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Unit 20 Levels and Areas of Management 101
4. Наиболее важными ресурсами любой организации являются ее людские
ресурсы.
5. Для удовлетворения служащих используется ряд стимулов.
6. Материальные ресурсы – это материалы, из которых изготовлена
продукция, а также оборудование, используемое для ее производства.
7. Финансовые ресурсы – это фонды, которые использует организация для
выполнения своих обязательств перед различными кредиторами.
8. Внешнее окружение, включая экономику, потребительские рынки,
технологию, политику и культурные факторы, изменяется очень быстро.
9. Организация, которая не приспосабливается к внешнему окружению,
может не выжить.
10. Компании считают все более важным собирать информацию о своих
конкурентах.
UNIT 20. LEVELS AND AREAS OF MANAGEMENT
1. Грамматика: отглагольное существительное (the Verbal Noun).
2. Аудирование: текст “Better Utilization of Resources”.
3. Лексика: текст “Levels and Areas of Management” и упражнения.
4. Лексико-грамматический тест.
20.1 Grammar: the Verbal Noun (See section “Grammar”, G.24)
Ex. 1 Translate the sentences paying attention to the complex forms of the
Gerund and the Gerundial Constructions (See “Grammar”, G.23).
1. On being told the news she was taken aback.
2. Do you mind being examined the first?
3. I was annoyed at being interrupted every moment.
4. The equipment must go through a number of tests before being installed.
5. On being introduced they easily started talking.
6. I don’t remember being asked this question.
7. I don’t remember having been asked this question.
8. He was proud of having been awarded the prize.
9. The old man could not stand being made a fun of.
10. She reproached me for not having kept my promise.
11. I remember having seen this actor in another film.
12. He reminded me of having once rejected that suggestion.
13. He was accused of having distorted the facts.
14. He was accused of having been engaged in espionage.
15. He was surprised at having been given such a high award.
16. His having read the article proves that he takes great interest in the subject.
17. We heard of Petrov’s having been sent to the ship-building plant as a chief
engineer.
18. The news of his having been sent abroad was a surprise to us.
102 Section 6: Business Communication
19. We were informed of the ship having arrived at the port.
20. They insisted on the experiment being made to study new phenomena.
Ex. 2 Analyze the -ing forms in the sentences below. State which of them
Gerunds are and which Verbal Nouns (See “Grammar”, G.23, and G.24).
Motivate your decision.
1. She read the first act between a fitting and a rehearsal, made up her mind to
play Kate and there was no persuading her that the part was too young for her.
2. The whirring and banging of the lift kept her awaken most of the night.
3. She kept repeating the bright sayings of her children to bored friends and
relations.
4. She insisted on my showing her the letter and explaining who Pat was.
5. On getting home she felt so faint and exhausted that she went to bed without
taking off her make up and creaming her face.
6. On being told to her face that she was a liar and a schemer Polly felt like
giggling and restrained her with difficulty.
7. She broke the fastening of the purse in her hurry to get the papers out.
8. She looked with distaste at the toilet table. Dust, spilt powder and hair
combings everywhere.
9. You have never learned the way of treating children kindly but without undue
familiarity.
10. She promised to send me the cutting the moment she found it.
11. I could just see a faint glimmering of light in the distance.
12. For some time she said nothing and we could only hear the clicking of her false
teeth – a certain sign of growing irritation.
13. On being asked what her plans were he gave a most evasive answer.
14. She lost this job through falling ill at the wrong time.
15. Her first big part was Catherine in “The Taming of the Shrew”.
Ex. 3 Translate the sentences paying attention to the –ing forms (See
“Grammar”, G.23, G.22, G.24).
1. Reading foreign journals is necessary for an engineer.
2. Reading foreign journals you can learn many new facts.
3. A student reading foreign journals must know the language well.
4. I think he is in the library now. He is reading foreign journals.
5. You can enlarge your vocabulary by reading foreign journals.
6. I remember reading this journal.
7. He is proud of having read many English books in the original.
8. Having read many English books in the original, he knows the language
perfectly.
9. He has been reading the book for two hours already.
10. Being read in the original, the book made a great impression on everybody.
11. I don’t like your way of talking.
Unit 20 Levels and Areas of Management 103
12. His time was up, but he still went on speaking.
13. Will we have a chance of ever seeing you again?
14. I need spectacles for reading.
15. Looking back upon that time was like remembering something that had
happened long before.
16. Looking back upon that time I thought that all might have been different.
17. She never did a thing without asking somebody’s advice.
18. The man was making a speech not paying attention to the attempts to interrupt
him.
19. The door stood ajar, and we entered without knocking.
20. Not speaking the language, he was asked through an interpreter.
21. What language is he speaking?
22. He received a letter informing him of their new address.
23. There is a visitor waiting for you.
24. She smiled to herself as if remembering something funny.
25. They had tried many other methods, finally returning to the initial one.
26. On coming home he switched on the light and pulled down the curtains.
27. When I was examining the machine I noticed its engine to be out of order.
28. He insisted on my speaking in public.
29. He couldn’t help laughing when seeing me in such a strange dress.
30. Having stayed in the country long enough, I know the local customs.
31. Being applied in agriculture, such machines will save much time and labour.
32. The party being over, everybody went home.
33. He cannot give up smoking, this habit telling on his health.
34. We were informed of the new equipment having been delivered to our plant.
35. We heard of our chief engineer having been appointed director.
Ex. 4 State which of the sentences with –ing forms are the Gerund and
which the Verbal Noun (See “Grammar”, G.23, G.24).
1. The boys continued playing football.
2. He was looking at the plane flying overhead.
3. Watching the playing kittens was great fun for the children.
4. Being frightened by the dog, the cat climbed a high fence.
5. It is no use going there now.
6. Coming out of the wood, the travellers saw a ruined castle in the distance.
7. My greatest pleasure is travelling.
8. Growing tomatoes need a lot of sunshine.
9. Growing corn on his desert island, Robinson Crusoe hoped to eat bread one
day.
10. Growing roses takes a lot of care and attention.
11. Just imagine his coming first in the race!
12. The children were tired of running.
13. Wishing to learn to skate, she bought herself a pair of skates.
14. Having prepared all the necessary equipment, they began the experiment.
104 Section 6: Business Communication
15. Mary will stop for a few days at the seaside before going back home.
16. While translating the text I looked up many words in the dictionary.
17. I usually help mother by washing the dishes and doing the rooms.
18. Entering the room, I saw my friends smiling at me.
19. Instead of phoning his friend, he went to see him.
Ex. 5 Insert the right preposition (to, into, of, at, from, in, without).
1. The child persuaded his parents … buying a computer.
2. We did not object … paying money.
3. Bad weather prevented us … walking in the park.
4. I am very proud … getting this high-paid job.
5. They were surprised … finding the dog alive.
6. My son is good … skiing.
7. I am not interested … listening to your stories.
8. Our company succeeded … making good quality products.
9. Our children were disappointed … finding pirates’ treasure.
10. We used … go fishing every weekend.
Ex. 6 Read and translate in the following order: a) the sentences with the
Gerund; b) the sentences with the Verbal Noun (See “Grammar”, G.23, G.24).
1. Sleeping is necessary.
2. We felt so disappointed at your having missed nearly half the programme.
3. The building of this house will cost much money.
4. Are you dressed for going out?
5. I hate the idea of doing it once more.
6. Then came a general lighting of pipes and cigars.
7. But you don’t mind being asked to help us, do you?
8. The forest resounded with the hooting of owls and the howling of wolves.
9. She blamed herself for having been a dull companion.
10. The singing of those beautiful folk songs impressed me greatly.
11. Your having written is really no excuse for your not coming on the day fixed.
12. Such doings can hardly be explained.
13. The motor was carefully examined before starting.
14. I am very pleased to meet you after hearing so much about you.
15. Your hair wants cutting.
16. I will look forward to seeing you again.
17. It was no use talking about it any longer.
Ex. 7 Match the Russian and the English sentences.
1. Going to the cinema was a good idea.
2. There is no smoking here.
3. It is no good making noise in the library.
Unit 20 Levels and Areas of Management 105
4. It is useless calling for help.
5. Everybody started to smile on his entering the room.
6. President’s appearing in public surprised us.
7. She is afraid of walking in the dark.
8. I don’t mind opening the window.
9. On seeing that she immediately started to cry.
10. He got the money by robbing a bank.
11. The boy left the room without saying goodbye.
12. In case of receiving the letter please inform me as soon as possible.
13. He said about his experience for the purpose of getting that job.
14. I finished working at 7 p.m. and went home.
15. The music stopped but he kept on dancing.
16. This film is worth seeing.
17. My father was busy watching football.
a) Пойти в кино была хорошая идея.
б) Не хорошо шуметь в библиотеке.
в) Здесь не курят.
г) Бесполезно звать на помощь.
д) Увидев это, она немедленно начала кричать.
е) Все нач
али улыбаться, когда он вошел в комнату.
ж) Если вы получите письмо, сообщите, пожалуйста, мне как можно скорее.
з) Мой отец был занят просмотром футбола.
и) Этот фильм стоит того, чтобы его посмотреть.
к) Я закончил работать в 7 часов и пошел домой.
л) Мальчик покинул комнату, не попрощавшись.
м) Музыка пр
екратилась, но он продолжал танцевать.
н) Появление президента на публике удивило нас.
о) Он достал деньги, ограбив банк.
п) Он сказал о своем опыте, чтобы получить ту работу.
р) Она боится гулять в темноте.
с) Я не возражаю против того, чтобы открыть окно.
20.2 Listening
Ex. 8 Get acquainted with the unknown words.
manpower = human resources
scarce – недостаточный, скудный
cause damage
– наносить
ущерб
Ex. 9 Listen to the text “Better Utilization of Resources”.
Ex. 10 Answer the question: How can a firm achieve the same value of
output while reducing all its resource inputs?
106 Section 6: Business Communication
Ex. 11 Retell the text.
20.3 Speech Pattern
20.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 12 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
story – этаж
executive – исполнитель
to guide – руководить, управлять
overall activities – общая, вся деятельность
to constitute – составлять
rank – положение, ранг
title – положение, должность
chief executive officer (CEO) – главный исполнительный директор
Board – совет директоров, правление
to implement – осуществлять, реализовать
to hand down – разрабатывать, исходить (из), спускать
operating procedure – порядок работы, производственный процесс
to supervise – руководить, осуществлять контроль
division manager – руководитель подразделения
department head – начальник отдела
plant manager – директор завода
productions procedure – производственная деятельность
operations manager – директор производства, управляющий
производством
operating employee – работник-исполнитель
former – бывший, прежний
to promote – продвигать по службе
office manager – руководитель отдела (офиса), офис-менеджер
supervisor – инспектор, начальник
foreman – мастер, бригадир
project manager – руководитель проекта
salary – заработная плата в виде оклада(обычно
ежемесячная)
wage – заработная плата (почасовая, сдельная)
accounting – бухгалтерский учет
basic training – основное обучение
equate
to
– ассоциировать, отождествлять
customer – покупатель, клиент, заказчик
advertising – рекламирование, реклама
distribution – распределение, распространение
to apprise – оценивать
performance – деятельность, исполнение
Unit 20 Levels and Areas of Management 107
to ensure – обеспечивать
regulations – постановления, положения законодательства
Ex. 13 Translate the words and word-combinations into Russian. Use the
dictionary if necessary.
Three-story structure (pyramid), levels of management, first-line managers,
middle managers, operating employees, responsible for, define policies, hard work,
good luck, executive, chief executive officer, member of the Board, activities,
supervise, supervisor, division manager, department head, plant manager,
operations manager, foreman, organizational structure, purpose and mission,
research, customer, development, accounting, goods and services, production of
goods, percentage, advertising, to be in charge of, government regulations, to hire,
to determine, to appraise, to guide, to ensure, employment, salary, wage, labour.
20.3.2 The Text “Levels and Areas of Management”
Ex. 14 Read and translate the international words (See “Grammar”, G.27).
organization line structure
pyramid talent major
plan rank procedure
coordinate resource variety
technique production basic training
regulation promotion client
Ex. 15 Read the text “Levels and Areas of Management” and translate it
with the help of dictionary if necessary.
LEVELS AND AREAS OF MANAGEMENT
1. Levels of management
Each organization can be represented as a three-story structure or a pyramid.
Each story corresponds to one of the three general levels of management: top
managers, middle managers, and first-line managers. At the basic level of this pyramid there are operating employees.
A top manager is an upper-level executive who guides and controls the
overall activities of the organization. Top managers constitute a small group. They
are generally responsible for the organization’s planning and developing its
mission. They also determine the firm’s strategy and its major policies. It takes
years of hard work as well as talent and good luck to reach the ranks of top
managers. They are president, vice president, chief executive officer, and member
of the Board.
A middle manager is a manager who implements the strategy and major
policies handed down from the top level of the organization. Middle managers de-
108 Section 6: Business Communication
velop tactical plans, policies, and standard operating procedures, and they coordinate and supervise the activities of first-line managers. Titles at the middlemanagement level include division manager, department head, plant manager, and
operations manager.
A first-line manager is a manager who coordinates and supervises the activities of operating employees. First-line managers spend most of their time working
with employees, answering questions, and solving day-to-day problems. Most firstline managers are former operating employees who, owing to their hard work and
potential, were promoted into management. Many of today’s middle and top managers began their careers on this first management level. Common titles for firstline managers include office manager, supervisor, foreman and project manager.
Operating employees are not managers. They are qualified and non-qualified
persons working for the organization. For their labour or services they get salaries
or wages. They represent the work force of the organization.
2. Areas of management
An organizational structure can also be divided more or less horizontally
into areas of management. The most common areas are finance, operations, marketing, human resources, and administration. Depending on its purpose and mission, an organization may include other areas as well – research and development,
for example, or risk management.
A financial manager is primarily responsible
for the organization’s financial resources. Accounting and investment are specialized areas within financial management. Because financing affects the
operation of the entire firm, many of the presidents
of the largest companies are people who got their
“basic training” as financial managers.
An operations manager creates and manages
the systems that convert resources into goods and
services. Traditionally, operations management is
equated with the production of goods. However, in
recent years many of the techniques and procedures
of operations management have been applied to the
production of services and to a variety of nonbusiness activities. Like financial management, operations management has produced a good percentage of today’s company presidents.
A marketing manager is responsible for the exchange of products between
the organization and its customers or clients. Specific areas within marketing are
marketing research, advertising, promotion, sales, and distribution.
A human resources manager is in charge of the organization’s human resources programs. He or she engages in human resources planning, design systems
for hiring, training, and appraising the performance of employees, and ensures that
Unit 20 Levels and Areas of Management 109
the organization follows government regulations concerning employment practices.
An administrative manager (also called a general manager) is not associated
with any specific functional area but provides overall administrative leadership. A
hospital administrator is a good example of an administrative manager. He or she
does not specialize in operations, finance, marketing, or human resources
management but instead coordinates the activities of specialized managers in all
these areas.
20.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 16 Say the words and word-combinations in English.
Высший руководитель (менеджер), руководитель (менеджер) первого
звена, менеджер среднего уровня, исполнитель (служащий), исполнительный
директор, генеральный директор, директор производства, директор завода,
начальник отдела, руководитель подразделения, начальник, мастер, бухгалтерский учет, цель и задачи, товары и услуги, заработная плата
(ежемесячная), производство товаров, деятельность, уровни руководства
(менеджмента), развитие, правительственные постановления, научное
исследование, покупатель (постоянный), рекламирование, работа по найму,
процентное соотношение, заведовать, нанимать, обеспечивать, оценивать,
разрабатывать, определять политику, управлять (руководить), осуществлять,
решать.
Ex. 17 Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the text
(determine, develop, guides, middle, policies, performance, implements, pyramid,
employees, coordinates, qualified, first-line, controls, solving).
1. Each organization can be represented as a three-story structure or a ....
2. There are three general levels of management: top managers, ... managers and
... managers.
3. A top manager ... and ... the overall functions of the organization.
4. Top managers also ... the firm’s strategy and define its major ….
5. A middle manager ... the strategy and major policies handed down from the top
level of the organization.
6. Middle managers ... tactical plans, policies, and standard operating procedures.
7. They also coordinate and supervise the ... of first-line managers.
8. A first-line manager is a manager who ... and supervises the activities of
operating employees.
9. First-line managers spend most of their time working with ..., answering
10. Operating employees are ... and non-qualified persons working for the
organization, they represent the work force of the organization.
110 Section 6: Business Communication
Ex. 18 Translate the sentences into English.
1. Существует три основных уровня управления (менеджмента): высший
менеджмент, менеджмент среднего звена и менеджмент первого звена.
2. Высшие менеджеры направляют и контролируют общую деятельность
организации, они определяют стратегию и основную политику фирмы.
3. Менеджер среднего звена реализует (осуществляет) стратегию и
основную политику, спускаемые с верхнего уровня организации.
4. Менеджер первого звена следит за деятельностью неуправленческих
служащих и координирует ее.
5. Неуправленческие работники представляют основную рабочую силу
организации.
6. Самыми обычными сферами управления являются финансы,
производственные операции, маркетинг, людские ресурсы и
администрирование. 7. Заведующий финансами, прежде всего, отвечает за финансовые ресурсы
организации.
8. Традиционно директор производства ассоциируется с производством
товаров.
9. Однако в последние годы управление производством относится к
производству товаров и услуг.
10. Управляющий маркетингом ответственен за обмен продукцией между
организацией и ее постоянными покупателями или клиентами.
Ex. 19 Find in the text the sentences with the Gerund (See “Grammar”,
G.23).
Ex. 20 Find in the text the sentences with the Participle I (See “Grammar”,
G.22).
Ex. 21 Find in the text the sentences with the Verbal Noun (See
“Grammar”, G.24).
Ex. 22 Make up the plan to the first and the second parts of the text.
Ex. 23 Answer the questions.
1. What are the levels of management?
2. What are the common titles associated with top management?
3. What are the common titles associated with middle management?
4. What are the common titles associated with first-line management?
5. Who is at the bottom of the management levels?
6. What are the most common areas of management?
7. What is a financial manager responsible for?
8. What is an operations manager traditionally equated with?
9. What is a marketing manager responsible for?
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