10.0, 5.0) ɧɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ. Ɍɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɜ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɧɹ ɨɫɟɧɢɥɨ ɢ ɹ
ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɤɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɚ ɹ
ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɲɢɛɫɹ. Ȼɵɜɚɟɬ.
121
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɲɟɫɬɚɹ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚɹ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ
ɗɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ. ɇɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ. ɑɟɦ ɨɧɢ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ, ɚ ɱɟɦ – ɧɟɬ. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɂ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɨɩɵɬɵ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, – ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ. ɂ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢ ɱɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ: ɫɬɪɨɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɚɯ.
Ʉɚɜɵɱɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ – ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɞɜɨɣɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ –
ɟɫɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɧɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɜɵɱɟɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɚɯ, ɬɨ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɚɯ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɭɜɢɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ – ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸ:
s1 = 'Ɇɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɺɥɨɱɤɟ '
s2 = 'ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ ɡɢɦɨɣ'
s3 = s1 + s2
print s3
Ɇɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɺɥɨɱɤɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ ɡɢɦɨɣ
Ⱥ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ? Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸ:
s4 = s2 * 3
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ ɡɢɦɨɣ
ɂ ɤɨɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ? ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ – ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ
ɷɤɪɚɧɭ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɺɤ, ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
len(s). Ʉɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɨɥɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ, ɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ:
print '-'*80. ɂɞɺɦ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ. ɋɬɪɨɤɢ
s = ''
122
Ʉ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɭ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɤ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ
ɰɢɤɥɟ. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ – ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ
‘ɚ’.
s = 'ɦɨɣ ɞɹɞɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɱɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ'
numA = 0
for i in xrange(0,len(s)):
if s[i] == 'ɚ':
numA = numA + 1
print “num of A's = “, numA
num of A’s = 2
ȼɫɺ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ. ɇɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɯɨɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɜɫɺ-ɬɚɤɢ ɛɵɥɨ,
ɩɟɪɟɩɢɲɟɦ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ.
for sim in s:
if sim == 'ɚ':
numA = numA + 1
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ.
# ɬɟɨɪɢɹ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ
sim. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. Ⱥ
ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ? ȼɫɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɩɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ – ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ
ɰɢɤɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ, ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ.
# ɤɨɧɟɰ Ɍɟɨɪɢɢ
ɇɚɞɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɟɟ. Ⱥ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɹ
ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜɚɥ, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɞɨɛɪɹɸ? Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ
ɞɜɢɝɚɟɦɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ, ɞɨɫɟɥɟ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɟ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɬɭɦɚɧɚ.
ɇɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɦ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ, ɚ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɛɭɤɜ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɹ the.
s = '''
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
'''
123
numThe = 0
for i in xrange(0,len(s)-2):
if s[i:i+3] == 'the':
numThe = numThe + 1
print "number of the's = ", numThe
number of the's = 2
ɇɚ ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ? Ɍɪɨɣɧɵɟ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ʌɚɤɨɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɬɪɺɯɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɫɪɟɡ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɢ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɧɟɺ ɟɫɬɶ
ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɚ. ɋɪɟɡɵ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ
ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ:
s = 'Ȼɟɥɟɟɬ ɩɚɪɭɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɣ'
print s[10:]
print s[:10]
ɭɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɣ
Ȼɟɥɟɟɬ ɩɚɪ
ɑɭɬɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɥ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɯ, ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɡɚɯ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜ,
ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨɦ.
ɑɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ
ɧɟɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɳɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ:
s[1] = 'x'
s[1] = 'x'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɬɟɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɪɟɡɨɜ,
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ. ɑɬɨ ɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ? Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ? Ⱦɚ
124
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ – ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɞ:
s = 'Ȼɟɥɟɟɬ ɩɚɪɭɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɣ'
s = 'ȼ ɬɭɦɚɧɟ ɦɨɪɹ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɦ'
print s
ȼ ɬɭɦɚɧɟ ɦɨɪɹ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɦ
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɧɚɲɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ
ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ? ɋɤɨɪɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɞɺɬ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɣ ɢ ɭɠɚɫɧɵɣ ɋɛɨɪɳɢɤ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ,
ɭɬɚɳɢɬ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɪɨɤ
Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɠɟ, ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ? Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ, ɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɬɭɩɨ ɢ ɜ ɥɨɛ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɭɫɨɤ ɤɨɞɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ,
ɬɭɩɨ ɢ ɜ ɥɨɛ:
s = 'ɋɤɚɠɢ-ɤɚ ɞɹɞɹ, ɜɟɞɶ ɧɟɞɚɪɨɦ'
s_out = ''
for x in s:
if x <> ' ':
s_out = s_out + x
s = s_out
print s
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɚɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɭ ɭɠ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɭɩɨ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚ. ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɱɭɬɶ
ɪɚɧɶɲɟ – ɧɚɦ ɡɚɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɳɟ –
ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɳɟ.
s = 'Ȼɟɥɟɟɬ ɩɚɪɭɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɣ'
s = 'x' + s[1:]
print s
xɟɥɟɟɬ ɩɚɪɭɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɣ
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɸɫɶ – ɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ. Ɇɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ. ɉɨɯɨɠɭɸ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ. Ⱥ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɧɟɣ? Ɉɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɯɨɬɵ.
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ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɦɵ ɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɧɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɜɢɞ, ɱɬɨ ɟɺ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɦ. ɂɦɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ ɜɫɺ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɝɨɞɧɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ȼɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ ɢɡ
ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɢɦ ɟɺ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
s = 'ɋɤɚɠɢ-ɤɚ ɞɹɞɹ, ɜɟɞɶ ɧɟɞɚɪɨɦ'
s = s.replace(' ', '')
print s
ɋɤɚɠɢ-ɤɚɞɹɞɹ,ɜɟɞɶɧɟɞɚɪɨɦ
ɂɦɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ –
replace. Ɇɟɬɨɞ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ,
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ. Ɂɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɧɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɷɬɨ ɩɭɫɬɚɹ
ɫɬɪɨɤɚ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɩɨ ɮɚɤɬɭ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ? ɗɬɨ – ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ
ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ? ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɦɨɣ ɞɨɥɝɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɧɨ, ɧɚ
ɤɪɚɣɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɛɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɟɳɺ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ,
ɬɨ ɷɬɨ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ. ɋɦɨɬɪɢɦ,
ɤɚɤ ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬ ɞɟɥɚ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɡɵ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɣɞɺɦ ɜ
ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɬɚɤ ɷɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ:
s = s.find('ɞɹɞɹ')
print ‘s = “, s
s = 8
Ɍɭɬ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɸɪɩɪɢɡ – ɧɚɲɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ
ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɚ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɞɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ:
where = s.find('ɞɹɞɹ')
print 'where = ', where
where = 8
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Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɫɺ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɰɟɥɚ. ɂ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɤɢ. ɂ ɟɳɺ – ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɜ
ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɧɟɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ.
ɋɬɪɨɤɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɟɳɺ
ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɜɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɜɫɺ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɱɬɺɬɟ, ɩɨɣɦɺɬɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ – ɬɨ ɧɟɬ. ə
ɛɭɞɭ ɤɪɚɬɨɤ.
ɇɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ.
ɗɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ – ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ
ɨ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ. ɂɦɟɟɦ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ:
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ,
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ
Ƚɪɭɫɬɧɨɟ – ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɫɺ ɩɥɨɯɨ. ɑɟɦ ɫɬɢɯɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɡɵ? ɇɟ ɪɢɮɦɚɦɢ, ɪɢɮɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɍɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
ɜɵɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɚɥɨ, ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɺɥɨɱɤɭ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɢɯ
ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ – ɞɜɟ, ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɚ.
ɂɡɜɢɧɢɬɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɺ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɢ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɧɚ
ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ? ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
print ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ.
ɗɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ – ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɜɟɫɶ ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ
Ɉɧɟɝɢɧ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ? ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ – ɨɧɟɝɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɷɬɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
ɫɬɪɨɤ. ɑɬɨ, ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ? ɇɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɸ. ȼɨɬ ɬɚɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ:
s = 'ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ'
print s
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɤɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. Ɍɭɬ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ
127
ɞɜɭɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ – ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɦ. ȿɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫ
ɬɪɨɣɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɚɦɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɵ ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵ. ɉɢɲɟɦ ɬɚɤ:
s = '''ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ'''
print s
ɂ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ. ɍɠɟ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɬɨ.
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɜɨɬ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɧɚɩɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ. ȼɨɬ ɬɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ:
s = '''ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ'''
print s
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɪɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɫɟɦɭ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɬɪɨɣɧɵɦ ɤɚɜɵɱɤɚɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɬɟɪɹɧɵ, ɬɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɬɟɪɹɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɺ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɟɫɟɧɤɢ. ɂ ɜɨɬ
ɡɞɟɫɶ-ɬɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɧɢɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. ɉɢɲɟɦ ɬɚɤ:
s = 'ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ \nȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ'
print s
ɂ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ:
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɺɥɨɱɤɚ
ȼ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ. ɑɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɚ ɜ ɟɺ ɜɵɜɨɞɟ – ɧɟɬ. ȼɨɬ ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ
\n ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
\n ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ
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ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɷɬɚ
ɫɚɦɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ, ɟɣ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ.
Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɟɲ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɢɯ
ɞɜɚ ɪɹɞɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ. ɉɪɨɳɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ.
s ='111\n222\n333\n444'
print s
111
222
333
444
s =r'111\n222\n333\n444'
print s
'111\n222\n333\n444'
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɟɝɨ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ – ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɡ
ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɭ. ɋɥɨɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ
ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɵɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɜ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɫ ɧɭɥɹ, ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɪɭɤɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɷɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ.
ɉɢɬɨɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ, ɩɨ-ɩɢɬɨɧɫɤɢ:
s = '1 23 456 7890'
Ls = s.split()
print Ls
['1', '23', '456', '7890']
ɉɢɬɨɧ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɥ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ – ɚ ɜɵ ɞɟɥɚɣɬɟ ɫɨ
ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ.
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɫɟɞɶɦɚɹ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɇɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ - ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ:
import math
x = math.sin(math.pi/2)
print ' Sin(pi/2) = ', x
Sin(pi/2) = 1.0
ȼɨɥɲɟɛɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ
ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɣɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɢɞɟɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɚ – ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɹ –
Ɂɚ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ. ȼ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɚ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɚ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ – ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ:
s = [1,2,3,4,5]
print s
del s[2]
print s
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 4, 5]
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɦ. ȿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ – ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ. ȿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ
ɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ, – ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ.
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɦɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ.
import ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ
sin.
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