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Файл:Английский язык для транспортных специальностей вузов. Т.2. Специализированный курс. Учебное пособие
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Приложение 2 Список грамматических терминов 261
number – число
plural number – множественное число
singular number – единственное число
numeral (num.) – числительное
cardinal numeral – количественное числительное
ordinal numeral – порядковое числительное
fraction – дробь
date – хронологическая дата
participle (part.) – причастие
absolute participle construction – независимый причастный оборот
objective participle construction – объектный причастный оборот
subjective participle construction – субъектный причастный оборот
preposition (prep.) – предлог
direction preposition – предлог направления
movement preposition – предлог движения
place preposition – предлог мест
time preposition
– предлог времени
а
pronoun (pron.) – местоимение
demonstrative pronoun – указательное местоимение
distributive pronoun – производное местоимение
interrogative pronoun – вопросительное местоимение
indefinite pronoun – неопределенное местоимение
negative pronoun – отрицательное местоимение
personal pronoun – личное местоимение
possessive pronoun – притяжательное местоимение
quantitative pronoun – количественное местоимение
reflexive pronoun – возвратное местоимение
relative pronoun – относительное местоимение
question – вопрос
alternative question – альтернативный вопрос
general question
special question
– общий вопрос
–
специальный вопрос
subject question – вопрос к подлежащему
tag question – разделительный вопрос
sentence – предложение
affirmative sentence – утвердительное предложение
compound sentence – сложносочиненное предложение
complex sentence – сложное предложение
conditional sentence – условное предложение
declarative sentence – повествовательное предложение
exclamatory sentence – восклицательное предложение
impersonal sentence – безличное предложение
interrogative sentence – вопросительное предложение
negative sentence – отрицательное предложение
262 Приложение 2 Список грамматических терминов
subordinate sentence – придаточное предложение
set- expression – устойчивое словосочетание
tense – время
continuous tense – продленное время
indefinite tense – неопределенное время
perfect tense – завершенное время
perfect continuous tense – завершенное продленное время
sequence of tenses – согласование времен
verb (v.) – глагол
auxiliary verb – вспомогательный глагол
irregular verb – неправильный глагол
link verb – смысловой глагол
modal verb – модальный глагол
regular verb – правильный глагол
voice – залог
active voi
ce –
активный залог
passive voice – пассивный залог
Приложение 3 Список неправильных глаголов 263
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3
Таблица 16
СПИСОК НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
Infinitive Past Indefinite Participle II Перевод
to be was, were been быть
to become became become становиться
tо begin began begun начинать(ся)
tо blow blew blown дуть
to break broke broken ломать, разбивать
to bring brought brought приносить
to broadcast broadcast; -ed broadcast; -ed передавать по радио
to build built built строить
to buy bought bought покупать
to choose chose chosen выбирать
to come came come приходить, приезжать
to cost cost cost стоить
to cut cut cut резать
to deal (with) dealt (with) dealt (with) иметь дело с
to do did done делать
to draw drew drawn рисовать, чертить
to drink drank drunk пить
to drive drove driven везти, управлять
to eat ate eaten есть (принимать пищу)
to fall fell fallen падать
to feel felt felt чувствовать
to find found found находить
to fly flew flown летать
to foresee foresaw foreseen предвидеть
to forget forgot forgotten забывать
to get got got получать, становиться
to give gave given давать
to go went gone идти, ехать
to grow grew grown расти, становиться
to hang hung hung висеть, вешать
to have had had иметь
to hear heard heard слышать
to hold held held держать, владеть
to keep kept kept держать, хранить
to know knew known знать
to lay laid laid класть
to lead led led вести
264 Приложение 3 Список неправильных глаголов
Продолжение табл. 16
Infinitive Past Indefinite Participle II Перевод
to learn learnt; ~-ed learnt; ~-ed учиться, узнавать
to leave left left оставлять, уезжать
to let let let позволять, пускать
to lose lost lost терять
to make made made делать
to mean meant meant значить, предполагать
to meet met met встречать
to pay paid paid платить
to put put put класть
to read read read читать
to ring rang rung звонить, звенеть
to rise rose risen вставать
to run ran run бежать
to say said said говорить, сказать
to see
to sell
saw
sold
seen
sold
видеть
продавать
to send sent sent посылать
to set set set ставить, устанавливать
to show showed shown показывать
to sit sat sat сидеть
to speak spoke spoken говорить
to spend spent spent тратить, проводить
to spread spread spread распространять(ся)
to stand stood stood стоять
to swim swam swum плавать
to take took taken брать
to teach taught taught учить, обучать
to tell told told рассказывать
to think thought thought думать
to understand understood understood понимать
to wear wore worn носить
to win won won выигрывать
to write wrote written писать
Приложение 4 Texts for Listening 265
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 4 (ссылка на сайте издательства www.solon-press.ru на странице
данной книги)
TEXTS FOR LISTENING
Unit 14. OIL DOCKS
Oil docks differ from other berthing structures with general cargo handling equipment. A
pier of full length and width is not economical for this purpose since the required area of solid
deck is relatively small as oil is usually unloaded at a fixed point and transferred to and from the
shore by pumping through submarine pipelines.
The increase in size of tankers causes limitations on the use of conventional shore berthing structures for the water depth is often insufficient for the supertankers to operate safely when
fully loaded. This gave rise to an idea of locating new ports or separate berths on natural or artificial islands which has some economic advantages in reducing the volume of dredging. These
islands are connected with the shore by a trestle carrying a pipeline for the oil transportation to
the shore, or large storage facilities are located on these islands for the oil to be pumped from the
tankers.
Another method of berthing and transferring liquid cargoes is offshore anchorage. It is
important that the ship keep more or less fixed position during the operation against the forces of
the wind, current and waves. This is achieved by the tanker’s anchors combined with the sea anchorage devices.
Unit 15. OIL FIELDS IN SEAS
The development of oil fields in seas is extending. The programmes of oil exploration in
the North Sea by the sea-bordering countries are extensive to ensure a secure supply of homeproduced fuel. Most of the structures there are of concrete, especially in the northern region. The
reason is not so much cost, nor the failure of steel but the fact that at the depth of about 300 m
oil cannot be moved ashore for storage by pipelining without a risk. So all the oil produced is
loaded either directly onto tankers at the field or is kept in concrete storage sells on the platform.
The latest offshore structure installed by Norway is 271 m high above the seabed and is
supported by four concrete columns with the deck load of 35 000 tons, the storage cells capacity
exceeding that existing elsewhere. A new design is being elaborated with platform legs arranged
in an I-configuration for the purpose of separating the accommodation from processing area with
a firewall.
Unit 16. IS THIS AS FAR AS A CAR CAN GO?
Two years ago Autocar & Motor gave the Mercedes S-class the title of “Best car in the
world”. Today’s S-class is an improvement on its predecessor. And the next S-class will be an
improvement on today.
Like all Mercedes, it will be the result of exhaustive engineering. It will be functional, not
fancy. A car where priority is given to the driver and the driving experience. However, no part of
it will be changed for the sake of change. Only for the sake of improvement.
For instance, on the current S-class, we removed the aerial from the rear wing to improve
aerodynamics. It’s not to say there is no longer an aerial. In fact, there are now two: one in the
rear windscreen; the other in the rear bumper. Doing this also meant we were able to increase the
size of the aerial and thereby improve the quality of reception.
To give an indication of the road that lies ahead, here are a couple of innovations we are
developing.
266 Приложение 4 Texts for Listening
Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) is a computer system that helps to keep the car
stable on surfaces like black ice. It counters skidding by automatically cutting the engine and
controlling the braking until the car has regained stability.
Many drivers will be oblivious to its use. We believe ESP is the biggest safety
breakthrough since anti-lock brakes. We hope the letters ESP will become common in the future.
Intelligent electronic transmission is another feature we are currently working on. Sensors
constantly exchange data with the engine management system and assess the road conditions.
Gear changes, even kickdown will be smoother and faster than with the preceding transmission.
There will also be some significant reductions in the fuel consumption.
To some, the things we do to create the S-class may seem rather extreme.
But like all our cars, the S-class is built to a single minded philosophy. Namely, the best
or nothing. However, this belief doesn’t necessarily place the S-class financially out of reach. It
currently starts at just 39 800.
Another reason why, for many people, the current Mercedes S-class is the best car in the
world. So far.
Mercedes-Benz engineered like no other car.
Unit 17. SIKORSKY MAKES THE SINGLE ROTOR WORK
The Russian engineer Igor Sikorsky made his first helicopter experiments in 1908 when
he was 19. During the 1917 Revolution he fled to the United States. There he designed transport
planes and founded the largely Russian-staffed Vought-Sikorsky Company in Connecticut. In
1939 he designed the VS-300 helicopter which established the modern helicopter configuration
with a single main rotor and a small tail-rotor. The tail-rotor solved the problem of torque. This
new approach took American helicopters to the head of the field. In 1941 a VS-300 with a 90 hp
engine gained the world endurance record with a flight lasting 1 hour 32 minutes.
Unit 18. THE COLLAPSE OF THE BRIDGE
In the first decade of the century at the Canadian city of Quebec, work began on one of
the engineering wonders of the age. It was the Quebec Bridge, with a center span 1880 ft (549
m). That was to be a world record, 100 ft (30 m) longer than the main spans of Scotland’s
beautiful Forth Bridge, completed in 1890.
But the Quebec Bridge had to be designed, fabricated and erected twice. On August 29,
1907, when the first half of the main span was nearing completion, it collapsed, killing 74 men.
How could so serious mistake happen? A number of design errors have been mentioned
in the Government report. The official report said: “The professional knowledge of the present
day concerning the action of steel columns under load is not sufficient to enable engineers to
economically design such structures as the Quebec Bridge. To build a bridge of adopted span a
considerably larger amount of metal would have to be used than might be required if our
knowledge were more exact.”
Unit 19. HARRODS
Everybody knows Harrods, and most people agree it’s the best shop in London. Even the
Queen Elisabeth II does her shopping here. It’s the largest and the most famous store in England.
You can buy everything from large tropical snakes to antique pianos.
People like shopping in Harrods, and they spend a lot of money. The most money ever
spent by a single customer was two million two hundred thousand pounds of sterling, and he
paid in cash!
Приложение 4 Texts for Listening 267
About 50 000 people go to Harrods every day, but the busiest times are Christmas and the
January and July Sales. People can do the biggest bargains on the first day of the Sales. The first
day is the most crowded. On that day about 300 000 people visit Harrods.
One of the most popular buys at Christmas time are Christmas puddings – Harrods sells
over 120 tons of puddings.
Harrods has a great many overseas visitors and they export many of Harrods’ goods.
Some of the most unusual exports are a Persian carpet to Iran, a fridge to Finland, six bread rolls
to New York and a pound of sausage to a yacht in the Mediterranean Sea.
Unit 20. BETTER UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES
“Resource utilization” is becoming a familiar term in management theory. It means
achievement of greater economy in the use of everything – metals, minerals, energy, water,
manpower, finance, etc. The main management technique is better cost control. It means
answering the question: “How can we achieve the same value of output while reducing all our
resource inputs?” The answer is: “We must improve quality and standards required by
consumers and industrial customers and make longer our product’s life. Second, we must include
economy in the use of natural resources if they are scarce. It may be the best way to use scarce
resources.” The best solution for companies is to set up a resources utilization section. In small
companies with 1 000 employees two men will be enough.
A company’s management must be very responsible. Resource utilization must not cause
damage to people and environment.
Unit 21. THE GREAT COMMUNICATORS
We can communicate with other people in many different ways. We can talk and write,
and we can send messages with our hands and faces. There is also the phone (including the
mobile!), the fax, and e-mail. Television, film, painting, and photography can also communicate
ideas.
Animals have ways of exchanging information, too. Bees dance and tell other bees where
to find food. Elephants make sounds that humans can’t hear. Whales sing songs. Monkeys use
their faces to show anger and love. But this is nothing compared to what people can do. We have
language – about 6 000 languages, in fact. We can write poetry, tell jokes, make promises,
explain, persuade, tell the truth, or tell lies. And we have a sense of past and future, not just
present. Communication technologies were very important in the development of all the great
ancient societies:
• around 2900 BC, paper and hieroglyphics transformed Egyptian life;
• the ancient Greeks loved the spoken word. They were very good at public speaking,
drama, and philosophy;
• the Romans developed a unique system of government that depended on the Roman
alphabet;
• in the 14
Europe.
Radio, film, and television have had a huge influence on society in the last hundred years.
And now we have the Internet, which is infinite. But what is this doing to us? We can give and
get a lot of information very quickly. But there is so much information that it’s difficult to know
what is important and what isn’t. Modern media is changing our world every minute of every
day.
th
century, the printing press helped to develop new ways of thinking across
268 Приложение 4 Texts for Listening
Unit 22. FLYING FOR A LIVING
Cathy Moorhead has only ever had one job. She has never wanted to do anything but to
be in a hot air balloon, going where the wind takes her, listening to the birds, and watching deer
and small animals below her.
And she gets paid for it, about £25,000 a year. “I’ve been flying balloons since I was 10,
and I have done it professionally for twelve years. I fly between 10 and 20 passengers in
different balloons.” The flights usually last an hour, and they go early in the morning or just
before sunset. “The trips are always mystery tours,” she says. “I never know where we’re going
to land.”
She starts work about 6 a.m., and works anything from 15 hours a day to nothing, if the
weather is bad. “We can’t fly if it’s too windy, if visibility is poor, or if it is raining. The balloon
gets too heavy and the passengers get wet.” What’s the best thing about the job? “The job itself. I
love being out in the countryside and I hate routines. So this is heaven for me.”
Cathy has really made a career out of her passion.
Unit 23. SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON THE JOB
Sexual harassment is a fact of life in many workplaces.
To avoid sexual harassment managers must have some definition of the term. Is it
harassment if a supervisor demands that his secretary sleep with him to keep her job? Yes. Is it
harassment if he flirts with her, or tells her an off-colour joke? Maybe. If he tells her she looks
nice, is that harassment? Probably not, but not everyone agrees. Most workers recognize this
“unwelcome”. Others insist that an action must be repeated to be offensive.
In 1986, the US Supreme Court upheld a ruling that stated that requiring sexual contacts
as a condition of employment or promotion violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Requirement
of sexual contacts or unwelcome sexual advances and coercions (sexual harassments) are crimes
and are subjects to punishment according to the laws of many countries.
Unit 24. AT THE NEGOTIATING TABLE
The negotiating table is the table or place where people are trying to make a deal – reach
an agreement – despite differences of opinions and needs. It is sales at its most challenging.
Negotiation is an extension of sales process wherein buying and selling of ideas or points of
view is taking place. Each side tries to win the maximum advantage while giving up the
minimum benefits.
To negotiate you need the language of buying and selling, plus the language of
concession. Concession is the willingness to go along with something someone else wants in
order to get what you want. The idea is: “I will give you something in exchange for something I
want.” The negotiating table is therefore a meeting place where dynamic action takes place. It is
different from a business lunch or formal meeting in that discussion and debate are aimed at
winning, not just agreeing or exploring ideas.
For negotiations, we need all the vocabulary of sales plus the vocabulary of conceding,
downplaying, and exploring ideas, including verbs and nouns of negotiation, and negotiating
expressions.
Unit 25. MODERN MEANS OF TRANSPORT IN JAPAN
All sectors of the Japanese transport system – from high-speed motorways and railways
to local and international airports – are witnessing radical changes. The transport industry is addressing clients’ needs and aimed at establishing a transport infrastructure to assist industry and
Приложение 4 Texts for Listening 269
exports. Key features are travelers’ comfort, a responsible attitude to environmental pollution
and the guarantee of safety even in the event of natural disasters.
Air and sea routes are not just for internal traffic; they also form the links of an
international transport chain. Japan has several projects aimed at improving air communications;
a new international airport is under construction near the city of Osaka, the local airports are
being updated for international services and round-the-clock operation. Also, four national
freight control centres are to be interlinked to cope with accidents and natural disasters. Airlines
are cutting prices for private passengers and giving discounts for pre-booked flights.
Marine transport amounts today for 44% of the country’s total freight traffic. New
electronic networks have been set up to exchange information between the major seaports. Many
small Japanese harbours, though, are often overburdened with work, and use of the latest
technology is of paramount importance.
270 Приложение 5 Keys to the Comprehensions
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 5
To Unit 14:
Ex. 37
1. was discussed, 2. will be published, 3. was built, 4. are used, 5. are reconstructed, 6. is
pronounced, 7. will be finished, 8. was founded, was established, 9. is equipped, 10. will be sent,
11. was told, 12. was offered, 13. will be produced, 14. will be brought, 15. are taught, 16. would
be delivered, 17. would be signed, 18. was told, 19. would be reduced, 20. will be invited, 21. is
being developed, 22. is being built, 23. was being reconstructed, 24. is being discussed, 25. are
being improved, 26. is being designed, 27. were being conducted, 28. was being built, 29. was
being repaired, 30. were being made, 31. have been built, 32. has been done, 33. has been
recommended, 34. has been sent, 35. have been concluded, 36. had been solved, 37. had been
repaired, 38. had been finished, 39. had been shipped, 40. will have been examined, 41. will have
been typed, 42. will have been delivered, 43.will have been produced, 44. would have been repaired, 45. would have been restored
Ex.38
1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. d, 5. a, 6. c, 7. a, 8. b, 9. c, 10. b, 11. b, 12. a, 13. b, 14. d, 15. d, 16. b, 17. d, 18.
b, 19. a, 20. d, 21. c, 22. a
Ex. 39
1. are intended, 2. are responsible, 3. cargo handling facilities, 4. safe navigation, 5.
management, 6. general director, 7. department, 8. deputy, 9. shipping, 10. harbour master, 11.
main production units, 12. types of cargoes, 13. is headed, 14. stevedores, superintendents,
foremen, 15. computing centers, sophisticated
To Unit 15:
Ex. 31
1. The cargo plan must be drawn up before the commencement of loading. 2. The stevedore can
begin loading. 3. We cannot begin loading as the cargo plan are not ready yet. 4. How many
gangs do you provide for loading? 5. What tackles do you need for working? 6. Who will
supervise for right tonnage? 7. Prepare winches and derricks for loading. 8. Clear the hatches and
prepare extra weights for unloading, if they are. 9. Beams were removed by two crewmen. 10.
Heavy boxes require steel cable for loading. 11. Probably, the gang men have stowed heavy bags
improperly. 12. The gang men have stowed the cargo properly. I think the ballast tanks need
supervision. 13. Five extra weights need be loaded in the hatch № 2. Is the lifting capacity of the
derricks enough for their loading? 14. What is the lofting capacity of the derrick? We need to
load two extra weights. 15. We need to load the extra weights locating on the dock.
Ex. 32
1. b, 2. d, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a, 6. c, 7. b, 8 a
Ex. 33
1. won’t be able to, 2. will be able to, 3. will never be able to, 4. can, 5. could (was able to), 6.
were able to, 7. was able to, 8. could, 9. can (could), 10. could
Ex. 34
1. might, 2. may, 3. may, 4. may, 5. might, 6. may (might), 7. might, 8. may, 9. might, 10. may
Ex. 35
1. must, 2. had to, 3. had to, 4. must, 5. have to, 6. had to, 7. had to, 8. have to, 9. must, 10. have
to
KEYS TO THE COMPREHENSIONS
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