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Файл:Английский язык для студентов-бакалавров неязыковых специальностей заочной формы обучения. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 3. THE FUTURE OF JOBS
Modal verbs, Past Perfect, Conjunctions, -ed, -ing adjectives.
Employability Skills: The Skills You Need to Get a Job.
The Industrial Revolutions: A Quick Overview.
1. Study grammar reference Unit 3 and find in text A sentences with modal
verbs and translate them.
2. Study grammar reference Unit 3, find in text A sentences with
conjunctions but, and, however, because and translate them.
3. Complete the sentences with a modal from the box. Use some modals
more than once.
can can’t could must shouldn’t might should
1) ________ you pass me the salt, please?
2) I don’t think it’s a good idea for you to stay. You __________ stay.
3) It’s possible it’ll snow next week. It __________ snow next week.
4) Do you have the ability to speak Russian? __________ you speak
Russian?
5) Is it OK if I use your bathroom? __________ I use your bathroom?
6) It’s very important that you stop smoking. You __________ stop
smoking.
7) It’s possible I’ll ask you to help me. I __________ ask you to help me.
8) John is unable to drive. John __________ drive.
9) I think it would be a good idea to apologize. You __________ apologize.
4. Complete the sentences with the correct adjective form of the words in
parentheses.
a) The earthquake exhibit is really (excite)
b) I was (fascinate) by the fish.
c) Yes, they were (amaze).
d) Jay was (frighten) of the snakes.
e) I didn’t find that very (interest).
f) That was the most (frighten) thing I’ve ever done!
g) What’s wrong? You look so (bore).
Английский язык для студентов-бакалавров неязыковых специальностей…
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5. Choose the best option.
Rob (1) returned / had returned home from work at 3.30 p.m. He (2) felt /
had felt terrible. He (3) had / had had an awful day. His wife, Sheila, (4) brought
/ had brought him a cup of tea and asked him what (5) was / had been wrong. He
(6) told / had told her that at the office that morning everyone was panicking. His
boss, Martin, (7) had received / received an email from Head Office – the news
(8) wasn’t / hadn’t been good. The email said that the company was having
financial problems and needed to cut 200 jobs – that (9) meant / had meant that
half of the staff would have to go. Martin then admitted that he (10) knew / had
known about this news for a few weeks, but he (11) hadn’t told / didn’t tell
anyone. All the staff (12) were / had been angry and upset. Martin said that they
could all go home early. Rob (13) hadn’t been / didn’t go home straight away –
he went for a drink with his colleagues so that they could talk about the news.
Everyone was worried because they knew there (14) weren’t / hadn’t been many
other jobs around. After a few drinks, Rob caught the train home and (15) told /
had told Sheila the bad news.
Text A. Employability Skills: The Skills You Need to Get a Job
6. Read text A and find English equivalents of these phrases.
Лучшие возможности; профессиональная деятельность на всю жизнь;
навыки, способствующие трудоустройству; опыт; подать заявление о
приеме на работу; навыки общения; в установленный срок; готовность
принимать новые идеи.
7. Match the words to make collocations.
1) employment
2) working
3) career
4) soft
5) unique
6) open
7) job-specific
8) general
9) better
a) path
b) sectors
c) mind
d) rule
e) contribution
f) life
g) opportunities
h) skills
i) skills
Unit 3. The future of jobs
23
For many people today, a career for life is no longer an option. Most
people will hold jobs with a variety of employers and move across different
employment sectors through their working life.
We therefore all need to be flexible in our working patterns and be
prepared to change jobs and/or sectors if we believe there are better opportunities
elsewhere.
For this, we need to understand that we all have a set of transferable skills
or employability skills. These are skills that are not specific to one particular
career path but are useful across all employment sectors.
What are Employability Skills? Employers are often looking for skills that
go beyond qualifications and experience. Your education and experience may
make you eligible to apply for a job but, to be successful in most roles; you will
need skills that you are likely to develop over time. Some will be specific to the
job, but the vast majority will be so-called ‘soft skills’ that can be used in any job
or employment sectors. These soft skills are ‘employability skills’: they are what
makes you employable.
As a general rule, employers are willing to teach someone the job-specific
skills required, such as how to operate particular pieces of machinery, or use
particular computer packages that are very specific to that role or company.
However, they usually want to see that you already have the other ‘soft skills’
before hiring, because they are much harder to teach.
The most important employability skills are in the areas of:
Getting along with and working well with other people, such as
communication skills and other interpersonal skills.
Being reliable and dependable: doing what you say you will by the
deadline you have agreed, and turning up when you are meant to be there.
A willingness to learn new skills, whether those are job-specific or more
general.
There are, inevitably, a wide range of skills that could be useful to
employers. Each of us also has our own personal range of skills, and we
therefore can each make a unique contribution to any organisation. An open
mind, and a willingness to embrace new ideas, is probably one of the most useful
attributes that you can bring to any organisation.
8. Are the sentences true or false?
1) Most people will work in the same employment sector through their
working life.
Английский язык для студентов-бакалавров неязыковых специальностей…
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2) Employability skills are useful across all employment sectors.
3) Employability skills go beyond qualifications and experience.
4) Soft skills are skills specific to the job.
5) Job-specific skills are much harder to teach than soft skills.
Text В. The Industrial Revolutions: A Quick Overview
9. Read the text and match the definitions (a–h) with the vocabulary (1–8).
1) pace
2) self-
driving
3) artificial
intelligence
4) steam
engine
5) fossil fuel
6) mass
production
7) assembly
line
8) renewable
energy
a) The study of how to produce machines that have some of
the qualities that the human mind has, such as the ability
to understand language, recognize pictures, solve
problems, and learn.
b) Fuels, such as gas, coal, and oil, that were formed
underground from plant and animal remains millions of
years ago.
c) An engine that uses the thermal energy of steam to
produce mechanical work.
d) A line of machines and workers in a factory that a product
moves along while it is being built or produced. Each
machine or worker performs a particular job that must be
finished before the product moves to the next position in
the line.
e) The speed at which someone or something moves or does
something.
f) energy that is produced using the sun, wind, etc., or from
crops, rather than using fuels such as oil or coal
g) The process of producing large numbers of goods in
factories.
h) (of a vehicle) capable of travelling without input from a
human operator, by means of computer systems working
in conjunction with on-board sensors.
Technology is advancing at such a rapid pace that in 2025, about 5 million
jobs will be replaced by automated machines. Self-driving cars will gradually
change the way we travel, and artificial intelligence (AI) will soon make
decisions for us. We are on the verge of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, an age
that will require a new set of skills for the workforce of tomorrow.
Unit 3. The future of jobs
25
“Industrial revolution” is a period of massive technological and sociocultural change, similar to the time when our ancestors switched roles from
hunter-gatherers to farmers.
Humanity has had quite a few industrial revolutions over the course of
history. Here’s a quick overview:
The first industrial revolution happened during the 18th century in Britain
with the discovery of the steam engine and the burning of fossil fuel to power
factories that replaced manual labor. The textile industry was the major
benefactor of this period.
The second industrial revolution in America was an expansion of the first
when Henry Ford applied the manufacturing techniques of the previous
revolution to pioneer mass production and the moving assembly line.
The third industrial revolution or the digital age builds on the invention of
World Wide Web and seeks to connect the world through innovations in
information technology.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution focuses on innovations that harness the
potential of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of
Things (IoT), self-driving vehicles, nanotechnology, renewable energy, quantum
computing, and biotechnology to name a few.
Because of this explosion of new fields, new markets will emerge which
will require a new set of skills for employment. Increasingly smart robots will
take over some jobs, and jobs that didn’t exist before will be in-demand.
A new age of work requires a new set of skills to thrive and be productive.
Currently, complex problem solving, creativity and critical thinking are
the essential skills for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Complex problem-solving
It is estimated that more than one third of jobs across all industries will
require problem-solving as one of the core skills. However, it will be less
important in heavily technical sectors, such as the infrastructure sector.
Problem solving is about using logic and imagination to make sense of the
situation, as this will help the individual to come up with an intelligent solution.
Graduate employers are keen on it because it is a vital skill in our daily lives.
This skill is necessary as several industries (such as Information and
Communications Technology) are expected to become more complex and
analytical. The ability to solve complex problems will enhance one's ability to
take on the difficult tasks that will ascend into these industries.
Английский язык для студентов-бакалавров неязыковых специальностей…
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Creativity
With the emerging of new products, technologies and ways of working,
workers need to possess creativity in order to benefit from the changes. There are
two main ways in which creativity is needed in the new workplace: creative
thinking and creative problem-solving.
Thinking creatively means coming up with ideas that are entirely unique.
Creative problem-solving comes into play when one attempts to solve an issue
that has several possible resolutions.
While many problems faced in the workplace may have clear solutions,
creative people are able to look at the issue from all sides. This consequently
helps them to come up with solutions that are completely new and interesting.
Ultimately, robots may increase the efficiency and ease in which work is
produced, but they are currently still unable to be as creative as humans. If
employees and managers are able to solve problems creatively and come up with
fresh ideas, it could take the company in a new direction.
Critical thinking
Critical thinking is the ability to identify, analyse and evaluate ideas,
situations and information in order to formulate responses to problems. This is a
skill that is used by many business leaders to make decisions.
Computers may be good at storing and analysing information, but they are
unable to apply the data into developing relevant solutions. It is hence crucial for
workers to be able to think critically, as they can use this skill to facilitate
decision-making within the firm. This will make them an asset to the company.
10. Complete the chart.
Industrial revolution
Period
Innovations
I
II
III
IV
11. Are the sentences true or false?
1) The first industrial revolution happened when our ancestors switched roles
from hunter-gatherers to farmers.
2) Humanity has had a lot of industrial revolutions over the course of history.
3) In the 18th century in Britain factories replaced manual labor.
Unit 3. The future of jobs
27
4) Henry Ford pioneered mass production and the moving assembly line.
5) The third industrial revolution builds on the invention of quantum
computing.
6) The Fourth Industrial Revolution focuses on emerging technologies.
7) A new age of work requires a new set of skills.
8) The ability to solve complex problems will be very important as several
industries are expected to become more complex and analytical.
9) Creative problem-solving helps to come up with solutions that are
completely new and interesting.
10) Robots can be as creative as humans.
11) Computers store and analyse information and apply the data into developing
relevant solutions.
Listening
Will robots take our jobs?
1. Study the following words, word combinations and their Russian
equivalents before listening:
to sound quite convincing – звучать довольно убедительно,
the Star Wars – «Звездные войны»,
a human voice – человеческий голос,
science fiction – научная фантастика,
automation – автоматизация,
subject – предмет, тема,
quiz – викторина,
to involve – вовлекать,
to manipulate small objects – работать с мелкими предметами,
open space – открытое пространство,
social skills – навыки общения,
emotional skills – эмоциональные навыки,
to guess – угадывать,
susceptible – восприимчивый,
to be affected – находиться под влиянием,
key skills – ключевые навыки,
to include – включать в себя,
negotiation – переговоры,
persuasion – убеждение,
Английский язык для студентов-бакалавров неязыковых специальностей…
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caring – заботливый,
manual dexterity – ловкость рук, сноровка,
intelligent – умный,
to replace – заменить,
however – тем не менее,
existing – существующий,
increasingly – усиленно, в большей степени,
in short – вкратце,
human beings – люди,
ability to learn – способность учиться,
a much wider range of tasks – гораздо более широкий круг заданий,
manual labour – физический труд,
threat – угроза,
cognitive labour – умственный труд,
noggin – голова,
repetitive jobs – повторяющиеся задания,
to draw up spreadsheets – составление электронных таблиц,
white-collar jobs – «белые воротнички», офисные работники,
to assess smth for risks – оценивать риски чего-либо,
artificial intelligence – искусственный интеллект,
to refer – относиться, ссылаться,
behaviour – поведение,
advantage – преимущество,
volume – объем,
incredibly – невероятно,
reliably – надежно, достоверно,
huge amount – огромное количество,
lawyer – юрист,
division of labour – разделение труда,
to keep our fingers crossed – скрестить пальцы на удачу,
prospects – перспективы.
2. What makes a job more likely to be done by robots?
Is it if a job involves…
a) manipulating small objects?
b) working in open spaces?
Unit 3. The future of jobs
29
c) social and emotional skills?
You can hear the right answer at the end of the programme.
3. Listen to a programme and answer the questions.
1) What are R2-D2 and C-3PO famous for?
2) What is automation?
3) What part of existing UK jobs are being automated in the next 20 years
according to a study from Oxford University?
4) Is just manual labour that's coming under threat of automation?
5) Can machines become smarter?
6) What is artificial intelligence?
7) Can robots replace lawyers in the future?
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UNIT 4. GLOBAL PROBLEMS
The passive, Present Perfect Continuous,
First conditional/time clauses, Second conditional.
UN World Refugee Day.
Reducing energy demand.
1. Study grammar reference Unit 2 and find in texts A and B examples of:
1) Passives.
2) Second conditional.
2. Rewrite the active sentences in the passive.
1) Someone has fixed my car.
My car has been fixed.
2) They opened three new schools last year.
___________________________________________
3) People built the Pyramids thousands of years ago.
___________________________________________
4) Someone sells tickets at the box office.
___________________________________________
3. Make sentences and questions using the Present Perfect Continuous.
1)
A.
Your Spanish is excellent!
B.
Thanks. I / learn it / eight years.
I’ve been learning it for eight years.
2)
A.
You’ve done a lot of work.
B.
We / work / hard / this week.
___________________________________________
3)
A.
You’re a really good dancer!
B.
I / practise / a lot / recently.
___________________________________________
4)
A.
You both look really brown!
B.
We / sunbathe / at / beach.
___________________________________________
5)
A.
Have I got flour in my hair?
B. Yes. What / you / cook?
_____________________________________________
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