Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
.pdf
2. Хотя термин "механизация" часто используется для
обозначения простой замены человеческого труда
машинами, автоматизация обычно подразумевает
интеграцию машин в систему самоуправления.
3. Термин автоматизация появился в автомобильной
промышленности в 1946 году, чтобы описать возросшее
использование автоматических устройств и средств
управления в механизированных производственных
линиях.
4. Автоматизацию можно определить как технологию
выполнения процесса посредством запрограммированных
команд, совмещенных с автоматическим управлением с
обратной связью для обеспечения исполнения
инструкций.
5. В результате система способна работать без
вмешательства человека.
6. Развитие этой технологии во многом зависит от
использования компьютеров и компьютерных
технологий.
7. Технология автоматизации созрела до такой степени, что
ряд других технологий развились из нее и достигли
признания и собственного статуса.
121
Text 7
Ecological safety in railway transport
Railway transport is one of the most environmentally
friendly modes of transport. On the basis of Art. 67 of the law " on
environmental protection " № 7 FZ of 10.01.2002, the enterprises
should carry out production control over the emission of pollutants
into the air, the discharge of harmful substances into water bodies,
the formation of toxic waste in railway transport.
The transfer of railway transport from steam traction to
electric and diesel, which is currently carried out almost all the
train work, contributed to the improvement of the environmental
situation: the influence of coal dust and harmful emissions of steam
locomotives into the atmosphere is excluded .
Further electrification of Railways, i.e. replacement of
locomotives with electric locomotives, allows to exclude air
pollution by exhaust gases of diesel engines. The main way to
reduce emissions of toxic substances by locomotives is to reduce
their formation in the engine cylinders. The neutralization of
exhaust gases and the correct operation of locomotives are
important.
For protection against noise when designing Railways is
necessary to provide in the cities of the bypass line to skip the
transit of freight trains without entering the city, to locate
marshalling yards outside the settlements and the technical station
and parks reserve rolling stock - outside of residential areas.
Outside this area, railway lines for freight and access roads should
be provided
122
Railway companies use all possible methods of waste
disposal, including biological. As part of the environmental safety
at Russian Railways, the following programs and projects are being
implemented:
In order to fulfill its main environmental obligations,
Russian Railways is implementing an investment project
"environmental safety", which includes the construction and
reconstruction of treatment facilities, the purchase of plants and
equipment for environmental purposes, the equipping of
environmental laboratories, the purchase of equipment for the
elimination of oil spill. In 2009, for this purpose spent 322,6mln
RUB. of capital investments. Within the framework of the project
"ensuring environmental safety" in 2009, 9 environmental
protection facilities were built, reconstructed and put into
operation; 3 units of equipment for the treatment of emissions of
harmful substances into the air, post-treatment of waste water were
introduced; 4 mobile environmental laboratories on the basis of
Gazelle car, 29 sets of analytical instruments and laboratory
equipment and 24 devices for environmental control of emissions
from diesel locomotives were delivered.
Ex.1: Translate the sentences from Russian in to
English:
1. Железнодорожный транспорт - один из наиболее
экологически чистых видов транспорта.
2. На предприятиях должен осуществляться
производственный контроль за выбросом загрязняющих
веществ в атмосферный воздух, сбросом вредных веществ в
123
водоемы, образованием токсичных отходов на предприятиях
железнодорожного транспорта.
3. Перевод железнодорожного транспорта с паровой
тяги на электрическую и тепловозную, которыми в настоящее
время выполняется практически вся поездная работа,
способствовал улучшению экологической обстановки:
исключено влияние угольной пыли и вредных выбросов
паровозов в атмосферу .
4. Дальнейшая электрификация железных дорог, т.е.
замена тепловозов электровозами, позволяет исключить
загрязнение воздуха отработавшими газами дизельных
двигателей.
5. Основной путь снижения выбросов токсичных
веществ тепловозами заключается в уменьшении их
образования в цилиндрах двигателей. 6. Большое значение
имеют обезвреживание отработавших газов, правильная
эксплуатация тепловозов.
7. Для защиты от шума при проектировании железных дорог
необходимо предусматривать в городах обходные линии для
пропуска транзитных грузовых поездов без захода в город,
размещать сортировочные станции за пределами населенных
пунктов, а технические станции и парки резервного
подвижного состава - за пределами заселенной территории.
8. Предприятия железнодорожного транспорта используют все
возможные способы обезвреживания отходов, включая и
биологический.
124
9. В рамках соблюдения экологической безопасности на
«РЖД» проводятся следующие программы и проекты:
10. В «РЖД» с целью выполнения основных экологических
обязательств реализуется инвестиционный проект
«Обеспечение экологической безопасности».
11. В рамках этого проекта осуществляются строительство и
реконструкция очистных сооружений, приобретение
установок и оборудования природоохранного назначения,
оснащение экологических лабораторий, закупка оборудования
для ликвидации аварийных разливов нефтепродуктов.
12. В 2009 году на эти цели израсходовано 322,6 млн. руб.
капитальных вложений.
13. В рамках проекта «Обеспечение экологической
безопасности» в 2009 году построено, реконструировано и
введено в эксплуатацию 9 природоохранных объектов;
внедрено 3 единицы оборудования по очистке выбросов
вредных веществ в атмосферный воздух, доочистке сточных
вод; поставлено: 4 передвижные экологических лаборатории
на базе автомобиля «Газель», 29 комплектов аналитических
приборов и лабораторного оборудования и 24 прибора для
пунктов экологического контроля выбросов от тепловозов.
125
Text 8
Rail transport in Great Britain
The railway system in Great Britain is the oldest in the world.
Railways were built in Britain in the 1560s and soon spread across
the country. Originally the system was a set of local rail services
organized by small private railway companies. Throughout the
XIX century and the beginning of the XX century they gradually
merged or were bought out by competitors until there were only a
few large companies.
The main strong point of the network is the London Knot.
The first locomotive-hauled public railway opened in 1825.
The first long-distance railway was built between the cities of
Liverpool and Manchester. It was designed by George Stephenson
and was opened on September15, 1830.
In 1994 and 1995 the British railways were reconstructed and
divided into several companies: infrastructure, maintenance, rolling
stock, passenger and freight transport companies, all them
privatized between 1996 and 1997.
Privatization did not give a definite answer to correctness of the
chosen restricting decision.
Most of the railway track is managed by Network Rail, which in
2016 had a network of 15,799 kilometers (9,817 mi) of standardgauge lines, of which 5,331 kilometers (3,313 mi) were electrified.
The railway network in the United kingdom consists of two
independent parts- one part in Northern Ireland and the second in
the UK.
126
These lines range from single to quadruple track or more.
In addition, some cities have separate rail-based mass transit
systems (including the extensive and historic London
Underground).
Since 1994, the latter has been connected with Europe through the
Channel Tunnel. The Northern Ireland network is linked to the
Republic of Ireland.
In 2016, there were 1.718 billion journeys on the National Rail
network making the British network the fifth most used in the
world (Great Britain ranks 23rd in world population).
Passenger services in Great Britain are divided into regional
franchises and run by private train operating companies that is,
non-state owned. These companies bid for seven- to eight-year
contracts to run individual franchises. There are 2,563 passenger
railway stations on the Network Rail network. This does not
include the London Underground, nor other systems, which are not
part of the national network, such as heritage railways.
Most of them date from the Victorian era and a number of them in
or on the edge of town and city center.
Major stations lie for the most part in large cities, with the largest
conurbations, e.g. Liverpool, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff,
Edinburgh, Glasgow and Manchester, typically having more than
one main station.
London is a major hub of the network, with 12 main-line termini
forming a "ring" around central London.
127
Freight trains are operated by trucking companies, such as EWS.
Their difference from the former companies is that they are
completely commercial аnd are not financed by the government.
Most train operation companies do not have their own locomotives
and wagons. Instead, they are required to rent them from one of
their three operation companies: Rolling Stock Operating
Companies, Bombardier n Alstom. Their difference from the
former companies is that they are completely commercial and are
not financed by the government. Most train operation companies
do not have their own locomotives and wagons.
Instead they are required to rent them from one of their three
operation companies: Rolling Stock Operating Companies,
Bombardier and Alstom.
Text 9
London Underground
The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground,
or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system
serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of
Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.
Opened in 1863, it is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City
and Metropolitan lines; The network has expanded to 11 lines, and
in 2016-17 carried 1.379 billion passengers, making it the world's
11th busiest metro system. The 11 lines collectively handle
approximately 4.8 million passengers a day.
The system's first tunnels were built just below the surface, using
the cut-and-cover method; later smaller, roughly circular tunnels
which gave rise to its nickname, the Tube, were dug through at a
128
deeper level. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles (400 km)
of a rack. The current operator is a wholly owned subsidiary of
Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation is
responsible for the transport network in Greater London. The
Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless
ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were
introduced in 2014, the first public transport system in the world to
do that.
Proposed improvements and expansions
In Summer 2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18
trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line.
These would be used to increase frequencies and cover the
Battersea extension on the Northern line. The study had showed
that with new generation trains.
Piccadilly line capacity could be increased by 60% with 33 trains
per hour (tph) at peak times by 2025.
Central line capacity increased by 25% with 33 tph at peak times
by 2030.
Waterloo & City line capacity increased by 50% by 2032, after the
track at Waterloo station is remodelled.
Bakerloo line capacity could be increased by 25% with 27 tph at
peak times by 2033.
Exercise 1: memorise the topic on the basis of this
summery:
1) January 10, 1863 in London opened the first stage of
Paddington-Farringdon station (city district)
2) The first metro line 6 km long was built in London.
Launched on January 10, 1863.
3) London underground is one of the largest in the world,
its network consists of 11 lines with a total length of 402
km, of which 45% is underground.
129
4) The total length of subway lines ranks fourth in the
world after Seoul, Beijing and Shanghai. London
underground has 270 stations.
5) In 1853 the North Metropolitan Railway co company
which was engaged in construction of the underground
railroad was created.
6) January 10, 1863 in London opened the first stage of
Paddington-Farringdon station (city district).
7) In 2013, the London Underground celebrated its 150th
anniversary.
8) To date, the first subway in the world carries up to 5
million people a day.
9) Station of London tube: Aldgate, Alperton, Amersham, Baker
street, Balem, Arsenal, Bank and so on.
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences from Russian into
English:
1) 10 января 1863 года в Лондоне открылся первый этап
станции Паддингтон-Фаррингтон (район города)
2) В Лондоне была построена первая линия метро длиной 6
км. Запущен 10 января 1863 года.
3) Лондонский метрополитен является одним из крупнейших в
мире, его сеть состоит из 11 линий общей протяженностью
402 км, из которых 45% под землей.
4) Общая длина линий метро занимает четвертое место в мире
после Сеула, Пекина и Шанхая. В лондонском метро есть 270
станций.
5) В 1853 году была создана компания North Metropolitan
Railway, которая занималась строительством подземной
железной дороги.
6) 10 января 1863 года в Лондоне открылся первый этап
станции Паддингтон-Фаррингдон (городской округ).
130
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]