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Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
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currently runs between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, St. Petersburg,
and Helsinki. By the end of the year, Russian Railways will begin
operating these trains along the new rail route put into place at
Sochi for the 2014 Olympic Games.
The Sochi Light Metro, the regional railway being installed for the
Olympics, is truly an engineering marvel. At a cost of 6.7 billion
USD for both road and rail components, this new regional
transportation system will include six rail tunnels (spanning 10.4
kilometers, built with the world’s most advanced tunnel-boring
technology) and 23 flyover bridges (spanning some 11.5
kilometers, specially designed for the region’s seismicity). This
will allow swift transfers between the Mountain and Coastal
Clusters at the Sochi games, set about 48 kilometers (almost 30
miles) apart from each other on different sides of a popular
national park. Capable of a top speed of 160 kph (100 mph), the 38
Siemens-built trains to be put in service for this event will be able
to safely cross this distance in about a half-hour. The Lastochka
will also connect passengers at Sochi with its airport, located at
Adler on Russia’s border with Georgian breakaway Abkhazia.
Regular service will start on the regional rail a little over a month
ahead of the Opening Ceremony, to take place on Feb. 7, 2014.
Of course it is still too early to say when intercity high-speed rail
will reach all of Russia. However, it is reassuring to note that
cynics tend to grossly overestimate the difficulty of railway
construction in the country. Before the Trans-Siberian was built,
Yegor Kankrin, Russia’s Finance Minister in 1880, wrote: "The
idea of covering Russia with a railway network not just exceeds
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any possibility, but even building the railway from Petersburg to
Kazan must be found untimely by several centuries." The
Lastochka will arrive in Kazanth is summer.
Answer the questions:
1. When did the Sapsan entered service become the first high-
speed train?
2. How many hours did the service cut the land travel time?
3. When did Siemens improve its domination of the
development of Russian high-speed rail?
4. What was a second great innovation created specifically for
Russian Railways?
5. What for the Lastochka was designed?
6. Where was the Lastochka’s first run?
7. What countries will connect the Lastochka in July 2013?
8. How many rail tunnels and flyover bridges the new
regional transportation system will include?
9. What airport the Lastochka will also connect?
10. What was Yegor Kankrin and what did he write in 1880?
Word list:
1. Marvel – чудо
2. Competitive – конкурентоспособный
3. Associated – связанный
4. Hassles – стычки
5. Requirement – требования
6. Discerning – проницательный
7. Flyover – эстакада
8. Capable – способный
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9. Intercity – междугородний
10. Cynics – циники
11. Overestimate – переоценка
12. Exceeds – превышает
13. Untimely – несвоевременный
14. Breakaway – отход
15. Regard – отношение
Text C 2.
The Sapsan is a Russian gauge high speed electric
express train. The design is part of the Siemens Velaro family.
The trains started regular service on the Saint PetersburgMoscow Railway in December 2009 at a maximum speed of
250 km/h. Since entering service in December 2009, it has been
Russian Railways' only profitable passenger service, with an
occupancy rate of 84.5%. According to the timetable valid
from 30 October 2011, the direct train from Moscow to St
Petersburg without intermediate stops needs three hours 40
minutes, the train from Moscow to Nizhniy Novgorod 3 hours
55 minutes. Some characteristics:
The capacity of the train is more than 500 passengers, more
than 1000-for double composition. The train is using
soundproofing materials that provide an acceptable level of noise.
The design and equipment of the train seats take into account the
specifics of movement over long distances, providing a high level
of comfort even with a long trip.
In 2013, in order to increase the capacity of passenger
rolling stock and increase the capacity of the railway infrastructure
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by reducing the number of passenger trains, the first two-storey
railway cars were developed and manufactured. Until 2020, it is
planned to provide all routes with the greatest load with branded
cars on 2 floors. The long-distance double-Decker train consists of
the following elements: compartment cars with a capacity of 64
people each; one car for 30 SEATS; staff car for 50 seats; dining
car for 44 people (1st floor-bar, 2nd floor - dining room).
To accelerate trains capable of maximum up to 160 km/h.
Here are the main innovations which cannot be found in ordinary
cars: the entrance to the automated car, open with the button.
Wagons are equipped with a single system of climate control and
air conditioning. The staircase to the second floor is equipped with
lighting and observation glass to see those who climb. Transitions
are completely sealed.
The project "Smart station" is a station complex, the
efficiency of which is ensured by the maximum use of intelligent
technologies in all elements of its technological process. The object
of the introduction of technologies "smart station" is the entire
station complex, which includes the station building and the
adjacent infrastructure, both in the construction and reconstruction
of existing stations. "Smart station" combines various innovative
systems, technical means and technologies:
automated control systems of life processes of the station complex,
aimed at reducing energy consumption, the use of alternative
energy sources, the introduction of devices to create a favorable
climate inside the station building, the introduction of new
information and reference devices, etc. , automated systems for
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transport safety and reducing the risks of emergencies (the latest
technical safety control systems, the latest fire extinguishing
systems, automatic monitoring system and the state of the building,
etc., "green building" technologies (air disinfection systems inside
the station, environmental monitoring systems, devices for
collecting rainwater, landscaping of the station territory and
separate halls of the station).
These systems should be adapted to local conditions, first of
all, to the geographical location of the station, the climatic features
of the area, the possibility of using different types of alternative
renewable energy sources.
Answer the questions:
1. When did trains start regular service on the Saint
Petersburg-Moscow Railway?
2. What is the maximum speed of Sapsan?
3. How long the train goes from Moscow to St Petersburg and
from Moscow to Nizhniy Novgorod without intermediate
stops?
4. What is the capacity of Sapsan?
5. What does the construction of the train Sapsan consist of ?
6. When were the first two-storey trains developed and
manufactured?
7. What is the maximum speed of two-storey trains?
8. What elements does the double-Decker train consist of?
9. What are the main innovations in two-storey trains
10. What does “Smart Station” combine?
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Text C 3
Modern railway stations on the main line from Moscow to
Kazan (VSM)
Russian Railways demonstrated the project of stations and
transport hubs of the first section of the high-speed railway line
(VSM) from Moscow to Kazan.
The starting point of the first high-speed railway line in Russia will
be the part of the Moscow-Gorokhovets road worth 621 billion
rubles.
Station management will occur through a single digital system.
For passengers at all stations will be developed financial services,
ticket service and electronic navigation.
At the stations, there will be a system of biometric scanning and
digital boarding the train using smartphones. The system will be
designed taking into account the comfort of passengers, including
for passengers with limited physical abilities.
The stations will have restaurants and cafes, children's areas,
waiting rooms with Wi-Fi.
Transport interchange hubs are designed as multimodal transport
systems.
The construction of the highway is planned to be completed in
2020.
Its length will be about 770 kilometers, and the speed of trains will
reach 400 km/h. Thus, it will be possible to get from Moscow to
Kazan and back in less than 4 hours.
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Text 5
History of РС
The first substantial computer was the giant ENIAC
machine by John W.Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the
University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electrical Numerical
Integrator and Calculator) used a word of 10 decimal digits
instead of binary ones like previous automated
calculators/computers. ENIAC was also the first machine to
use more than 2,000 vacuum tubes, using nearly 18,000
vacuum tubes. Storage of all those vacuumtubes and the
machinery required to keep the cool took up over 167
square meters (1800 square feet) of floor space.
Nonetheless, it had punched-card input and output and
arithmetically had 1 multiplier, 1 divider-square rooter, and
20 adders employing decimal "ring counters," which served
as adders and also as quick-access (0.0002 seconds) readwrite register storage.
In the 1950's two devices would be invented that would
improve the computer field and set in motion the beginning
of the computer revolution. The first of these two devices
was the transistor. Invented in 1947 by William Shockley,
John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs, the
transistor was fated to oust the days of vacuum tubes in
computers, radios, and other electronics.
The 1960s saw large mainframe computers become much
more common in large industries and with the US military
and space program. IBM became the unquestioned market
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leader in selling these large, expensive, error-prone, and
very hard to use machines.
A veritable explosion of personal computers occurred in the
early 1970s, starting with Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
exhibiting the first Apple II at the First West Coast
Computer Faire in San Francisco. The Apple II boasted
built-in BASIC programming language, color graphics, and
a 4100 character memory for only $1298. Programs and
data could be stored on an everyday audio-cassette
recorder. Before the end of the fair, Wozniak and Jobs had
secured 300 orders for the Apple II and from there Apple
just took off.
IBM, which up to this time had been producing mainframes
and minicomputers for medium to large-sized businesses,
decided that it had to get into the act and started working on
the Acorn, which would later be called the IBM PC. The
PC was the first computer designed for the home market
which would feature modular design so that pieces could
easily be added to the architecture. Most of the
components, surprisingly, came from outside of IBM, since
building it with IBM parts would have cost too much for
the home computer market. When it was introduced, the PC
came with a 16,000 character memory, keyboard from an
IBM electric typewriter, and a connection for tape cassette
player for $1265.
By 1984, Apple and IBM had come out with new models.
Apple released the first generation Macintosh, which was
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the first computer to come with a graphical user interface
(GUI) and a mouse. The GUI made the machine much
more attractive to home computer users because it was easy
to use. Sales of the Macintosh soared like nothing ever seen
before. IBM was hot on Apple's tail and released the 286AT, which with applications like Lotus 1-2-3, a
spreadsheet, and Microsoft Word, quickly became the
favorite of business concerns. That brings us up to about
thirty years ago. Now people have their own personal
graphics workstations and powerful home computers. The
average computer a person might have in their home is
more powerful by several orders of magnitude than a
machine like ENIAC. The computer revolution has been
the fastest growing technology in man's history.
Text 6
Automation
Automation is the application of machines to tasks once
performed by human beings or to tasks that would
otherwise be impossible. Although the term mechanization
is often used to refer to the simple replacement of human
lab our by machines, automation generally implies the
integration of machines into a self-governing system. The
term automation appeared in the automobile industry in
1946 to describe the increased use of automatic devices and
controls in mechanized production lines. The term is used
widely in a manufacturing context, but is also applied
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outside manufacturing in connection with a variety of
systems in which there is a significant substitution of
mechanical, electrical, or computerized action for human
effort and intelligence. Automation can be defined as a
technology concerned with performing a process by means
of programmed commands combined with automatic
feedback control to ensure proper execution of the
instructions. The resulting system is capable of operating
without human intervention. The development of this
technology greatly depends on the use of computers and
computer-related technologies. Automation technology has
matured to a point where a number of other technologies
have developed from it and have achieved a recognition
and status of their own.
Robots are one of those technologies. It is a specialized
branch of automation in which the automated machine
possesses certain humanlike characteristics. The most
typical humanlike characteristic of a modern industrial
robot is its powered mechanical arm. The robot’s arm can
be programmed to perform useful tasks, such as loading
and unloading parts at a production machine or making a
sequence of spot-welds on the sheet-metal parts of an
automobile body during assembly.
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences from Russian into
English:
1. Автоматизация - это применение машин к задачам когда-
то выполняемым человеком, или к задачам, которые в
противном случае было бы невозможно решить.
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