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Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
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technologies gives the organization the chance to develop
modern technologies that contribute to improving the
attractiveness of the company in the market. Entering a
supportive IT management system in an organization is a
very important stage nowadays. Knowledge about the
development and possibilities of using devices and
programs is the basic factor in the implementation of the
virtual reality management system. Logistics companies in
the world compete with each other in newer applications of
electronic technology. Innovations are often combined with
changes. Innovations also contribute to higher quality,
lower costs and reduced customer service time. Thanks to
innovations, we can meet more consumer needs, while
increasing the profitability of the company.
4. Innovative management.
Innovation is an omnibus of change agents. The basic objective of
innovation is to introduce change to a process – a change that is
favorable, attainable and lucrative. Innovation can be applied to
any field – an idea, product or a service. Innovation principally
necessitates imaginative thinking, combined with the collection of
relevant information and an initiative to obtain greater benefits
from available resources. Innovation has more to do with the
adaptability that it has with inventing. Successful innovation
mandates that the process embraces any changes in the
environment and changes itself so that it can deliver better results.
The process of innovation invariably includes the component of
risk, as newer paths are discovered, and uncharted territory is
explored. Risk-taking is an irreplaceable element of innovation.
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Basics of innovative managment
What is innovation management?
Innovation management is the process by which innovation is
managed or dealt with by affecting certain decisions, practices and
actions, as a response to a vision or an opportunity. These
decisions, practices and actions are aimed at achieving a certain
target – to generate an idea, product or a service that is of sizeable
business value. The innovation management process necessitates
the use of certain management tools that assist in bringing both
managers and other entities on a common platform and get them to
move towards a common goal. These innovation management tools
can be anything from a simple brainstorming session to something
more complex like planning and prototyping. Innovation
management is a continuous closed process. It cycles between the
following five stages:
Stage 1: Evaluating ideas. In this stage, ideas are evaluated for
their contribution to the planned business model/product. A wide
array of ideas may be considered. However, it is essential to
maintain balance in the ideation process so that too many stray
ideas do not overpower the core objective.
Stage 2: Conceptualizing the product. In this stage, concepts are
developed based on the accepted ideas. Other important criteria
like investment required, break-even time and returns are
evaluated.
Stage 3: Demonstrating the plan. Once a concept is formulated, an
all-encompassing plan is developed and demonstrated to the
customer/end-user.
Stage 4: Validating value to the customer/end-user. Once the
customers or end-users interact with the demonstrated plan, it
becomes possible to ascertain how much value the product will
deliver to the customer. This validation is vital for continuous
improvement of the planned product.
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Stage 5: Developing the product. In this stage, the actual
development of the product takes place. The earmarked investment
is utilized on planned lines in order to build the product, or to
commercialize the already developed product.
Text B
Rails in Great Britain and the USA
1. Rail Loyalty Schemes
Already a major part of business for the airline industry,
passenger loyalty schemes – structured marketing efforts
that reward, and therefore encourage, loyal buying
behaviour – are a developing trend for rail and metro
operators. The development of loyalty schemes has become
particularly important in deregulated markets where the
passenger has a number of choices over a particular route.
It’s also been made possible by the development of
smartcard technology and data storage so it can be run more
effectively and efficiently. One of the most advanced rail
loyalty schemes is run by East Coast in the UK, we asked
Peter Williams their Commercial and Customer Service
Director for more information on this: “Our loyalty scheme
is called East Coast Rewards, which we launched in July
2011. It is a Points-based scheme with points being able to
be redeemed for a number of rewards from train travel
tickets, to cinema tickets, magazine subscriptions, hotel
stays even WiFi or access to our First Classlounges. We’d
actually had a loyalty scheme before but it was a fairly
antiquated system, involving the physical sending in of
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tickets which was pretty labour intensive and only had a
limited membership. The development of our digital
platforms has made East Coast Rewards possible and it’s
been a great success, with us exceeding our targets and we
have plans for its further development.”
2. The GBrailway services - a wide variety of user needs and
geographies.
Unlike most European countries, there is no single national carrier
in the UK. After the reform of the 1980s, there are two and a half
dozen separate companies in the country, each of which serves a
particular line or region. At the same time on many lines
competing several carriers.
Some companies deal only with long-haul transport (for
example, Virgin Trains, East Coast or Cross Country), some - only
for suburban (for example, First Capital Connect, Southern or
Merseyrail), some combine one with another (First Great Western,
London Midland, Southeastern or South West Trains). Finally,
there are companies with just one route - for example, Heathrow
Express and Heathrow Connect.
Since the Rail Technical Strategy was published, in 2012, a
range of programmes have been running which have produced a
catalogue of innovative technology-based solutions to the
challenges facing the GB railway industry. There are currently 12
capability areas.
3. Intelligent trains
Intelligent trains will be aware of themselves and their
surroundings, knowing where they need to be and when, and able
to automatically adjust journeys to meet demand. The company
Hitachi, having transferred part of its production to Europe,
decided to start producing not only fast, but also “smart” trains.
That was the way Hitachi Rail Europe was founded - a symbiosis
of engineering and information technology. In 2004, Japanese
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trains arrived in the UK. First, the old English trains changed the
high-speed High Speed 1 and Javelin 395, and then Hitachi
launched the train-as-service project, the first railway
modernization project in the company’s history using the collection
means , data storage and analysis.
Minimal disruption to train services - Predictive and
preventative maintenance, plus faster repair times, will improve the
reliability and availability of the railway.
4. Services timed to the second
Knowing the exact location and speed of all trains in real time will
improve situational awareness, increase operational flexibility and
allow for faster recovery from disruption.
Personalised customer experience - Providing customers with
tailored information and services so that travel by rail becomes a
seamless part of their overall journey. In general, trains in Britain
run frequently and mostly without delay. On long-distance lines,
the hour or half-hour interval is maintained, and it is possible to
leave even faster near large cities. The designation system for train
types in England also has its own. The fastest trains carrying
speeds of around 200 kilometers per hour are called the High
Speed Train (HST), or InterCity, or simply Express.
Unlike other Europe, in England schedules can be
published separately for working days and for weekends and
holidays. On some lines, the number of trains at weekends is
decreasing, on others it is increasing. Saturday usually refers to
working days. Also, the routine schedules for the station on the
continent are almost not applied. Schedules are given separately for
each direction
UK Rail is the world's oldest railway. The country remains one of
the most densely covered with railways. It is also one of the busiest
networks in Europe.
.
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Ex.1Answer the questions:
1. When did the reform take place that allowed the railway of
England to differ radically from the railway of Russia?
2. Why is there no single national carrier in the country?
3. When a number of programs were launched where a catalog of
innovative technological solutions was prepared?
4. What company began to introduce not only fast but also smart
trains?
5. When did Japanese smart trains arrive in the UK?
6. How do smart trains work?
7. What improves the reliability and availability of railways?
8. How are train schedules published?
9. What is the name of the oldest railway in the world?
10. What can reduce the load on certain destinations in the
weekend?
5. Light rail returns to the agenda in England
UK: Light rail is returning to the agenda in England, following a
period when national policy has favoured bus-based projects.
Contracts are expected to be signed this month for a major
revitalization of Britain’s only traditional tramway, agreement has
been reached to revive Manchester’s ‘Big Bang’, and new vehicles
are being sought for existing networks. On May 6 Blackpool
council selected preferred bidders for contracts to modernize the
resort’s 18 km tramway. Modern vehicles, track upgrading and
limited-stop services will provide a faster service to attract
passengers. Bombardier is to supply 16 Flexity 2 low-floor trams
to operate alongside the current vintage fleet. The first will be
delivered in May 2011, entering service by Easter 2012. Council
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Project Manager Paul Grocott said the emphasis has been on
obtaining a standard European product, with the successful aim of
increasing the number of competing bidders to keep costs down.
BAM Nuttall is preferred bidder for the replacement of 8 km of
track, while Volker Fitzpatrick will build a £20m depot on a
seafront site at Starr Gate. Meanwhile, the Phase 3B expansion
plans for Manchester’s Metrolink light rail network are set to be
submitted to the government after a £1·4bn funding package was
agreed by the 10 boroughs in Greater Manchester. A referendum
last December had rejected a planned £3bn package linked to the
imposition of a road congestion charge (RG 1.09 p13), but the
local authorities now plan to borrow against small long-term local
tax increases to fund the work, with transport grants to the
boroughs from the government to be ‘sliced’ with 40% reserved for
the programme. Midland Metro is seeking new vehicles to increase
capacity, allow for network extensions and replace the existing
fleet of 16 Ansaldo Breda cars. Tram-train operations are planned
on disused freight-only rail routes between Wednesbury, Dudley
and Stourbridge, while a 3·2 km extension in central Birmingham
will improve access to New Street station and help raise the public
profile of the light rail system.
USA: Incremental improvements to permit more frequent and
reliable passenger services are more important in revitalising the
inter-city rail sector than developing a national network of 320
km/h trains, according to Amtrak President & CEO Joseph
Boardman. Testifying before the Illinois House Railroad Industry
Committee on May 11, Boardman emphasised that ‘it’s really not
about the speed. It’s about reduced travel times.’ Noting that 175
km/h would still be twice the national road speed limit, Boardman
emphasised that ‘the competitive advantage is with the train.’ He
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backed the local Midwest Regional Rail Initiative, which envisages
a nine-state network of inter-city routes radiating from Chicago,
where trials have demonstrated the feasibility of faster operation on
conventional routes. However, to achieve competitive journey
times investment is needed to modernise track and signalling,
eliminate congestion and reduce conflicts between freight and
passenger trains. Amtrak Chairman Tom Carper pointed out that
‘the key to going fast is not to go slow’, and adding that on some
routes getting the average speed up to 65 km/h ‘would be a big
improvement’. Boardman is keen to damp down speculation about
a national high speed network, suggesting that the country is
simply too big. Instead, the focus should be on regional networks
or corridors linking the major cities up to 700 km apart,
comparable with many routes in Europe. Plans for dedicated high
speed lines have been floated in several states, and the Texas
Senate has recently approved legislation to develop a high speed
network as a public-private venture. Most advanced at present is
the 1 300 km network in California, for which voters approved first
6. City Transport of New York
Visitors to America are immediately struck by the number of
automobiles on the highways and in the city streets. Cars fill the
roads and crowd the streets of the city.
For a city like New York, city transport is a big problem. Though
there are a lot of private automobiles, many people still use public
transport. New York’s public transport includes the subway, an
extensive bus and street car service and taxi cabs.
In rush hours it is better to take the subway. You walk a few blocks
to the nearest subway and get downstairs. You buy some tokens at
the change booth and get through the turnstile. Then you have to
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find the right platform. In New York subway system there are
parallel tracks for local and express trains. The local train stops at
every station, the express only at every fifth or sixth station. It is
very convenient to take an express if you go very far to the other
end of the city. New York subway system is a rather complicated
one.
New York has an extensive bus service operating on a transit basis.
When a passenger enters a bus or street car and deposits his fare in
the fare box, he may request a transfer. The driver or operator will
give him a slip of paper on which there will be printed the time and
direction of the trip. With this transfer, the passenger may get on
another bus or street car at a transfer point on his route and
continue his ride without additional cost.
A taxi cab service is another means of transportation in the city.
There are no taxi stands and you can stop a taxi by whistling,
shouting or raising your hand. Taxi cabs keep running along the
streets all the time. Tips are a vital part of drivers’ earning.
Ex.1 Translate the sentences from Russian
Into English:
Городской транспорт Нью-Йорка
1. Посетителей в Америке сразу же поразило количество
автомобилей на магистралях и на городских улицах.
2. Автомобили заполняют дороги на улицах города.
3. Для такого города, как Нью-Йорк, городской транспорт это большая проблема.
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4. Хотя есть много частных автомобилей, многие люди до сих
пор пользуются общественным транспортом.
5. К общественному транспорту Нью-Йорка относятся метро,
автобусы и трамваи, и такси.
6. В часы пик лучше пользоваться метро.
7. Пройти несколько кварталов до ближайшего метро и
спуститься вниз, затем купить несколько жетонов в обменном
аппарате и пройти через турник и после этого вам нужно
найти нужную платформу.
8. В Нью-Йоркском метро есть параллельные пути для
местных и экспресс-поездов.
9. Местный поезд останавливается на каждой станции,
экспресс-только на каждой пятой или шестой станции.
10. Экспресс поезда очень удобны, если ехать очень далеко на
другой конец города.
11. Нью-Йоркская схема метро довольно сложная.
12. В Нью-Йорке существует распространенная автобусная
система, работающая на транзитной основе.
13. Когда пассажир входит в автобус или трамвай, он может
просить о переводе на другой маршрут.
14. Водитель или оператор выдаст ему листок бумаги, на
котором будет напечатано время и направление поездки.
15. С этого трансфера пассажир может сесть на другой
автобус или трамвай и продолжить поездку без
дополнительной платы.
16. Такси - это еще одно средство передвижения в городе.
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