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Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
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2. Graphene's shining light could lead to super-fast Internet
By combining graphene with metallic nanostructures, they show a
twentyfold enhancement in harvesting light by graphene which
paves the way for advances in high-speed internet and other
communications. By putting two closely-spaced metallic wires on
top of graphene and shining light on this structure, researchers
previously showed that this generates electric power. This simple
device presents an elementary solar cell.
More importantly for applications, such graphene devices can be
incredibly fast, tens and potentially hundred times faster than
communication rates in the fastest internet cables, which is due to
the unique nature of electrons in graphene, their high mobility and
high velocity.
The major stumbling block towards practical applications for these
otherwise very promising devices has so far been their low
efficiency. The problem is that graphene – the thinnest material in
the world – absorbs little light, approximately only 3%, with the
rest going through without contributing to the electrical power.
The Manchester researchers have solved the problems by
combining graphene with tiny metallic structures, specially
arranged on top of graphene.
These so-called plasmonic nanostructures have dramatically
enhanced the optical electric field felt by graphene and effectively
concentrated light within the one-atom-thick carbon layer.
By using the plasmonic enhancement, the light-harvesting
performance of graphene was boosted by twenty times, without
sacrificing any of its speed. The future efficiency can be improved
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even further.
Dr Alexander Grigorenko, an expert in plasmonics and a leading
member of the team, said: "Graphene seems a natural companion
for plasmonics. We expected that plasmonic nanostructures could
improve the efficiency of graphene-based devices but it has come
as a pleasant surprise that the improvements can be so dramatic."
Professor Novoselov added: "The technology of graphene
production matures day-by-day, which has an immediate impact
both on the type of exciting physics which we find in this material,
and on the feasibility and the range of possible applications.
"Many leading electronics companies consider graphene for the
next generation of devices. This work certainly boosts graphene's
chances even further."
Professor Andrea Ferrari, from the Cambridge Engineering
Department, who lead the Cambridge effort in the collaboration,
said "So far, the main focus of graphene research has been on
fundamental physics and electronic devices.
"These results show its great potential in the fields of photonics
and optoelectronics, where the combination of its unique optical
and electronic properties with plasmonic nanostructures, can be
fully exploited, even in the absence of a bandgap, in a variety of
useful devices, such as solar cells and photodetectors"
Graphene is a novel two-dimensional material which can be seen
as a monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice.
It is a wonder material that possesses a large number of unique
properties and is currently considered in many new technologies.
The world's thinnest material was discovered at The University of
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Manchester in 2004, which was acknowledged by the 2010 Nobel
Prize in Physics awarded to Geim and Novoselov for their
"groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional
material graphene".
Text С
Innovations that are shaping the future of rail and metro.
Li-Fi
The development of Wi-Fi within rail and metro within transit is
well documented and is a service offered on many trains and at
stations around the world. But a new technology, Li-Fi, could well
soon supersede it and become the future of mobile internet. Li-Fi,
transmits data using the spectrum of visible light and many experts
claim this leads to reduced costs and greater efficiency to
traditional Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi and Li-Fi both transmit data over the
electromagnetic spectrum, but whereas Wi-Fi uses radio waves, LiFi uses visible light. As visible light is far more plentiful than the
radio spectrum its believed it can achieve far greater data density
and provide a better service.
This technology is appealing for railways and metros not only for
the opportunity if offers passengers to better access web-based
material and enjoy a greater array on on-board or at-station
infotainment but also from an operational point of view as Li-Fi by
not using radio frequencies poses no risk of interfering with
mission critical electronic circuitry. This is still a developing
technology and questions still remain over line of sight and issues
of delivery but if executed fully can offer a major opportunity.
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Big Data and rail
A major buzzword for many industries but a development with real
potential for the rail and metro industry. Big Data, defined here as
a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data that is
so large that it’s difficult to process using traditional techniques.
The harvesting of such data has two major areas of potential for
rail and metro. Smarter train communication through wireless
signalling enables operators to constantly receive data from trains
and more effectively monitor performance and highlight potential
problems or maintenance requirements earlier. This can diminish
the time trains are out of service and limit passenger disruption.
In addition, the development of smartcards and CRM systems have
enabled operators to gather a huge amount of data on their
passengers for the first time. This enables operators to gain a
deeper insight into behavioral and movement patterns and make
smarter and more efficient choices accordingly. Not only on an
operational level e.g. staff deployment or passenger station flow
management but also in improving customer service and making
marketing more targeted.
Ex.1 Translate the word combinations from English into
Russian:
Инновации, которые формируют будущее железной дороги и
метро.
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Li-Fi
1. Развитие Wi-Fi на железной дороге и метро в течении
поездки хорошо документировано и является услугой,
предлагаемой на многих поездах и на станциях по всему миру.
2. Но новая технология, Li-Fi, может вскоре вытеснить ее и
стать будущим мобильного интернета. 3. Li-Fi передает
данные с использованием спектра видимого света, и многие
эксперты утверждают, что это приводит к снижению затрат и
повышению эффективности по сравнению с традиционным
Wi-Fi. 4. Wi-Fi и Li-Fi передают данные по
электромагнитному спектру, но в то время как Wi-Fi
использует радиоволны, Li-Fi использует видимый свет.
5. Поскольку видимый свет гораздо более распространен, чем
спектр радиочастот, считается, что он может достичь гораздо
большей плотности данных и обеспечить лучшее
обслуживание.
6. Эта технология привлекательна для железных дорог и метро
не только потому, что предлагает пассажирам лучший доступ
к веб-материалам и более широкому кругу информации на
борту или на станции, но и с эксплуатационной точки зрения,
так как Li-Fi не использует радиочастоты и не создает риска
вмешательства в критически важные электронные схемы.
7.Эта до сих пор развивающаяся технология при полном
осуществлении сможет предложить большие удобства.
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Большие объемы данных (Big data) и железная дорога
8. Главное модное слово для многих отраслей обладает
реальным потенциалом для железнодорожной и
метрополитеновой промышленности.
9. Bigdata, это огромный объем как структурированных, так и
неструктурированных данных, которые настолько велики, что
их трудно обрабатывать с использованием традиционных
методов.
10. Сбор таких данных дает две главные возможности для
железной дороги и метро.
11.Более эффективная коммуникация поездов с помощью
беспроводной сигнализации позволяет операторам постоянно
получать данные от поездов, более эффективно отслеживать
производительность и раньше выявлять потенциальные
проблемы или требования к техническому обслуживанию.
12. Это может сократить время, в течение которого поезда не
работают.
13. Кроме того, разработка смарт-карт и CRM-систем
позволила операторам впервые собирать огромное количество
данных о своих пассажирах.
14. Это позволяет операторам получить более глубокое
понимание поведенческих моделей и моделей движения и
сделать более разумный и эффективный выбор не только на
операционном уровне, например, размещение персонала или
управление потоком пассажиров на станциях, но и в
улучшении обслуживания клиентов и повышении
планирования маркетинга.
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Key vocabulary
To supersede - вытеснять
To transmit – передавать
Electromagnetic spectrum – электромагнитный спектр
Plentiful – изобильный
Data density – плотность данных
Web-based material - веб-материал
Electronic circuitry – электронные схемы
Structured and unstructured – структурированныe и
неструктурированныe
To harvest – собирать
To monitor performance – отслеживать производительность
Passenger station flow management – управление потоком
пассажиров на станции
Texts for improving convesational skills
Text 1
About myself
Text А
I’m Anna Chestnova and I’m the second-year full-time
student of Russian University Transport. My specialty is “Power
Energetics at Railway Transport”. I have to study for five years to
get a diploma and to become a highly qualified specialist. I
graduated from school 2 years ago. I passed 3 Unified State Exams
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on Math, Russian and Physics. Then I applied for 3 universities. I
have chosen the Moscow State University of Railway Engineering
and I was accepted by it. I study many different subjects here, for
example Mechanics, Math, Philosophy and others. My specialty is
very interesting for me and very important one. It is very much
claimed both in our country and abroad. After graduation from the
university I’d like to find a well- paid job. I’m going also to
continue my education if it is possible as a postgraduate student or
abroad.
Text В
My name is Maxim, my surname is Karnaukh. I am from Russia. I
am eighteen years old and I was born on the 13th of June in 2000
in Novozybkov. I have a big family: a mother, a father, a sister, a
grandmother, two cats and five kittens.
The main features of my character are honesty, sociability,
kindness and the ability to work hard. I am fond of cars, PC,
computer games. I like going for a walk, browsing and listening to
dance FM.
I graduated from school in 2018 and entered the Moscow State
University of Railway Communication. I study for a degree of
Human resource management. The previous year being the first
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year student I studied the following subjects: Russian history, High
Mathematics, English and etc. After graduation from the
University I would like to get a well- paid job, to use my
professional experience in future and to have lovely wife and
children.
Text С
My name is Stanislav Nikitin. I am from Russia. I am seventeen
years old. I was born on the 29th of September, 2000 in Moscow.
My father, Andrey is an IT technician at the railway station. My
mother is the Personnel Manager for a Car-Trade company. I have
a brother (a sister). He (she) is older (younger) than me. I am
single. My permanent address is 3272323 Moscow, Nekrasova
Street 21. My telephone number is 84956104421.
The main features of my character are diligence, responsibility and
sociability. I am fond of sport, music, literature and foreign
languages. I am a confident computer user.
This year I have left secondary school number 5 in Moscow and
got the Certificate of Complete Secondary Education. But before
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getting this document, I had to pass three Unified State exams on
Mathematics, Russian language and Social science. The total score
of them gave me a chance to apply to five universities and I was
accepted by two of them. But I have chosen Russian University of
Transport. This University is the leading and the largest transport
institution in Russia. Then I was looking forward to become a
student. Student’s life is interesting and eventful. Nowadays I am a
first year full-time student of RUT. I study on the speciality
Management and Information Technologies.
These days it is evident for almost everyone that to have a good
education and a permanent job, you need to know at least one
foreign language, and English is the most useful language to learn.
After graduating from the University I’m interested in getting a
prestigious and well-paid job and working in the sphere of railway
transport. I hope that I will use all my knowledge in future. I’ll do
my best to become a professional in my sphere. These are my plans
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