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Unit 15. Organization of Loading / Unloading Operations in Seaports 31
Ex. 3 Translate the words in brackets (See “Grammar”, G.20, G.20.3,
G.20.1, G.20.2).
1. Of course, I (могу) translate this article.
2. I think I (мог бы) show you how to do it.
3. You (можно) go and tell her about it.
4. (Можно) I see the doctor now?
5. He (мог бы помочь) you but he didn’t want to bother.
6. You (можете) easily get there in 20 minutes.
7. You (сможете) do it directly on return.
8. (Можно) I have some cream with my tea?
9. You (нельзя) discuss the subject with your friends.
10. She was in a hurry, she (не могла) wait for us.
11. There is a sign. You (нельзя) take pictures here.
12. The swimmer was very tired but he (смог) reach the shore.
13. Before her illness, she (могла) work fourteen hours a day.
14. When they buy a car, they (смогут) visit their friends more often.
Ex. 4 Fill in the blanks with can / could or may / might (or the negative
forms), (See “Grammar”, G.20, G.20.1, G.20.2).
1. … we leave the room? Is the lesson over?
2. … you stand on your head? – I … when I was at school but I … now.
3. … I smoke here? – No, you …, smoking is not allowed.
4. … you type? – Yes, I … type but I … do shorthand.
5. … I come in? – Please, do.
6. Where … I buy fruit?
7. He … answer the teacher’s questions yesterday, but he … answer the same
questions today.
8. … I come and see you this evening? – Of course you ….
9. When I first went to Spain I … read Spanish but I … speak it.
10. He said that we … use his flat whenever we liked.
11. There was a lot of noise in the street last night, and I … sleep.
12. … I borrow your umbrella?
13. The boys … wait for him, they have no time for that.
14. It’s very cold. … I shut the windows?
Ex. 5 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the modal verbs (must, to have
to) if the action is only necessary; by to be to – if it is expected (See “Grammar”,
G.20.3).
1. This is Dora. She (share) your room.
2. I must leave you now. I (do) the cooking.
3. Who (meet) you there?
4. My feet are wet. I (change) my stockings.
32 Section 5: Transport Management
5. I’m afraid you (go) there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache!
6. When the lecture (begin)?
7. Two more apartment houses (be built) here.
8. Well, children, who (do) the dishes tonight?
9. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I (meet) mother at the metro station at 6 sharp.
10. You (leave) at six to catch the train.
11. I (write) a letter to my sister. I am worried about her.
12. She (wear) glasses as her eyesight is very weak.
13. It is raining. You (put on) your raincoat.
14. It was planned that we should wait for them after the performance. We (wait)
for them at the entrance.
Ex. 6 Translate the sentences with the Modal Verbs and the Passive Infini-
tives (See “Grammar”, G.20.7).
1. This book can be taken in the library.
2. This work cannot be finished today.
3. These data could be obtained only in Moscow.
4. This work must be done thoroughly.
5. This work has to be done every day.
6. The question will have to be considered again.
7. The article had to be divided into two parts.
8. The documents must be checked.
9. The permission may be obtained very soon.
10. According to the contract goods are to be delivered in September.
Ex. 7 Translate the sentences with the Modal Verbs and the Perfect Infini-
tives (See “Grammar”, G.20.8).
1. He can’t have done it, it’s very unlike him.
2. They can’t have left without saying good-bye.
3. He may have forgotten about our appointment.
4. She may have already returned home.
5. He must have missed the train.
6. They must have lost your address.
7. She must have left her bag at home.
8. Some mis takes must have been made in the translation.
9. The goods may have been damaged in transit.
10. Can he have said it? – He must have been very angry with you.
15.2 Listening
d
Ex. 8 Get acquainte
with the unknown words.
to extend – расширять
Unit 15. Organization of Loading / Unloading Operations in Seaports 33
concrete column – бетонная свая (колонна)
platform legs arranged in an I-configuration – опоры платформы в виде
буквы I
Ex. 9 Pronounce some geographical names and the plurals.
the North Sea 300 m
271 m 35 000 tons
Norway
Ex. 10 Listen to the text “Oil Fields in Seas”.
Ex. 11 Answer the questions to the text.
1. What is the aim of oil fields in seas?
2. Where are they built mostly?
3. How is oil loaded?
4. Where is the latest offshore structure installed?
Ex. 12 Retell the text.
15.3 Speech Pattern
15.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex.13 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
chief controller’s office – главная диспетчерская
heavy duty derricks = “jumbo” derricks – грузовые стрелы для погрузки /
разгрузки тяжеловесных и боль шемерных грузов
flowing cargoes – сыпучие грузы
Ex. 14 Translate the following English phrases:
To load, loading, to draw up, gang, to be ready, to get ready, tackle, to correct, allotment, to check up, property, reliable stability, derrick, to remove, sling,
pallet, quay crane, to be in charge of.
Ex. 15 Read the text, translate it and find the words with common roots of
the above words.
to converse – разговаривать
to speak – говорить
to hear – слышать
to pronounce – произносить
34 Section 5: Transport Management
When you speak the sound waves travel through the air at the rate of 1 200
feet per second. In a normal conversation the hearer really hears only about 50% of
the sounds produced by the speaker. That explains why foreign languages are often
easier to speak than to understand. Recording instrument show that no the two native speakers of a language pronounce any word or sound of that language alike.
There is always some difference between your pronunciation and that of another
speaker and this enable us to recognize a person by his pronunciation.
Ex. 16 Give the synonyms (a) and the antonyms (b).
a) cargo –
profession –
ship –
individual –
sea –
to build –
industrial –
various –
numerous –
further –
b) inbound – loading –
light –
loud –
personal –
scientific –
special –
well-equipped –
one-purpose –
single –
15.3.2 The Text “Loading”
Ex. 17 Fill in the prepositions (into, between, at, by).
The practice of packing a large quantity of small goods … one big container
makes much easier and quicker transfer … ship and quay. … the same time it reduces pilfering (воровство) losses and damage caused … handling, as the goods
are packed … the containers at the place of manufacture, then sealed for the transit
and finally unpacked … the consignees’ warehouse. Sometimes broken stowage
(неиспользованное пространство) in holds is excessive unless the correct combinations … container lengths and breadths can be obtained.
Containers can be carried … any vessel.
Ex. 18 Translate paying attention to the underlined words.
1. Atomic energy must be used for the common good
of all nations.
2. The extensive application of atomic energy to construction work in the Bering
Strait would be a good
3. Goods
in large quantities cannot be transported by air.
solution to the problem.
4. In future it might be possible to carry goods and passengers from Moscow to
London by train
5. One of the important tasks of our time is to train
.
specialists in the field of cargo
transportation.
Unit 15. Organization of Loading / Unloading Operations in Seaports 35
Ex. 19 Read the text “Loading” and translate it with the help of dictionary if
necessary.
LOADING
1. The commencement of loading
All necessary preparations should be made before the commencement of
loading the ship both in the port and on board the ship to be loaded. First of all, the
cargo plan must be drawn up. In Russian ports this document is usually drawn up
at the chief controller’s office since this office directs cargo work in the port, while
in foreign ports the ship agent and the master draw up the cargo plan.
Before loading the chief stevedore (or boss stevedore as he is called sometimes), who is in charge of loading the ship, secures the necessary number of stevedore gangs, obtains port cargo handling facilities, if necessary, and supplies the
tackles which the stevedores need. He also supervises the correct tonnage allotment for the holds. In the process of loading the chief stevedore checks up if cargoes are properly stowed and trimmed, for proper stowage of cargo ensures the
stability of the ship loaded. It is also his duty to see that the cargo should be properly secured from shifting.
2. Loading facilities
On board the ship the cargo officer sees to
that all necessary preparations for loading should
be made. Under his supervision the crewmen
clear the hatches. They roll back the tarpaulins
from the hatches, remove hatch covers, and remove beams. The crewmen also get ready the
ship's winches, derricks and cranes, if any.
Different kinds of cargo require different
equipment and appliances. So, for loading cases steel slings, nets and pallets are
36 Section 5: Transport Management
necessary; bags require nets and canvas slings; heavy lifts are loaded either with
heavy duty derricks (or “jumbo” derricks as they are also called), the lifting capacity of which is over 5 tons, or with ship's or quay cranes; for loading flowing cargoes elevators and grabs are used; for loading containers there are gantry cranes
and container bridges having container claws; for loading RO-RO vessels or various sorts of vehicles (such as auto trucks, forklift trucks, trailers and others) are
used; as to tankers, they are loaded with the help of pipelines and hoses.
15.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 20 Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the meanings
of prepositions for (для, так как) and since (с, так как, потому что).
1. For loading cases steel slings, nets and pallets are necessary.
2. The chief stevedore will have to obtain quay cranes, for these heavy lifts cannot
be loaded by ship’s means.
3. The vessel has been in the port since Monday.
4. The chief stevedore should supervise the work of all the gangs, since he is re-
sponsible for correct loading and stowage of cargo.
Ex. 21 Give Russian equivalents to the English words and phrases.
To get ready, to be in charge of, to ensure ship’s stability, to secure cargo
from shifting, to shift the vessel 15 metres ahead / astern, a heavy-lift, a heavy duty
derrick, a derrick out-stretch, a safe working load, a list, a list meter, to have a starboard / port list of 5 degrees.
Ex. 22 Make up your own sentences using words and phrases from the
above exercise.
Ex. 23 Find in the text the sentences with the Modal Verbs (See “Grammar”, G.20).
Ex. 24 Make up questions to the underlined parts of the sentence (See
“Grammar”, G.25.2).
1. The cargo plan
2. The chief stevedore is to obtain port cargo handling facilities.
3. The stevedores need supply the tackles.
must be drawn up.
Ex. 25 Agree or disagree with statements using speaking clichés. Work in
pairs.
That’s wrong. – Это неверно.
That’s (quite) right. – (Совершенно) верно.
Unit 15. Organization of Loading / Unloading Operations in Seaports 37
That’s not quite true to the fact. – Это не совсем соответствует факту.
According to the text … – Согласно тексту …
1. I believe in foreign ports the agent and the master don’t draw up the cargo plan.
2. So far as I know the chief stevedore doesn’t secure the necessary number of
gangs.
3. He also doesn’t obtain quay cranes, if necessary.
4. I think the crewmen don’t clear the hatches.
5. They don’t remove the hatch boards and beams, I guess.
6. I believe the cargo officer doesn’t supervise all stages of loading.
7. To my mind stevedores and cargo officers supervise loading.
8. I suspect extraweights are usually loaded only by quay cranes and not by heavy
derricks.
9. It seems to me grain and coals are shipped in bulk.
10. I’m sure a stevedore secures the necessary number of gangs and tackles.
11. I know a cargo plan is usually drawn up by the captain of the ship.
12. I guess the stevedore may begin loading before the cargo plan is ready.
13. A cargo officer secures the tackles for cargo work, to my mind.
14. As far as I know chief engineer supervises the correct tonnage allotment for the
holds.
15. I believe dockers get ready the winches, derricks and cranes for loading.
Ex. 26 Imagine you are a stevedore. Fulfill the following actions.
1. Introduce yourself.
2. Tell the second mate what preparations for loading you’ve made.
3. Ask the second mate what preparations they have made on board the ship and if
the vessel is ready for loading.
Ex. 27 Make up questions beginning with why and answer them (See
“Grammar”, G.25.2).
1. a stevedore uses the cargo plan;
2. it is im
portant to secure the cargo from
shifting;
3. the chief stevedore checks up the stowing and trimming of the cargo in the proc-
ess of loading.
Ex. 28 Tell about loading, using the following questions.
1. What do we call the document showing the disposition of cargo in the holds?
2. When is the cargo plan drawn up?
3. Who is the cargo plan drawn up by?
4. Who makes necessary preparations for loading in the port?
5. What preparations for loading does the chief stevedore make?
6. What does the chief stevedore do in the process of loading?
38 Section 5: Transport Management
7. Who makes necessary preparations for loading on board the ship?
8. What preparations for loading do the crewmen make?
9. Who of the ship’s officers is in charge of loading?
10. What are the cargo officer’s duties?
11. What appliances are used for loading cases (bagged cargo / heavy-lifts / flow-
ing cargoes / containers)?
12. What is the lifting capacity of usual ship’s derricks (of heavy duty derricks)?
13. How are Ro-Ro (tankers) vessels loaded?
14. What cargo handling facilities are there in this port?
Ex. 29 Read the information about the hovercraft. Pay attention to the comments after the text.
Hovercrafts1 or cushion crafts are vehicles that support themselves a small
distance above the ground or water surface on u cushion of air forced downward
by vertical fans2. Unlike road vehicles and boats, hovercrafts have no physical contact with the surface over which they float and, unlike aircraft, they are incapable
of raising above this surface much over a foot or so.
As a vehicle the hovercraft requires three or four times as much power as an
automobile or truck to operate. The same is true in comparison to boats and ships.
On the other hand, cushion crafts require one half to one quarter the power needed
to support an airplane or helicopter in flight.
Hovercrafts find application in those surface transportation tasks that cannot
be done efficiently by automobiles, trucks, buses, trains, or boats.
A hovercraft could ferry troops from conventional troopships to the shore at
speeds over 60 mph3. It would not be obliged to stop at the beach but would continue inland. Hovercrafts are used as ferries, taking passengers, cars and goods to
and from the continent. Another application is for inter-island transportation in arctic waters, where winter ice often makes the waterways impassable4 for ships and
where the ice is not solid or smooth enough to permit the passage of trucks or
sledges.
There are three principal types. Each type establishes a high-pressure bubble
between itself and ground or water surface by operation of high-pressure fans.
Hovercrafts are propelled in forward flight by various methods. The most
efficient method is propulsion with air propellers5, but the rotating propellers may
form a serious hazard to passengers and operators6. Another method is by tilting
the machine as a whole in the direction of intended motion7 so that a part of the
high-pressure becomes available for the forward movement. Sometimes a combination of various methods is used.
The main problems of the hovercraft are the lowering of the amount of power required for hovering and the improvement of control in forward flight. But,
these problems will be solved no doubt, within the coming years.
Comments:
1. hovercraft – судно на воздушной подушке
Unit 15. Organization of Loading / Unloading Operations in Seaports 39
2. vehicles that support themselves a small distance above the ground or water surface on
a cushion of air forced downward by vertical fans – транспортные средства, которые пере-
двигаются на небольшом расстоянии над поверхностью воды или земли с помощью воздушной подушки, функционирующей благодаря лопастям винтов
3. A hovercraft could ferry troops from conventional troopships to the shore at speeds
over 60 mph. – Судно на воздушной подушке могло бы служить средством перевозки
войск с обычных военных кораблей на берег на скорости более 60 миль в час.
mph = miles per hour – миль в час
4. impassable – непроходимый
5. propulsion with air propellers – продвижение вперед с помощью воздушных дви-
гателей (пропеллеров)
6. the rotating propellers may form a serious hazard to passengers and operators – вра-
щающиеся двигатели могут стать серьезной опасностью для пассажиров и команды
7. by tilting the machine as a whole in the direction of intended motion – наклоняя всю
машину в направлении предполагаемого движения
Ex. 30 Answer the questions to the above text about the hovercraft.
1. How much power does a hovercraft require?
2. How useful are hovercrafts?
3. How many types of hovercrafts are there?
4. How is the hovercraft moved forward?
5. Is the system perfect?
15.4 Comprehension
Ex. 31 Render in English.
1. Грузовой план должен быть составлен до начала погрузки.
2. Стивидор может начинать погрузку.
3. Мы не можем начинать погрузку, так как грузовой план не готов.
4. Сколько бригад вы обеспечите для погрузки?
5. Какой такелаж вам нужен для работы?
6. Кто будет наблюдать за правильным распределением тоннажа?
7. Подготовь
те лебедки и грузовые стрелы для погрузки.
8. Освободите люки и подготовьте к выгрузке тяжеловесы, если они имеют-
ся.
9. Бимсы были сняты двумя матросами.
10. Тяжелые ящики требуют стальных тросов для погрузки.
11. Очевидно, грузчики неверно распределили тяжелые пакеты.
12. Грузчики распределили груз равномерно. Я думаю, нужно проверить бал-
ластные танк
и.
13. В трюм № 2 нужно погрузить 5 тяжеловесов. Достаточна ли мощность
судовых стрел для их погрузки?
14. Какова допустимая нагрузка этой грузовой стрелы? Нам надо погрузить
два тяжеловеса.
15. Нам надо погрузить тяжеловесы, находящиеся на причале.
40 Section 5: Transport Management
Ex. 32 Read the text and do assignments below.
For any business, the cost of transportation is normally the largest single
item in the overall cost of physical distribution. It doesn’t necessarily follow,
though, that a manufacturer should simply pick the cheapest available form of
transportation. Many companies today use the total physical distribution concept,
an approach that involves maximizing the efficiency of physical distribution activities while minimizing their cost. Often, this means that the company will make
cost tradeoffs between the various physical distribution activities.
For instance, air freight may be much more expensive than rail transport, but
a national manufacturer might use air freight to ship everything from a single
warehouse and thus avoid the greater expense of maintaining several warehouses.
When a firm chooses a type of transportation, it has to bear in mind its other marketing concerns – storage, financing, sales, inventory size, and the like.
Transportation, in fact, can be an especially important sales tool. If the firm
can supply its customers’ needs more quickly and reliably than its competitors do,
it will have a vital advantage: so it may be more profitable in the long rub to pay
higher transportation costs, rather than risk the loss of future sales.
In addition, speedy delivery is crucial, in same industries. A mail-order distributor sending fruit from Oregon to Pennsylvania needs the promptness of air
freight. On the other hand, manufacturer shipping lingerie from New York to Massachusetts may be perfectly satisfied with slower (and cheaper) truck or rail transport.
1. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
a) Businesses should use the least expensive form of transportation.
b) Transportation is an important aspect of business.
c) Rail transportation is usually better for companies because it is cheaper than
air transport.
d) Most manufacturers choose the fastest form of delivery.
2. According to the passage, all of the following would influence the type of trans-
portation that a company might choose EXCEPT
a) the type of goods to be shipped;
b) the expense of the shipped;
c) the time it takes for delivery;
d) the size of its warehouses.
3. The author states in the passage that the total physical distribution concept
a) is based on the capability and cost-effectiveness of a transportation system;
b) advocates the use of air freight because of its efficiency;
c) suggests trading goods for transportation services;
d) relies on using warehouses for storing goods.
4. The phrase “cost tradeoffs” means that companies
a) sometimes engage in bartering goods;
b) may choose an expensive form of transportation if costs can be cut in another
area;
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