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Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɹɬɚɹ. ɋɩɢɫɤɢ
ɋɩɢɫɤɢ – ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɹ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɜɫɟɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɹ
ɪɟɲɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɭɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ.
ɋɩɢɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɫɟɫɢɥɶɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɤ ɱɟɦɭ ɢɯ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɧɺɦ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɭɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ:
a = [11,12,13,14,15]
print a
[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
ɑɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ? Ɇɵ ɜɵɜɟɥɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ A. ȼɵɜɟɥɨɫɶ ɩɹɬɶ
ɱɢɫɟɥ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ – ɢɦɹ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɨ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɹɬɶ. ȼɫɺ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ. Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ, – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɹɬɵɦɢ. ɍ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ
ɠɟ ɬɢɩ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ? ȼɨɬ ɦɵ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɞɢɧ:
print 'a[1] = ', a[1]
a[1] = 12
ɋɸɪɩɪɢɡ! ɉɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɟ 11, ɚ 12 – ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɜɟɱɧɨ –
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɧɭɦɟɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɧɭɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɜɨɬ
ɬɚɤ:
a[0] = 11
a[1] = 12
a[2] = 13
a[3] = 14
a[4] = 15
ȿɳɺ ɪɚɡ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɧɭɦɟɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɹ ɞɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɵ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɭɫɜɨɢɥɢ, ɧɨ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ – ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ. ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ,
91
ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɦ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜɧɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ? ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɵɣ. ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɫɶ. ȿɳɺ – ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. Ⱥ
ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ:
n = 1
print a[2*n+1]
14
Ⱥ ɡɚɱɟɦ ɹ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ? Ⱥ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɬ
ɬɚɤ
val3 = a[3] ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. Ɂɚɧɭɞɧɨ
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɜɚɠɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ – ɨɧɚ
ɦɨɝɥɚ ɜɨɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɞɟ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɥɢ
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ, ɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ? ɗɬɨ ɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɱɺɬɤɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɨ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ – ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɢ
ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ:
a = [11,12,13,14,15]
print a
a = [-3,87,54566545]
print a
[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
[-3, 87, 54566545]
Ȼɵɥɨ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɵ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ, ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɬɪɢ. ɋɚɦɨɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɨɜɨ – ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɢ. ɂ ɜɟɫɶ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɥɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɥɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. Ɇɵ
ɧɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɶ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɫ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɧɢ ɨ ɱɺɦ. ɇɢɱɟɝɨ, ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɣɦɺɬɟ.
# ɫɬɪɚɲɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ
Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ? Ʉɭɞɚ ɨɧ ɞɟɥɫɹ?
Ɉɧ ɭɦɟɪ. ȿɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɺ ɟɳɺ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɱɟɪɧɨɬɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɧɨ ɧɚ
ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɦɹ. ɂ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɞɺɬ
92
ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɣ Ɏɪɟɞɞɢ Ʉɪɸɝɟɪ ɋɛɨɪɳɢɤ Ɇɭɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɬɺɬ ɠɚɥɨɛɧɨ ɫɤɭɥɹɳɢɟ
ɛɚɣɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɭɬɨɩɢɬ ɧɚɮɢɝ. ɑɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɜɫɺ ɜ
ɱɺɪɧɨɦ-ɱɺɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ.
# ɤɨɧɟɰ ɋɬɪɚɲɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɞɵ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨ.
a = [11,12,13,14,15]
print a
a[0] = 101
a[1] = a[2] + a[3] + 1
print a
[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
[101, 28, 13, 14, 15]
Ɍɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɡɚɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ? Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ – ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɹɬɢ ɲɟɫɬɶ. ɂɥɢ
ɭɛɚɜɢɬɶ – ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɹɬɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
ɋɩɢɫɤɢ – ɤɨɪɨɱɟ, ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɨɪɥɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ? ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ: <ɢɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ>.<ɢɦɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ(ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ)> . ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ? ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɉɢɬɨɧ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɺ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ:
a = [11,12,13,14,15]
print a
a.append(-1)
print a
[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, -1]
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ.
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
a – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, append – ɦɟɬɨɞ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ
append ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. ɍ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɞɢɧ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ. ɗɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ. ȼ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ,
93
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɚ
ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ, ɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɭ? Ʌɟɝɤɨ.
a = [1,2,3]
print a
a.insert( 2, -1)
print a
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, -1, 3]
Ɇɢɧɭɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ – ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɺ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɶɬɟɫɶ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ – ɞɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɵ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɧɚɲɭ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ. ɇɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɹ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ʋ2 ɷɬɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɪɢ. ȼɨɬ ɬɭɞɚ ɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɩɚɥɢ. ȼɫɺ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ?
Ɉɛɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɥɢ? Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɫ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɫɸɪɩɪɢɡ
– ɜɫɺ ɩɨɣɞɺɬ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ:
a = [1,2,3]
print a
del a[1]
print a
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3]
ɉɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɟɬ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ
ɨɞɢɧ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɱɺɬɭ, ɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɢɥɢ. ȼɫɺ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɢɥɢ
ɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɷɬɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ.
a = [111,222,333]
print a
a.remove(222)
print a
[111, 222, 333]
[111, 333]
94
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ 222, ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ, ɚ ɟɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ? ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɚ, ɷɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɨ, ɧɨ ɱɚɳɟ – ɧɟɬ.
ȿɳɺ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɡɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɬɵɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ, ɚ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ.
a = [1,23,11,77]
print a
a.reverse()
print a
[1, 23, 11, 77]
[77, 11, 23, 1]
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɟɳɺ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɟɟ:
a = [1,23,11,77]
print a
a.sort()
print a
[1, 23, 11, 77]
[1, 11, 23, 77]
Ʉɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɧɚɲ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɸ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ
reverse(). ɇɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɛɟɡ ɡɚɬɟɣ.
a = [1,23,11,77]
print a
a.sort(reverse=True)
print a
[1, 23, 11, 77]
[77, 23, 11, 1]
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ.
ɇɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ – ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɣɬɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ.
95
a = [1,23,11,77,11]
print 'index = ', a.index(11)
index = 2
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ 11 ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɟɝɨ
ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ:
a = [1,23,11,77,11]
print 'count = ', a.count(11)
count = 2
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ – 2, ɧɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɥɚ 11 ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ.
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɪɨɫɤɚɹ, ɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ:
a = [1,23,11,77,11]
print 'len = ', len(a)
len = 5
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ – ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ, ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ
ɟɳɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɲ ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɩɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ⱥ ɤɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɚ ɨɬ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ? ɋɩɢɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ
ɫɟɛɟ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ, ɜɟɫɨɦɚɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɚ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɫ
ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ.
ɋɩɢɫɤɢ ɩɥɸɫ ɰɢɤɥɵ.
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ. ɂ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ
Ɉɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɞɺɬɫɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɤɭɱɧɨ ɢ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɐɢɤɥ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚɸɳɭɸ
ɜɫɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɦ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ:
a = [1,23,11,77]
96
for i in xrange(0,4):
print i,'. ', a[i]
0 . 1
1 . 23
2 . 11
3 . 77
ȼɫɺ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ. ɑɟɬɵɪɟ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ
ɧɚɦ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ? ȼɫɺ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɦɟɟɦ. Ⱦɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɨ
ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ:
a = [1,23,11,77]
for i in xrange(0,len(a)):
print i,'. ', a[i]
0 . 1
1 . 23
2 . 11
3 . 77
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɞɢɦ. ɇɟɬ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɫɺ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ. Ʌɢɱɧɨ ɦɧɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ – ɜɟɞɶ ɰɢɤɥ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɦ
xrange, ɰɢɤɥ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ
len(a), ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ
ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ – ɢ ɜɫɺ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɹ
ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɰɢɤɥ ɦɵ ɫ ɧɭɥɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ. ɂɡɜɢɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɨ – ɷɬɨ ɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɢɬɨɧɚ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɟɺ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɟɳɺ ɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɨɧɟ. ȿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ – ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɇɭ ɬɢɩɚ –
ɥɹɝɭɲɤɚ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɤɪɭ, ɢɡ ɢɤɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɚɫɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡ
ɝɨɥɨɜɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɹɝɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɜɫɺ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ. ə ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɬɚɥ?
ɂɥɢ ɛɚɛɨɱɤɚ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ – ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɚɛɨɱɤɢ? – ɞɚɥɶɲɟ
ɝɭɫɟɧɢɰɚ – ɤɨɤɨɧ – ɨɩɹɬɶ ɛɚɛɨɱɤɚ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ.
Ɉɬɤɭɞɚ ɛɟɪɺɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɤɧɢɝɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ, ɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ
97
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɲɭ. ɇɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɞɥɹ ɧɟɺ
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɛɟɪɺɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɜɟɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɢ
ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɫɨɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɜɚ. Ⱥ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ – ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ,
ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ, ɜ ɮɚɣɥ ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɞɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ – ɜ ɨɛɥɚɤɨ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ – ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ, ɬɨ ɤɨɦɭ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ?
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ – ɰɟɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ – ɜɫɺ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. Ɇɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɞɶ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɭɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ? Ɇɵ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ɂ
ɜɫɺ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ. ɇɚɱɧɺɦ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ. ȼɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɦɟɟɦ – ɫɦɨɬɪɢ
ɜɵɲɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɟɫɬɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɦɵ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɦɟɟɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɭɠɟ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ – ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ,
ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ – ɨɬɤɭɞɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɛɟɪɺɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ? ȼɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɝɪɭɲɟɱɧɵɣ, ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɸɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ – ɫɚɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɧ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɦɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ. ɉɨɩɪɨɛɭɣɬɟ
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɩɹɬɨɣ, ɞɜɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟ – ɢ ɧɢ ɪɚɡɭ ɧɟ ɨɲɢɛɢɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ – ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɜɜɨɞ ɫ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɚɯ – ɫɨɬɧɢ, ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɢɧɚɱɟ ɡɚɱɟɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ? ɂ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɠɟ ɛɟɪɺɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ
ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ? Ȼɟɪɺɬɫɹ ɨɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ. Ɏɚɣɥ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɣɥ, ɨ ɧɢɯ
ɟɳɺ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɚɡɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɮɚɣɥ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ – ɢɡ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɠɟ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ, ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɡɚ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɇɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
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Ɍɚɤ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ȿɫɬɶ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ, ɨɧ
ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɭ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɨɬɫɱɺɬɵ – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɛɟɬɚ-ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ. ȼɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɚɣɥ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɨ –
ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ȿɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɠɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɇɚɩɢɲɟɦ
ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ –
ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɭɤɚɦɢ, ɫ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɵ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ – ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ.
ɇɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫ ɧɭɥɹ, ɜɟɞɶ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɳɺ
ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ.
a = []
a.append(10)
a.append(20)
b = []
for i in xrange(0,11):
b.append(i**2)
print a
print b
[10, 20]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
ɉɭɫɬɨɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ:
[]. Ⱦɜɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ – ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɩɨɲɬɭɱɧɨ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ – ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɳɺ ɫɨɬɧɸ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɩɭɫɬɹɤ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɦ ɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɨɧ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ, ɜɜɟɞɺɦ ɢ ɜɧɟɫɺɦ
ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɦ – ɚ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɡɚɱɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ
ɧɟɥɟɩɵɟ ɬɟɥɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ?
howMany = int(raw_input('How Many? = '))
a = []
99
for i in xrange( 0, howMany):
what = int(raw_input(' what = '))
a.append(what)
print a
How Many? = 3
what = 11
what = 12
what = 13
[11, 12, 13]
Ɂɚɞɚɣɬɟ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɚ ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɜɜɟɞɺɬ ɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ? ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ. Ⱥ ɤɚɤ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ? ɉɨɤɚ ɧɢɤɚɤ, ɧɨ ɦɵ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɺɦɫɹ.
Ⱥ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ. Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ.
ɋɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ – ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɱɟɦ ɧɚɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ
ɱɢɫɟɥ? ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɟɞɶ ɫ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ?
Ɇɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɷɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ. ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɚɞɨ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ. ȼɵɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɢɡ
ɝɨɥɨɜɵ? Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ, ɝɨɥɨɜɚ, ɨɧɚ ɨɞɧɚ. ɋɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
import random
num = 5
a = []
for i in xrange(0,num):
what = random.randint(1,20)
a.append(what)
print a
[19, 16, 4, 12, 5]
ɉɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɩɪɨɲɭ –
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ – ɬɨ ɜɨɬ ɷɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ.
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