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Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
.pdf
17. В городе нет стоянки такси, и вы можете остановить такси
свистом, криками или поднятием руки.
18. Такси разъезжают по улицам все время.
19. Чаевые являются жизненно важной частью заработка
водителей.
Text C
Developing innovations in Russia
It is not a secret that Russia had a gap in innovations last 300 years.
There is an opinion that Russia repeats an ineffective model in
modern history, which presented in the book of Loren Graham
«Lonely Ideas: Can Russia Compete? ». He is a professor of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Observing another attempt
of Russian`s economic modernization Graham trys!!!!to answer the
question of this gap in his book.
The name of this book speaks for itself: the path from invention to
innovation goes through a system of social and political
institutions, which had never been contributed to the
implementation of it. From 19 century Russian innovations remind
a book of burred industries and projects: lost supremacy of military
industry, overtaking building of railways, destroyed genetics,
uncreated PC`s and many others. But I should point some details:
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Russian scientists have never been trailed behind European and
American colleagues. Being first in investigations did not
guarantee a mass introduction because of political or financial
restrictions.
Usually commercialized idea wasn`t successful: inventors were not
good in business. Many inventors emigrated in other countries. As
a result whole world convinced than electricity was invented by
Edison, not Yablochkov, a radio by Marconi, not Popov. And
nowadays no Russian company is leading in these spheres.
Authoritarian political system was a monopolist in determining a
direction of researches excluding many other ones. So soviet
airplane constructions had to create airplanes for fastest and
longest flights, not most comfortable. That’s why we have
undeveloped commercial aviation. Due to monopolization of
government plan for innovation there was no other way of
financing.
Industries in which Russian scientists have a success cosmonautics, nuclear power and software - confirm the listed
regulations. The Soviet space program and achievements in the
field of "peaceful atom" were supported by the country's
leadership, as important elements of competition with America.
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And the success of Russian programmers explains the inability to
control by the state over an extensive network of free agents.
So Yuri Gagarin and Evgeny Kaspersky represent two ways of
modernizing Russia - the "top" through the implementation of state
super projects, and "bottom ", by creating a system of institutions
that encourage the development of the creative and entrepreneurial
potential.Although historical experience demonstrates the dangers
of the first way, it seems as we areconfidently moving towards
traditional modernization.
Despite the wealth of historical experience Russia used not to
create an environment for innovation. Country is finding
breakpoints and magic solutions, which include wonderful city
Skolkovo, and the corporation «ROSNANO». In the last part of the
book, thinking about whether Russia will be able this time to break
out of three hundred years old traps, Lauren Graham, describes a
conversation of MIT manager and Russian colleagues in 2010.
American manager paid much attention to the system of
institutions and links between universities, foundations, investors
in the development of innovation. But Russian colleagues
constantly interrupted him, asking how to create a "best" high-tech.
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At some point, the American broke down and cried: "You want to
get the milk without a cow»!
Answer the questions:
1) What is the opinion of an American professor Loren
Graham concerning the gap in innovations in Russia?
2) What’s the cause of such a big gap?
3) What does L.Graham think about innovations in Russia
from XIX century up to now?
4) What is the comparison between Russian scientists and
their European or American colleges?
5) Why does Russia have undeveloped commercial aviation?
6) In what way are innovations and financing connected wish
monopolistic government planning?
7) Why are Russian programmers so successful?
8) What are two ways of modernizing Russia?
9) Does Russia manage to create an environment for
innovation?
10. What does the anther of the book mean saying; “ You want
to get the milk without a cow”?
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Lesson 2
Text A
Innovation in Canada
Innovation is the linchpin of Rail's continued growth and success,
and has propelled Rail to a position of leadership across Canada.
As the backbone of the transportation system Rail innovation and
its impact on the Canadian economy is fundamental and
significant. Visionaries conceived and created Canada's Rail
system and their imagination is still very much alive in the fibre of
Rail today.
From the early 1870s, when Canadian Rail planner and engineer
Sir Sandford Fleming changed time by dividing the Earth into 24
time zones (Standard time) so that everyone in the world can be on
roughly similar schedules to improvement in lubricators for steam
engines that used steam pressure to pump oil wherever it was
needed and helped keep trains on time, innovation and technology
have been at the forefront of the Rail business for more than a
century.
Innovation is, and will continue to be, an integral part of the way
railways conduct their business. Technological and process
innovations help increase system safety, efficiency and reliability.
This in turn lowers costs to customers and increases productivity.
While these cutting edge innovations bring about tremendous gains
throughout the supply chain, there is a need for better cooperation
between government and industry stakeholders surrounding how
these innovations affect regulation. A closer working relationship,
based upon data rich evidence-based policy discussions, is needed
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in order to ensure that regulations support, rather than inhibit,
innovation. Imminent demographic shifts in the rail industry also
provide an opportunity to bring in a new generation of technologyoriented recruits and create an even more flexible and innovative
workforce for the future.
Innovations can be both technological and process related. For
example, using longer trains means increased efficiency in the
movement of raw materials for the natural resource sector. This
lowers costs, and enhances Canada's ability to compete
internationally. Different configurations of trains also reduce wear
and tear on rolling stock and rail infrastructure. The subsequent
reduction in the need to take track offline for repairs creates, in
effect, more capacity on the system and enhances safety.
New digital devices will also allow railways to gather performance
and safety information automatically, and assess it in real time to
allow for a transition from reactive to preventive maintenance. This
also improves consistency and reliability, and improves the
effectiveness of new capital investments. However, the rapid
implementation of these new technologies has created a need for
regulators to catch up to the new ways in which the system
operates.
But Rail Innovation is not limited to technology. It extends
throughout and is best recognized in the people who work for Rail
each day. Through a commitment to education, skill development
and best practices, Rail employees are highly skilled, well trained
and dedicated.
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Questions:
1. Who changed time by dividing Earth into 24 time zones?
2. What did visionaries conceive and create?
3. What was the steam pressure used for?
4. What was innovation ?
5. How did technological and process innovations help?
6. What did innovations bring?
7. What will also allow railways the new digital devices?
8. What did the rapid implementation of those new
technologies create?
9. What does the rail innovation extend?
10. What did different configurations of trains reduce?
Wordlist:
1. Linchpin – опора
2. Propelled – продвигаемый
3. Backbone – основа
4. Impact – воздействие
5. Fibre – волокно
6. Schedules– график
7. Lubricators – смазчики
8. Forefront – центр деятельности
9. Increase – увеличение
10. Efficiency – эффективность
11. Tremendous – огромный
12. Stakeholders – заинтересованные стороны
13. Imminent – неизбежный
14. Flexible – гибкий
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15. Implementation - внедрение
Текст B
Hydrogen-powered trains are coming to Germany
French train maker Alstom has rolled out the world's first
hydrogen-powered train on a regular route in Germany, in a
push to challenge the reign of polluting diesel trains with
costlier but more eco-friendly technology.
Alstom began running two Cordia iLint trains on the 100-kilometer
(62-mile) route between the cities of Cuxhaven, Bremerhaven,
Bremervörde and Buxtehude in northern Germany on Monday.
The non-electrified stretch has so far been serviced by diesel trains.
Alstom is betting on the technology as a greener, quieter alternative to
diesel on such railway lines, saying it plans to deliver another 14 of
the zero-emission trains to the local transport authority of Lower
Saxony (LNVG) by 2021. LNVG will in turn lease them to a
contracted train operator, the Eisenbahnen und
Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser GmbH (EVB).
"The world's first hydrogen train is entering into commercial
service and is ready for serial production," Alstom Chief
Executive Henri Poupart-Lafarge said at an unveiling ceremony
in Bremervoerde, the station where the trains will be refueled
with hydrogen.
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Read more: Hydrogen and wind: Allies for sustainable energy
Hydrogen trains are equipped with fuel cells that produce
electricity through a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, a
process that leaves steam and water as the only emissions.
Under ambitious climate-saving goals, Germany aims to reduce
its CO2 emissions by 40 percent by 2020 compared with 1990
levels, and has committed to using 80 percent renewable
energy in power supplies by 2050. It's therefore unsurprising
that Alstom signed letters of intent with four German states in
2014, under which it committed to provide 60 trains in total.
'Train of the future'
Alstom's bright-blue colored train was first introduced to the world at
the rail industry trade fair Innotrans in 2016, and dubbed by the
company as the "train of the future." It can run for around 1,000
kilometers on a single tank of hydrogen, which is similar to the range
of diesel trains.
At the core of the iLint system is a fuel cell situated on top of the
train. Hydrogen is supplied to the cell and then combined with oxygen
taken from the ambient air inside it. The two products of this chemical
reaction are electricity, which is used to power an electrical traction
drive controlling the train's movements, and water, which is emitted
as steam.
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Any electrical energy that's not immediately used for traction can be
stored in lithium-ion batteries on the train's underside. An auxiliary
converter will also be used to adapt the energy for various on-board
applications, including air conditioning, door systems and passenger
information displays.
Aside from its clean output, iLint's key advantages are its smart power
management and flexible energy storage. Electrical energy is supplied
on demand, meaning the fuel cell is only required to work in full
operation when the train is accelerating over sustained periods. When
the train brakes, the fuel cells are almost completely powered down,
saving on hydrogen consumption.
LNVG said the 14 trains it had bought from Alstom would cost about
€81 million ($94.7 million), which is more than it would have to
spend on the same number of conventional diesel-powered trains. But
Stefan Schrank, the project's manager at Alstom, said the investment
would be worth it.
"Sure, buying a hydrogen train is somewhat more expensive than a
diesel train, but it is cheaper to run," he told the news agency AFP.
Hydrogen infrastructure
Nevertheless, there is still the question of how trains will be refueled
and where the hydrogen will come from in the long term. During the
initial phase, Alstom will source its hydrogen from industrial
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