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Unit 25 Business Documents 191
3. I will not be able to leave Moscow until we finish our calculations.
4. The engineer was to make a report at the conference.
5. One is to be very attentive with crossing the street.
6. A machine can often do work which a man is enable of doing.
7. They will have to try the method described in the article.
8. You might use all the new equipment for your experiments.
9. The material collected is to be sent to the laboratory for examination.
10. To design a spaceship, designers must take many things into consideration.
Ex. 15 Translate the sentences with the Adverbial Clause (See “Grammar”,
G.26.2).
1. The kind of compass the Chinese had was in use up to the 17
th
century.
2. A description of the compass we find in ancient books represents it like a spoon
mounted on a graduated plate.
3. The compass the Chinese invented was further developed by skilled Arab and
European scientists.
4. From ancient books we learn the compass came into use in the 11
th
century.
5. Experience showed the floating needle compass of the earlier type.
6. The attracting properties of loadstones the Chinese had discovered, led them to
the invention of the compass.
Ex. 16 Translate paying attention to the meaning of the verbs might, could,
would, should (See “Grammar”, G.26.4, G.20, and G.19).
1. Within the present and future state of science and engineering we should be able
to create a great dam across the Bering Strait.
2. The builders of the dam should use the knowledge accumulated in the
application of atomic energy.
3. We could separate the coldest Arctic Ocean from the warmest Pacific by means
of the dam.
4. The application of atomic energy would help to create artificial water current.
5. With the accomplishment of the dam it would be possible to change the climate
in the northern region of Asia and America.
6. A direct railway London – Moscow – Washington could be built by the joint
efforts of a number of countries.
7. Atomic locomotives might be used on the railway line over the dam.
8. The idea of peaceful technical co-operation might be put on a practical basis.
9. The solution of the problem would require further studies on the part of
scientists and engineers.
Ex. 17 Translate into English paying attention to should, would, might,
could (See “Grammar”, G.26.4, G.19, and G.20).
1. Было бы очень важно построить плотину в этом районе.
192 Section 6: Business Communication
2. Плотина могла бы сыграть большую роль в промышленном развитии
района.
3. На плотине нужно было бы установить мощные насосы для создания
искусственного теплого течения.
4. Мы могли бы применить атомную энергию для этой цели.
5. Новое течение могло бы изменить климат северных районов Азии и
Америки.
6. Строительство плотины помогло бы решить проблему изменения климат
а.
7. Нам потребовались бы новые мощные локомотивы на линии Лондон –
Москва – Вашингтон.
Ex. 18 Fill in the prepositions (from, with, between, for, in, of, over, on,
across).
1. The Bering Strait lays … Asia and America.
2. A combination … dam and bridge could be built … the Bering Strait.
3. It would keep Arctic ice and cold water … the Pacific.
4. Much should be done … a successful accomplishment … the project.
5. A railway might be built … the dam.
6. It would be necessary to equip the engines … this railway … atomic reactors.
7. Atomic locomotives could run … high speeds.
8. Engineers could make use atomic energy … the operation … the pumps.
9. Artificial water current would approximate the climate … Asia and America …
the climate … Europe.
Ex. 19 Translate paying attention to the underlined words.
1. Atomic energy must be used for the common good
of all nations.
2. The extensive application of atomic energy to construction work in the Bering
Strait would be a good
3. Goods
in large quantities cannot be transported by air.
solution to the problem.
4. In future it might be possible to carry goods and passengers from Moscow to
London by train
5. One of the important tasks of our time is to train
.
specialists in the field of atomic
power engineering.
Ex. 20 Form the adjectives with the help of the suffix -ful, translate them.
Power, doubt, success, use, peace, help, fruit.
Ex. 21 State parts of speech of the following words:
Freely, description, navigation, technical, invention, seventeenth, early,
probably, determination, rotation, practical, natural, consideration, introduction,
appearance, perfection.
Unit 25 Business Documents 193
Ex. 22 Fill in prepositions (at, before, by, for, from, in, of, to).
1. One … the biggest research ships … our country is named M. Lomonosov.
2. The ship can sail thousands … miles … putting … port.
3. Scientists have … their disposal various instruments … complicated research.
4. Sound impulses sent down … the bottom … the ocean are reflected and
accurately recorded … a special receiver.
5. Specimens … soil and water are taken … the bottom … the ocean … various
depths.
6. The formation … one inch … soil … the ocean bed is a process … thousand
years.
Ex. 23 Translate paying attention to the different functions of do (See
“Grammar”, G.8.3).
1. Do you know the name of one of the biggest Russian exploring ships?
2. The underwater television sets do help the scientists to see without any difficulty
the bottom of the ocean.
3. The scientists do everything possible for the better knowledge of the ocean.
4. Their investigations do really expand our knowledge of different phenomena of
nature.
5. Do you realize how long it takes to form every inch of the sea bottom?
Ex. 24 Form the words with the help of the prefixes en- and in- and
translate them (See, “Supplement” 1, table 15).
Large, rich, close, circle, effective, soluble, definite, separable, sufficient,
variable, efficient, accessible.
Ex. 25 Explain the meaning of the suffixes and the prefixes, translate the
words (See “Supplement” 1, table 15).
Acknowledgement, founder, invention, friendship, independence,
independently, achievement, observation, thinker, remarkable, protection,
powerful, lightly, refueling, measurement, overheating.
25.2 Listening
Ex. 26 Get acquainted with the unknown words.
to witness – зд. претерпевать
to aim – нацеливать(ся)
to update – обновлять, модернизировать
round-the-clock – круглосуточно
to pre-book – предварительно заказывать
194 Section 6: Business Communication
to overburden – перегружать
Ex. 27 Listen to the text “Modern Means of Transport in Japan”.
Ex. 28 Answer the questions.
1. What are the key features of Japan’s transport infrastructure?
2. What helps to control the situation in the local airports in the case of accidents
and natural disasters?
3. How is the information exchange between the major seaports organized?
Ex. 29 Discuss the following items:
1. Transport infrastructure in Japan.
2. New Osaka airport.
3. Marine networks.
25.3 Speech Pattern
25.3.1 Active Vocabulary
Ex. 30 Learn the words from your active vocabulary.
to appeal – обращаться
to arouse – вызывать
to create desire – вызывать желание
to convince – убеждать
to activate – побуждать
inquiry – запрос
deadline – крайний срок
quotation – расценка, цена
to draw the attention – привлекать внимание
in the name of – от имени
the rate of freight – ставка (стоимость) фрахта
to hand over – вручать
cargo manifest – грузовой манифест
Mate’s Receipt – штурманская расписка
acknowledging – подтверждающий
Ex. 31 Give the Russian equivalents to the words.
Shipper, shipowner, charter, charterer, term, Bill of Lading, Charter-party,
Manifest, Mate’s Receipt, to issue, specifications, to acknowledge, to exchange
for.
Unit 25 Business Documents 195
25.3.2 The Text “Shipping Documents”
Ex. 32 Read the text “Shipping Documents” and translate it with the help of
dictionary if necessary.
SHIPPING DOCUMENTS
Among the numerous forms of business documents some of them serve
special attention.
1. Sales messages and counter-proposals
Direct advertising, in the form of fax messages to a selected group of
companies, is an effective way to promote sales. Such sales messages should
appeal to the potential customer. They should arouse the reader’s attention, create
desire to make use of your offer, convince him these products or services are the
best ones for him, activate him to place an order.
Almost any communication can be used as a sales message. Announcements
to customers and others or important changes can be used to make your company,
your products or services better known to the public, and to attract buyers.
A buyer need not accept the prices and terms offered by the seller
unconditionally. There will often be good reason to make a counter-proposal with
the object of obtaining better prices or terms, or a shorter time of delivery. As a
result of these negotiations the supplier could make a concession, particularly for
an introductory sale, or if the customer places a large order.
2. Inquiries and offers
An inquiry is sent when a businessman wants some information, especially
about the supply of goods or services, availability of goods or services, catalogues,
delivery times and deadlines, quotation or prices, method of transport, samples,
insurance, terms and discounts, etc.
If a prospective customer addresses suppliers for the first time, it is useful to
tell them something about his own business, the kind of goods or services he needs
and for what purpose they are required. In the case of customers of long standing
or repeat orders, the inquiry may be very simple. Often a phone call will do.
The quotation in reply to an inquiry may be a simple one, containing simply
the prices and other information asked for. Some businessmen, however, will take
the opportunity to stimulate his correspondent’s interest in his goods or services by
including the assurance that the customer will receive personal attention.
Offers are also sent without a preceding inquiry when a supplier wants to
draw the attention of customers and new customers to a special product or range of
goods or services. A firm offer is connected with certain conditions, a deadline for
the receipt of orders, or a special price for certain quantities.
3. Shipping documents
If cargoes are carried by a ship, the shipper is obliged to charter the ship.
The freighting or chartering of such a ship is done through a shipping agent, who
196 Section 6: Business Communication
signs an agreement with the shipowner in the name of the charterer. Such an
agreement is called the Charter-party. The Charter-party must include all terms
concerning the rate of freight, the time of loading, the port or ports of destination,
the loading conditions, and so on. After signing such an agreement the ship is considered to be chartered and the loading of the goods may begin.
As soon as the cargo is agreed upon, the Charter-party is loaded, the Captain
of the ship hands over to the shipper a signed receipt, which confirms that the
whole cargo is received on board ship. Such a receipt is called the Bill of Lading.
A Manifest is a document containing complete specifications of the goods
loaded by a ship. Cargo manifests are drawn up by the agents in the ports of
loading, based upon the Bills of Lading. The Manifest contains the following data:
the name of the ship, port of loading and date of departure, port of destination,
number of Bill of Ladings, marks of packages and contents, names of shippers and
consignees, weight of packages, rate of freight per unit, total freight.
Mate’s Receipt is a document signed by the Chief Officer, acknowledging
the receipt of cargo on board ship. The Mate’s Receipt is exchanged for Bills of
Lading when loading is finished.
Bill of Lading is issued after all mate’s receipts have been collected. Bill of
Lading contains the same descriptions of goods and remarks.
Cargo-plan or Stowage plan shows the part of the hold and the holds in
which the various cargo pieces have been stowed. It shows marks and destination
of cargo. Cargo-plan gives a clear picture of the disposition of each cargo piece.
25.3.3 Drilling
Ex. 33 Make up your own sentences with the following word-combinations:
In the name of a shipper, an agreement with the agent, the receipt confirms
that, depending on the requirements, port of destination, loading conditions, the
weight of package, to acknowledge the signature of, to insert this remark in, the
description of goods, the disposition of cargo pieces.
Ex. 34 Translate as in the pattern using the phrases (is considered, is
known, is believed, is thought, is supposed).
Pattern: The ship is considered to be in the port.
Считают, что судно находится в порту.
1. The agreement is considered to be signed.
2. The agent is believed to be on board ship.
3. The shipper is known to be in the port.
4. The Captain is known to be an experienced man.
5. The ship is considered to be moored.
6. The Cargo manifest is thought to be drawn up by the agent.
7. The rate of freight is believed to be very high.
Unit 25 Business Documents 197
8. The Bill of Lading is supposed to be issued in three copies.
Ex. 35 Translate the words in brackets.
1. I can’t give you (расписку) as you have some broken boxes.
2. According to (условиям) of Bill of Lading follow the descriptions of goods.
3. A Manifest is (составляется) by the agent.
4. Look at the Manifest to make sure of the (дата отправления) of the cargo.
5. Look at the marks to know the (содержимое) of the boxes.
6. They (вынуждены) to charter the ship.
7. I don’t see the (расположение) of each cargo piece in this document.
Ex. 36 Match the two columns.
1. a document signed by the chief officer, acknowledging
the receipt of cargo on board ship
2. a document containing complete specifications of the
goods loaded by a ship
3. a document which shows the clear disposition of each
a) Bill of Lading
b) Cargo-plan
c) Mate’s Receipt
d) Manifest
e) Charter-party
cargo piece on board ship
4. an agreement with the shipowner for the carriage of the
goods
5. a document which is exchanged for the Mate’s Receipt
Ex. 37 Translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the
word term.
1. We must agree about the terms concerning the time of loading.
2. Each academic year has two terms at any university.
3. I don’t know the term “trimming the goods”.
4. The Charter-party includes all terms concerning the loading conditions.
Ex. 38 Agree or disagree using the clichés:
That’s wrong. – Это неверно.
That’s (quite) right. – (Совершенно) верно.
That’s not quite true to the fact. – Это не совсем соответствует факту.
According to the text ... – Согласно тексту ...
1. Chartering a ship is done through a stevedore.
2. An agreement for the carriage of cargoes is called Bill of Lading.
3. Cargo-plan shows the disposition of the goods in the holds.
4. The Captain hands over to the shipper a confirmation on that the whole cargo is
received on board ship.
198 Section 6: Business Communication
Ex. 39 Answer the questions to the text.
1. What do you call Charter-party?
2. What do you call Bill of Lading?
3. What do you call Manifest?
4. What do you call Mate’s Receipt?
5. What do you call cargo plan?
6. How is chartering usually done?
7. Who signs the Charter-party in the name of the Charterer?
8. What terms must the Charter-party include?
9. What is the Cargo Manifest based upon?
10. Who signs the Mate’s Receipt?
11. What does the Mate’s Receipt acknowledge?
12. What is the Mate’s Receipt exchanged for?
13. Is there any difference between cargo-plan and stowage plan?
Ex. 40 Say on: а) cargo-plan; b) Bill of Lading; c) the Cargo Manifest; d)
the Mate’s Receipt using the following words and word-combinations:
To show, marks, destination, to contain, to issue, to depend on, requirement,
specification, to draw up, to be based upon, departure, total freight, to be signed, to
exchange for.
Ex. 41 Ask in English (See “Grammar”, G.25.2).
1. кто составляет грузовой план;
2. какой документ показывает расположение каждой партии груза в трюме;
3. из какого документа вы можете узнать о полной спецификации груза;
4. какие данные содержит манифест;
5. при каких условиях начинается погрузка груза на судно;
6. кто следит за укладкой груза в трюма;
7. в каком случае обменивается штурманская расписка на коносамент.
Ex. 42 Find the equivalents of the following words and expressions in the
dictionary. Learn them.
to be accustomed to with reverence for tradition
to observe rituals and customs to shake hands
to achieve a rapport to treat the other person
to refrain from doing smth a person’s title represents standing
to express one’s gratitude to be accorded a high degree of importance
to equate smth with smth mere formality
Unit 25 Business Documents 199
Ex. 43 Read the text “Business across Cultures” and render it in Russian in
7 minutes.
BUSINESS ACROSS CULTURES
Upon meeting someone for the first time, a businessperson will first bow
instead of shaking hands, in Japan. Shortly thereafter, business cards are
exchanged. The nature of the bow will vary from fairly shallow to extremely deep
and respectful, depending on the rank and relevance of the other party, or on the
relationship with the other party’s company. As with people in business anywhere
in the world, the exchange of business cards by relevant parties is pretty much
automatic. However, when business cards are exchanged between Japanese, it is
not only to find out the other person’s name but also their rank, as this information
is used to determine how to treat the other person. In this sense, the exchange of
business cards can be said to fulfill a practical function above and beyond mere
formality. Businesspeople in Japan are similar to businesspeople in the West in that
they are given titles based on their rank in the company, from the chairman and
president on down. Compared with other countries, however, the extent to which
these titles are emphasized by their colleagues, their families, and even society as a
whole, is extremely high. Japanese say, “Names reveal substance.” In addition to
ability, a person’s title represents standing, track record, and popularity within the
company. It is also taken as a fair indicator by third parties who value trust. Titles
are thus accorded a high degree of importance by a great many Japanese. Some of
the most respected titles in Japanese society include high-level government
officials, university professors, artists, prominent business executives, and other
professionals.
Ex. 44 Translate revising the Gerund and the Infinitive (See “Grammar”,
G.21, G.23).
1. Further, upon becoming adults, the Japanese are expected to observe even more
rituals and customs. (preposition + gerund; complex subject)
2. Upon meeting someone for the first time, a businessperson will first bow
instead of shaking hands. (preposition + gerund)
3. In this sense, the exchanges of business cards can be said to fulfill a practical
function above and beyond mere formality. (complex subject)
25.4 Comprehension
Ex. 45 Translate from Russian into English.
1. Матросы немедленно выполнили приказания капитана.
2. Документы, указывающие количество, род и вес груза, отправленного из
Киева, получены банком.
200 Section 6: Business Communication
3. Пароход, специально построенный для прокладывания пути сквозь лед,
называется ледоколом.
4. Мы сами застрахуем товар.
5. Какие товары готовы к отгрузке? Что готово к отгрузке?
6. Сколько мешков готово к отгрузке?
7. Сколько пшеницы вы погрузили на этот пароход?
8. Есть ли у вас пароход для перевозки этих товаров? – Нет, мы должны
зафрахтовать пароход.
9. Пароход зафрахтован.
10. Товары доставлены сегодня сухогруз
ом.
11. Я уверен, что товары будут уже доставлены в порт, когда мы получим их
телеграмму.
12. Какие товары грузили, когда вы приехали в порт?
13. Лес перевозится на специальных судах, называемых лесовозами.
14. Нам только что сообщили, что пароход прибыл в Одессу.
15. Он сказал нам,
что эта фирма экспортирует нефть.
16. Он просил их застраховать судно как можно скорее, чтобы товары были
доставлены в срок.
17. Машины могут быть отправлены паромом Минск.
18. Они не выполнили условия договора. Сегодня 25 мая, а товары должны
быть доставлены не позже 10 мая.
19. Я видел, как ящики упаковали,
положили на грузовик и увезли на склад.
20. Капитан приказал матросам вымыть палубу.
21. Стивидор приказал осмотреть груз без промедления.
22. Нас попросили сообщить о прибытии груза.
23. Покупатели просили отгрузить товары первым пароходом.
24. Мы не приняли предложение судовладельца, считая, что фрахтовые
ставки слишком высоки.
25. Мы рассчитываем на то, что вы немедленно зафр
ахтуете судно.
26. Имеются специальные суда для перевозки зерновых культур.
27. Капитан стоял на палубе, давая распоряжения матросам.
28. Сухогруз, зафрахтованный для перевозки этих товаров, прибудет в порт
назначения завтра.
29. Они сказали, что в настоящее время круизный лайнер готовится к новому
рейсу.
30. Если бы вы предупредили,
что судно зафрахтовано компанией “N”, мы
бы не начинали ремонтных работ в трюмах.
Ex. 46 Translate from English into Russian.
1. The cargo of the steamer consists of different raw materials.
2. The cargoes will be discharged to-morrow.
3. The dockmen are discharging the steamer.
4. The customs officer is counting the cases.
5. The buyers will insure the cargo with “Gosstrakh”.
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