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Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
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Germany and hits st tracks in Emsland. States on around the
United which was only delivered later. The ER-200 EMU was put
into regular service in 1984. In 1992 a second ER- 200 trainset was
built in Riga. Both sets were retired in 2009. Lines in operation:
•The Sapsan on the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway is Russia's
highest speed railway with a top speed of 250km/h (155mph). The
first upgraded 250 km/h service using Russian high speed trains
Sapsan went into service on December 26, 2009.
•Helsinki-St. Petersburg: 200 km/h (124 mph) high-speed service
using Karelian Trains Class Sm6 (Allegro) trains started on
December 12, 2010, reducing travel time from 5.5 hours to 3.5
hours. The trains run at 200 km/h (124 mph) on most of the
Russian part, and 220 km/h (137 mph)
•Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod: High-speed traffic in Nizhny
Novgorod began in July 2010.Two Sapsan trains make shuttle trips
between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow, and one between Nizhny
Novgorod and St. Petersburg. The latter route takes 8 hours and 30
minutes, compared to the previous 14 hours.Nevertheless, like the
gradual speed increases of Afrosiyob in Uzbekistan, the line is
technically not full HSR speed; the line has been undergoing
upgrades as of 2018.
Since the Sapsan service between Moscow and St Petersburg
shares tracks with regular passenger trains and freight trains, it has
been widely reported that its introduction has resulted in the
cancellation of a number of more a short stretch in Finland.
affordable long-distance passenger and commuter trains, and long
delays for many other trains that continue to run. Moreover, the
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numerous level crossings along the line have to be kept closed to
road traffic for longer for the high-speed trains than for regular
ones (the crossing is closed 15 minutes ahead of a fast train passing
railway. In some small towns dependent on commuter trains for
connection with the outside world, and on level crossings for local
travel, such as Chupriyanovka through; the resulting delays have
been criticized by motorists and bus passengers, as well as by
ambulance and fire services in towns along the (population 2,500)
near Tver, local officials have expressed the sentiment that "our
town is cut into two halves for over seven hours each day" and that
"we have been cut off from the outside world". Overall, the feeling
is widespread that the new service benefits the country's moneyed
elite, while severely inconveniencing the majority of the
population in the regions through which the railway runs.
As of 2015, the additional tracks for high speed trains and overcrossings were built.
Module 2
Lesson 1
Text A
Improving the efficiency of rail transport in Russia
Improving the efficiency of rail transport in Russia is carried out
on the basis of a targeted scientific and technical policy of the
industry. The strategy of development of railway transport is
concentrated in five main areas: managing information systems and
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new technologies, new technical means, improving financial,
economic and marketing work, traffic safety, social security.
In the framework of the target program “Development and
production of passenger rolling stock at the Russian enterprises”,
scientists and industry specialists are working to create rolling
stock that meets the modern world level. In particular, two
experienced domestic AC electric locomotives EP200 with a
capacity of 7200 kW with a design speed of 140 km / h were
manufactured and tested. These electric locomotives are designed
for high-speed sections of railways.
During the period of implementation of the program to improve the
safety of train traffic on the Russian railway transport, safety
devices, rolling stock diagnostics tools, tracks, and a contact
network have been created and are being implemented, which
allow to determine in advance the occurring faults and timely
eliminate them; systems that prevent human error and are able in
this case to take control; vocational training and retraining
simulators, as well as psychodiagnostic complexes for the
professional selection of train-related workers.
Locomotive farm is one of the largest consumers of innovation. Of
the funds allocated to locomotive farms (22% of the total volume),
57% is directed towards the creation of prototypes of the new
generation rolling stock. The main innovative areas are: improving
the technology of overhaul repair of electric locomotives, diesel
locomotives and electric trains; saving energy, fuel, oil, labor and
materials; resolution of the problem of import substitution
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The main direction of innovation in travel facilities is to increase
the reliability of the track and facilities, ensuring uninterrupted and
safe movement of trains while simultaneously increasing the
allowable speeds and reducing the cost of maintaining and
repairing the track.
The main task of signaling and communication is the renewal and
development of railway automation and remote control equipment.
To solve this problem, innovative activities are carried out in the
economy in the following areas: implementation of dispatching
centralization on microprocessor technology for low-density areas
with control of the free span; the introduction of systems for the
maintenance of automatic stations on single-track lines;
implementation of electronic code lock; the introduction of
microprocessor centralization and motion control on the basis of
the control computer complex; introduction of relay-processor
centralization of arrows; development of a coordinate control and
train control system based on a digital radio channel; satellite
navigation for high-speed and low-density sites; development of
means of railway automation and remote control on the domestic
element base.
In the field of informatization, work is underway to process the
main existing and create new application systems with the
simultaneous development of infrastructure.
In the future, the development of informatization on the basis of
breakthrough technological principles is expected, which will
radically change the entire production technology; therefore, the
industry has significantly intensified innovative and investment
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activities in the field of telecommunications and informatization.
This became possible due to the fact that it was possible in the
shortest possible time to create a mechanism for the
implementation of investment projects on the railway network and
create a project management system. The task for the near future is
the completion of the construction of data transmission networks
and the creation of a developed network of local area networks of
3000 computing enterprises meeting the requirements of applied
automated systems.
The development of information networks will make it possible to
solve the following tasks: improving management efficiency on the
basis of improving the quality and reliability of communication,
reliability of information transfer; meeting the requirements for
data transmission within the existing and implemented information
systems; increase management efficiency; reduction of staff and
the cost of servicing communication equipment and computing
systems. Thus, the development of innovation, the motivation of
innovation processes in railway transport, the introduction of
innovations in the work of Russian Railways and other railway
companies will improve the competitiveness of railway transport in
the transport services market and improve competitive positions in
the context of development of interspecific competition.
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Text B
4 innovations that changed history
The Printing Press
Prior to the rise of the Internet, no innovation did more for the
spread and democratization of knowledge than Johannes
Gutenberg’s printing press. Developed around 1440 in Mainz,
Germany, Gutenberg’s machine improved on already existing
presses through the use of a mould that allowed for the rapid
production of lead alloy type pieces. This assembly line method of
copying books enabled a single printing press to create as many as
3,600 pages per day. The printing press not only made books
affordable for the lower classes, but it helped spark the Age of
Enlightenment and facilitated the spread of new and often
controversial ideas.
Paper Currency
Throughout much of human history, money took the form of
precious metals, coins and even raw materials like livestock or
vegetables. The inception of paper money ushered in a bold new
era—a world in which currency could purchase goods and services
despite having no intrinsic value. Paper currency was widely used
in China in the ninth century, but did not appear in Europe until the
late 1600s. Spurred on by frequent shortages of coins, banks issued
paper notes. By the late 19th century many nations had begun
issuing government-backed legal tender that could no longer be
converted into gold or silver. Perhaps even more importantly,
paper currency was the vital first step in a new monetary system
that led to the birth of credit cards and electronic banking.
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Steel
While early human societies made extensive use of stone, bronze
and iron, it was steel that fueled the Industrial Revolution and built
modern cities. Evidence of steel tools dates back 4,000 years, but
the alloy was not mass-produced until the invention of the
Bessemer Process, a technique for creating steel using molten pig
iron, in the 1850s. Steel then exploded into one of the biggest
industries on the planet and was used in the creation of everything
from bridges and railroads to skyscrapers and engines.
Domestication of the Horse
Since their domestication some 5,500 years ago, horses have been
inextricably tied to human development. They enabled people to
travel great distances and gave different cultures the chance to
trade and exchange ideas and technology. Equine strength and
agility meant that horses could also carry cargo, plow farmland and
even clear forests.
Antibiotics
A giant step forward in the field of medicine, antibiotics saved
millions of lives by killing and preventing the growth of harmful
bacteria. Scientists like Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister were the
first to recognize and attempt to combat bacteria, but it was
Alexander Fleming who made the first leap in antibiotics when he
accidentally discovered the bacteria-inhibiting mold known as
penicillin in 1928. Antibiotics proved to be a major improvement
on antiseptics—which killed human cells along with bacteria—and
their use spread rapidly throughout the 20th century.
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Ex.1 Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1. До появления интернета ни одна инновация не делала
больше для распространения и демократизации знаний, чем
печатная машина Йоханнеса Гутенберга.
2. Созданная в 1420 году в Майнце, Германия, машина
Гутенберга была усовершенствована на базе уже
существующих прессов.
3. Этот метод сборочной линии копирования книг позволял
одному печатному станку создавать до 3600 страниц в день.
4. Печатный станок не только сделал книги доступными для
низших классов, но и помог в век Просвещения
распространению новых и часто противоречивых идей.
5. На протяжении большей части человеческой истории
деньги приобретали форму драгоценных металлов, монет и
даже сырья, такого как скот или овощи.
6. Изобретение бумажных денег открыло новую эпоху - мир, в
котором валюта могла меняться на товары и услуги, несмотря
на отсутствие внутренней ценности.
7. Бумажная валюта широко использовалась в Китае в девятом
веке, но не появлялась в Европе до конца 1600-х годов.
8. К концу 19-го века многие страны начали выпуск законного
платежного средства, поддержанного правительством, которое
больше не могло быть конвертировано в золото или серебро.
9. Возможно, бумажная валюта была важнейшим первым
шагом в новой денежной системе, которая привела к
рождению кредитных карт и электронных банковских услуг.
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Стали
10. В то время как ранние человеческие общества
использовали камень, бронзу и железо, именно сталь
способствовала промышленной революции и построила
современные города.
11. Свидетельство о стальных инструментах датируется 4000
годами назад, но сплав не производили массовым способом до
изобретения метода Бессемера в 1850-х годах, метода
создания стали с использованием расплавленного чугуна.
12. Сталь затем ворвалась в одну из крупнейших отраслей
промышленности на планете и использовалась при создании
всего, от мостов и железных дорог, до небоскребов и
двигателей.
Приручение лошади
13. С их приручения около 5 500 лет назад лошади неразрывно
связаны с развитием человека.
14. Они позволили людям путешествовать на большие
расстояния и дали другим культурам возможность торговать и
обмениваться идеями и технологиями.
15. Сила лошади и маневренность означали, что лошади могли
также перевозить грузы, пахать сельскохозяйственные угодья
и даже чистые леса.
Антибиотики
16. Это гигантский шаг вперед в области медицины.
Антибиотики спасли миллионы жизней, убив и предотвратив
рост вредных бактерий.
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17. Ученые, такие как Луи Пастер и Джозеф Листер, первыми
узнали и попытались бороться с бактериями.
18.Однакоименно Александр Флеминг совершил первый
прыжок в открытии антибиотиков, когда он случайно
обнаружил ингибирующую бактерии форму, известную как
пенициллин в 1928 году. 19.Антибиотики оказали
значительное улучшение антисептиков, которые убивали
человеческие клетки вместе с бактериями, и их использование
быстро распространилось на протяжении всего 20-го века.
Text C
Big Technology Innovations Of 2019
Within the next five years, the world’s population will hit the 8
billion mark, with one billion of them not having adequate access
to the food supplies necessary for a healthy life.
Here are technological solutions being proposed, which will be
discussed at IBM Think conference in San Francisco, which starts
today.
From tiny seeds, digital twins can grow
The concept of building digital twins to enable us to learn from
simulations has taken hold in industry, and in agriculture too, it
holds a great deal of promise.
Highly accurate sensors and data-gathering technology allow
increasingly detailed and close-to-reality simulations to be
constructed digitally, to experiment with new methods of food
production and increase efficiency and crop yields.
At the same time, the ecological impact of farming can be
monitored and minimized, by allowing us to achieve a better
understanding of the interactions between agriculture and the
natural environment.
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