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Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
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JOHN RISCH: Passenger trains are the safest form of
transportation available with the exception of the elevator. Trains
are fuel efficient, they relieve highway and airport congestion, and
they also reduce our dependence on foreign oil, making trains –
passenger trains – the safer, cleaner, greener transportation option.
Critics say the federal money will start many small projects, but
not finish them. Supporters of the plan say it will lead to a new
form of public transportation in the United States.
Ex.1 Translate the sentences from Russian into English
1.Люди в Европе и Азии наслаждаются поездками на
скоростных поездах в течение многих лет.
2. Этот японский поезд установил рекорд скорости в 581
километр в час
3. Самый быстрый американский поезд достигает пока только
половины от этой скорости и ходит только между
Вашингтоном и Бостоном. Министр транспорта РэйЛахуд
утверждает, что в отношении американских поездов грядут
изменения.
4. РЭЙ ЛАХУД: Придет день, когда вы сможете увидеть
поездку из Лос-Анджелеса в Сан-Франциско менее чем за три
часа со скоростью 220 миль в час.
5. Работа над скоростными поездами может начаться в
Калифорнии в течение двух лет.
6. Условия для такого поезда могут быть подходящими.
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7. Президент Обама объявил о выделении восьми миллиардов
долларов на развитие скоростных железных дорог.
8. Джон Риш работает в крупнейшем в стране профсоюзе
железнодорожных рабочих.
9. ДЖОН РИШ: Только в одной Калифорнии,
предположительно, были бы созданы 160 000 рабочих мест в
строительстве, только для того, чтобы построить эти два
скоростных железнодорожных коридора.
10. По федеральному проекту будут разрабатываться 12
скоростных железнодорожных линий.
11. Стив Кулм работает в Amtrak – пассажирской
железнодорожной компании.
12. Он говорит, что только линии в Калифорнии и Флориде
будут действительно скоростными.
13. СТИВ КУЛМ: Существует различие между скоростными
поездами в Европе и Азии и скоростными поездами в
Америке.
14. В Европе и Азии существуют специальные выделенные
пути, по которым ходят только скоростные поезда.
15. Здесь, в Америке, наши пассажирские поезда пользуются
путями совместно с более медленными товарными поездами.
16. Большая часть средств пойдет на улучшение сервиса более
медленных поездов и существующих перевозок.
17. Кулм говорит, что самый быстрый поезд Amtrak уже
конкурирует с авиакомпаниями.
18. СТИВ КУЛМ: Раньше пассажирский поезд между
Вашингтоном и Нью-Йорком владел около 37%рынка.
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19. Сегодня Amtrak владеет 61% рынка в сравнении с
авиаперелетами.
20. То же самое происходит и в северном конце коридора
между Нью-Йорком и Бостоном.
21. Группы защитников окружающей среды похвалили проект.
22. ХовардЛёрнер является главой Центра по
природоохранному законодательству и политике.
23. ХОВАРД ЛЁРНЕР: Основываясь на показателях на
пассажиро-милю, железная дорога примерно в три раза
эффективнее поездки на автомобиле с точки зрения удельного
расхода топлива и в шесть раз эффективнее полета на
самолете.
24. Таким образом, есть существенные выгоды в снижении
загрязняющих выбросов в атмосферу, как с точки зрения
парниковых газов, так и других загрязнителей.
25. Джон Риш из Объединенного транспортного союза
указывает на другие причины.
26. ДЖОН РИШ: Пассажирские поезда являются саым
безопасным из доступных видов перевозок, за исключением
лифта.
27. Поезда эффективны с точки зрения потребления топлива,
они снижают нагрузку на шоссе и аэропорты, и они также
снижают зависимость США от импортной нефти, что делает
пассажирские поезда более безопасным, чистым, экологичным
вариантом перевозки.
28. Критики утверждают, что на федеральные средства будет
начато много малых проектов, которые не будут закончены.
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29.Сторонники плана говорят, что он ведет к созданию нового
вида общественных перевозок в Соединенных Штатах.
Техт С
1.HyperLoop
On August 12, 2013, Elon Musk unveiled a concept for a highspeed transportation system incorporating reduced-pressure tubes
in which pressurized capsules ride on an air cushion driven by
linear induction motors and air compressors. The mechanism for
releasing the concept was an alpha-design document that, in
addition to scoping out the technology, outlined a notional route
where such a transport system might be built: between the Greater
Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area. After earlier
envisioning Hyperloop, Musk assigned a dozen engineers from
Tesla and SpaceX who worked for nine months, establishing the
conceptual foundations and creating the designs for the
transportation system. An early design for the system published in
a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs. Musk's
proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would
make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport
for such long distances. The alpha design was proposed to use a
partial vacuum to reduce aerodynamic drag, which it is theorized
would allow for high-speed travel with relatively low power. The
document of alpha design estimated the total cost of an LA-to-SF
Hyperloop system at US$6 billion, but this amount is speculative.
HyperloopOne, had announced that it had done its first successful
test run on its DevLoop track in Nevada. It was on May 12, 2017 at
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12:02 a.m. and had lasted 5.3 seconds, reaching a top speed of
70mph.
2. High Speed Trains ATW
As globalization continues to progress, and we-become betterconnected to places all across the Earth, our world begins to feelsmaller and-smatter. While the internet has in recent years been
one of the biggest factor in the increase in connectivity, one of the
earliest ways the world became more accessible was the railroad.
Train more modern development is constantly progressing, with
sleeker designs, new types of fuel, and added comforts, but the
biggest improvement of all is that of speed. High speed rail
includes trains that travel at speeds higher than about 241 km/h,
which can be found in several places around the world. A wide
range of development and technology can be found in all over,
from the high speed bullet trains of Japan to the Europe, the
improved speeds of US trains such other markets.
Japan
Perhaps the best known of all speed trains, the Japanese
Shinkansen bullet train is one of the fastest trains the world. The
first high speed train outside of Europe, the Shinkansen is notable
for its sleek design and bottle nose, which helps with aerodynamics
and noise reduction in tunnels. The speed, efficiency, and noted
Punctuali of the Shinkansenhas made the trains a model after
which the rest of the world strives to follow. About 1 million
annual passengers ride the Shinkansen, with the entire network
having carried about 10 billion travel the most of any high speed
train system in the world. It also has an impressive safety record,
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with 0 fatalities caused by trains derailing or colliding across its
entire history. There are 2,387 km (1,483.6 miles) of high speed
railways in Japan, spanning the islands of Honshu, Kyushu, soon
Hokkaido as well. The first Shinkansen were put into use in 1964
for the Tokyo Olympics, reaching km/h. The fastest model in Japan
is the E5 series Shinkansen Hayabusa, which has a maximum
operating speed of km/h, running on the Tohoku line, though tests
have hit 443 km/h. The Shinkansen Hayabusa features a 15 m long
nose. This train has been in operation with the East Japan Railway
Company since 2011, and was construсted by the Kawasaki Heavy
Industry and Hitachi. Trains reaching 360 km/h will be in use by
2020.
France
Work on developing high speed trains in France began as far back
as 1955, working with various methods, including gas turbines.
The first prototype began testing in 1965, called the Aerotrain,
which was a hovercraft monorail that could reach 160 km/h. In the
1970s, electric trains began to take off, reaching test speeds of 300
km/h. High speed rail service in France between Paris and Lyon
beginning in 1981, started at top speeds of 260 km/h. The French
TGV, or Train à Grande Vitesse, has repeatedly made it to the
world record books for speed, reaching 380 km/h in 1981, then 515
km/h in 1990, and 574 km/h in 2007. The Alstom Euroduplex is a
double-decker high speed train designed for use in France,
Germany, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. The train can carry 1,020
passengers, about double the capacity of previous models (like the
TGV Duplex). These trains have been in operation since December
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2011, and reach speeds of 320 km/h. France's hetwork spans 2,037
km, the second most extensive network in Europe.
Germany
The development of high speed trains in Germany began just after
France, though the Germans took a big longer to successfully
launch their service. The first demonstrations took place at the
International Transport Fair in Munich in 1965, with the Deutsche
Bundesbahn showasing a train between Munich and Augsburg,
which traveled at 200 km/h. Germany's first high speed rail service
opened in 1991 with the Intercity Express (ICE), traveling between
Hannover and Wurzburg, and reaching speeds of 280 km/h.
Today's ICE trains hit 363 km/h during trials. Additional high
speed rail lines are in planning or construction phases, but service
will soon be available between Offenburg and Basel, and
Nuremburg and Leipzig. The Transrapid system is a magnetic
levitation system (maglev), which has been developed in Germany
and hits 550 km/h. While this service has been in use in China
since 2004, Germany has 31.5 km of test tracks in Emsland.
UnitedStates
Because of the vast size of the United States, trains were a
common form of transportation around the United States in the
early 1900s. After the success of the Japanese Shinkansen, the
United States began to work toward a better railway system. One
of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society initiatives was the
High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965. This led to the
establishment of a regular metro service between NYC and
Washington DC, which was inaugurated in 1969. This train
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reached speeds of 200 km/h (124 mph), averaging 145 km/h (90
mph). One of the high speed trains in US since 2000, the Acela
Express serves the Northeast Corridor, between Washington DC
and Boston, stopping in New York, Philadlphia and Baltimore, and
hitting speeds of up to 240 km/h. The trip between NYC and DC,
however, takes almost 3 hours, when the metroliner of 1969 made
the trip in just 2.5 hours, because today's train must share the rails
with standard train service. In 2012, plans were announced to build
a dedicated rail that would allow for speeds of up to 354 km/h. In
2008, California voted to build a high speed train and rail system
across the state, connecting San Francisco and Los Angeles. The
project has stalled as details continue to be sorted out, but
construction is slated to begin in 2014.
China
China's high speed trains boast of the two world record holders for
speed, the Shanghai Maglev and the Harmony CRH 380A, owned
by Shanghai Maglev Transportation Development Company, but
constructed by Siemens and ThyssenKrupp. The Shanghai Maglev
has the fastest max speed of any train at 430 km/h, with an average
operational speed of 215 km/h. The first commercial high-speed
magnetic levitation line, the Shanghai Maglev line spans only 30.5
km, running between Longyang Road Station (Metro Line 2) and
Shanghai Pudong International. China's high speed rail serves the
highest number of annual passengers in the world, with 370 million
annual riders. The Harmony CRH 380A is the second fastest train,
with a maximum a record during testing, reaching 486.1 km/h. The
train has been operating in China since October 2010 with daily
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service between Wuhan and Guangzhou. The train features a sleek
design and was constructed by CSR Qingdao operational speed of
380 km/h. The train set Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock.
Italy
The AGV Italo, built by Alstom, has a maximum operational
speed of 360 km/h, but its record speed is 574.8 km/h, in tests in
April 2007. This high speed train in Italy has been in operation
since April 2012, running on the corridor between Naples and
Milan, stopping in Rome, Florence, and Bologna in between. The
Elettro Treno Rapido 500 Frecciarossa has been in use in Italy
since 2008. This model reaches speeds of 360 km/h, but an average
speed of 300 km/h as it runs between Rome and Milan. The trains
were constructed by TREN0 Veloce Italiano and is operated by
Trenitalia.
Spain
Spain's fastest high speed train is the Siemens Velaro E / AVS
103, reached 400 km/hr during trials. The train 50 lkm running
between Barcelona and Madrid. Another Spanish high speed train
is the Talgo 350, with a maximum operational speed of 350 km/hr.
The train runs between the Spanish cities of Madrid, Zaragoza, and
Lleida, and has been in operation since 2005. At least 46 of the
Talgo 350 trains operate in Spain today. Spain has 2,665 km of
high speed railway lines, the largest network in all of Europe.
Taiwan
Taiwan's THSR 700T is a high speed train that connects Taipei
and Kaohsiung, traveling at an average time of 300 km/h and
making the trip in just 90 minutes, instead of the typical 4 hour
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ride. The THSR 700T is modeled after the Japanese Shinkansen
and manufactured by Kawasaki, Hitachi, and Nippon Sharyo, using
Japanese technology. It has been in operation since January 2007,
and there are 345 kilometers of track.
India
As one of his first orders of business, India's new leader, Prime
Minister NarendraModi, has made the decision to begin work on
estal Corporation, and will showcase train service between
Mumbai and Ahmedabad, a 545 km corridor. Studies on this high
speed rail in India. The project works in conjunction with the High
Speed Rail route should be completed by 2015. Another route
between New Delhi and Patna, which would run 1,044 km, may be
another possibility. There are currently no rail lines in India that
would be able to handle the high speed trains, so maximum speeds
are currently estimated at 200 km/h, with an average of about 130
km/h. Future plans are aiming to reach 300-350 km/h. Regular high
speed rail service in India is estimated to begin at the earliest in
2020.
Russia
High-speed rail is emerging in Russia as an increasingly popular
means of transport, with the travel time from Moscow to Saint
Petersburg being twice as fast via high speed rail than driving. Two
experimental high-speed trainsets were built in 1974 designed for
200 km/h (120 mph) operation: the locomotive-hauled RT-200
("Russkaya Troika") and the ER-200 EMU. The RT-200 set made
only experimental runs in 1975 and 1980 and was discontinued due
to the unavailability of the ChS-200 high-speed locomotive, in
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