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Файл:English for Innovatics. Часть 1. Учебное пособие
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emissions. The French train maker has pledged though that it will
make things easier for operators by providing maintenance services
and hydrogen infrastructure — in particular, filling stations.
The company is currently looking to green methods to produce fuel
for iLint. One existing example is electrolysis, which involves
splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen — the iLint formula in
reverse. Another is natural gas reformation, which involves
combining methane contained in natural gases with high-temperature
steam. Germany's recent investment in Energiepark Mainz, a plant
designed to generate hydrogen from wind power, may also become a
viable source of hydrogen.
Ambitious climate protection goals and the expense of electrification
could help bring the iLint to other European countries in the future.
Alstom said there was a strong interest from operators in Britain, the
Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Italy and Canada. The French
government has already announced plans for its first hydrogen train to
be on the rails by 2022.
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Текст C
Adapting formula one 1 technology to aid the rail sector
A research project funded by the European Commission has led to a
potential breakthrough for the rail sector - by adapting light weight
materials most commonly found in high performance racing cars.
The results promise to provide the rail industry with trains that are
more environmentally-friendly, easier and cheaper to produce, and
less costly for rail companies in terms of track maintenance. An all
round win-win situation.
At first sight, train drivers’ cabs and Formula 1 cars may not seem to
have much in common. But a research project funded by the European
Commission has led to a
potential breakthrough for
the rail sector - by adapting
technology most commonly
found in high performance
racing cars.
The results promise to
provide the rail industry
with trains that are more
environmentally-friendly,
easier and cheaper to
produce, and less costly for rail companies in terms of track
maintenance. An all round win-win situation.
32
The rail industry’s needs are clear: lightweight materials for trains in
order to increase energy efficiency and reduce the damage to tracks, and
reduced costs. All, of course, without compromising safety.
The problem is that conventional train cabs, made from welded steel
units, can weigh up to one tonne each. With a cab at each end of the
train, the potential for weight reduction is clear. On top of that,
traditional cab designs tend to be very complex, incorporating a large
number of parts, all made from different materials. That is because they
need to meet a range of physical demands, including strength,
crashworthiness, aerodynamics and insulation. As a result, assembly
costs are high.
Formula 1 cars use extremely strong, lightweight materials known as
carbon composites to help achieve the high performance they need. But
such materials are highly specialized and uneconomic for extensive use
in trains.
The answer for the rail industry came through a multi-year project
funded under the European Commission’s DE-LIGHT programme,
which was aimed at developing improved lightweight materials for
use in a wide range of transport systems. After three years of research,
a team from Newcastle University in the UK, working in collaboration
with Bombardier Transportation and Portuguese manufacturing firm
AP&M, succeeded in producing a prototype lightweight train cab which
reduces the weight of the traditional cab by a remarkable 40%.
The breakthrough technology behind the new cab takes the form of a
‘sandwich’ construction, in which an aluminium honeycomb structure
33
and a polymer foam core are enclosed in outer layers of special glassreinforced plastic. The effect is similar to the composites used in
Formula 1 - but at much lower unit cost.
Crucially, the inherent strength of the new construction eliminates the
need for steel elements. This reduces not only the weight, but also the
number of separate parts required. In addition to the 40% weight
reduction, the new cab reduces the number of separate component parts
by up to 75%. And this in turn reduces overall costs by up to 20%, as
assembly and outfitting are far simpler than before.
All of this is achieved while still meeting stringent crashworthiness
requirements.
“It’s great to finally see the cab in real life,” says lead designer Conor
O’Neill of Newcastle University’s rail research centre. “I’ve been staring
at a virtual model on my computer screen for the last three years, and it’s
very satisfying to see the real thing.”
It is intended that the cab will first go into commercial use in
Bombardier’s Spacium trains on suburban services in Paris.
Lesson 3
High speed Rail
Text A
Maglev Trains
High-speed rail has been the solution for many countries. The
United States is years behind European countries in high-speed rail
34
research and development. Meanwhile, in Germany and Japan,
magnetic levitation may be an even better solution. After
laboratory tests in both countries, a test track was constructed in
Japan during the mid-1970′s and in Germany during the mid1980′s.
The construction of a 7-km test track began in Miyazaki
Prefecture in Japan in 1975 and was completed in April of
1977.Test runs of the ML-500 began on the Miyazaki Test Track in
July of 1977 and a 517 km/hour run was attained in December
1979. Two-car train sets began testing in 1981 and three-car train
sets in 1986. The manned two-vehicle train MLU001 reached a
speed of 400.8 km/hour in 1987. In 1990, the Minister of Transport
of Japan authorized construction of the Yamanashi Maglev Test
Line. It was to be the final test to confirm the practicality of
maglev.
In the United States, scientists James R. Powell and Gordan T.
Danby patented the first design for magnetic levitation trains in
1969. In 1970, the United States Federal Railroad Administration
studied high-speed ground transportation. Little maglev research
was accomplished in the United States and in 1986, the
government stopped all funding toward maglev technology.
Four years later, the United States Federal Government and the
Federal Railroad Administration began to officially support maglev
technology. The support and guidance systems of German
magnetic levitation are based on the attractive powers between
electromagnets on the vehicle and reaction plate rails on the
underside of the guide way.
35
In June of 1993 year, the Transrapid 07 set a new maglev speed
record of 450 km/hour. In 1991, Germany’s government certified
the operation of the first maglev train for the public. A maglev
route was to be constructed between Hamburg and Berlin.
Ex.1 Translate the sentences from Russian
into English:
1. Высокоскоростная железная дорога – это единственно
приемлемое решение для много стран.
2. Соединенные Штаты на годы отстают от европейских стран
в области исследований и разработок высокоскоростных
железнодорожных линий.
3. Между тем, в Германии и Японии магнитная левитация
может быть еще лучшим решением.
4. После лабораторных испытаний в обеих странах в середине
1970-х годов в Японии и в Германии в середине 1980-х годов
был построен испытательный трек.
5. Строительство 7-километрового испытательного пути
началось в префектуре Миядзаки в Японии в 1975 году и было
завершено в апреле 1977 года.
6. Испытания ML-500 начались на испытательном треке
Миядзаки в июле 1977 года, а пробег 517 км/час был
достигнут в декабре 1979 года.
7. В 1981 году начались испытания двухкамерных поездов, а в
1986 году – трехкамерных.
8. В 1990 году министр транспорта Японии разрешил
строительство испытательной линии Яманаси Маглева.
36
9.Это должно было быть заключительным испытанием, чтобы
подтвердить практичность Маглева.
10.В США ученые Джеймс Пауэлл и Гордан Данби
запатентовали первую конструкцию для поездов магнитной
левитации в 1969 году.
11. В 1970 году Федеральное Железнодорожное Управление
Соединенных Штатов изучило возможности
высокоскоростного наземного транспорта.
12. Исследование высокоскоростной линии Маглев было
проведено в США, и в 1986 году правительство прекратило
финансирование технологии Маглев.
13. Четыре года спустя федеральное правительство США и
Федеральное Управление железных дорог начали oфициально
поддерживать технологию Мaglev.
14. В июне 1993 годаTransrapid07 установил новый рекорд
скорости maglev в 450 км/час.
15. В 1991 году правительство Германии сертифицировало
эксплуатацию первого поезда Мaglev для населения.
16. Между Гамбургом и Берлином должен был быть проложен
маршрут Маглева.
Eх.2 Retell the text using the following statements
Maglev Trains. The summery
1. High-speed rail has been the solution for many countries.
2. The United States is years behind European countries in
high-speed rail research and development. Meanwhile, in
37
Germany and Japan, magnetic levitation may be an even
better solution.
3. After laboratory tests in both countries, a test track was
constructed in Japan during the mid-1970′s and in Germany
during the mid-1980′s.
4. The construction of a 7-km test track began in Miyazaki
Prefecture in Japan in 1975 and was completed in April of
1977.
5. Test runs of the ML-500 began on the Miyazaki Test Track
in July of 1977 and a 517 km/hour run was attained in
December 1979.
6. Two-car train sets began testing in 1981 and three-car train
sets in 1986.
7. The manned two-vehicle train MLU001 reached a speed of
400.8 km/hour in 1987. In 1990, the Minister of Transport
of Japan authorized construction of the Yamanashi Maglev
Test Line.
8. It was to be the final test to confirm the practicality of
maglev.
9. In the United States, scientists James R. Powell and Gordan
T. Danby patented the first design for magnetic levitation
trains in 1969.
10. In 1970, the United States Federal Railroad Administration
studied high-speed ground transportation.
11. Little maglev research was accomplished in the United
States and in 1986, the government stopped all funding
toward maglev technology.
38
12. Four years later, the United States Federal Government and
the Federal Railroad Administration began to officially
support maglev technology.
13. The support and guidance systems of German magnetic
levitation are based on the attractive powers between
electromagnets on the vehicle and reaction plate rails on the
underside of the guideway.
Текст B
High-Speed Trains may be coming to California, Florida
People in Europe and Asia have enjoyed high-speed trains for
years. This Japanese train set a speed record of 581 kilometers an
hour. Yet the fastest American train reaches less than half that
speed. It operates only between Washington and Boston.
Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood says changes are coming to
American trains.
RAY LAHOOD: The day will come when you can see travel from
Los Angeles to San Francisco in under three hours going 220 miles
per hour.
Work on a high-speed train could start in California in two years.
Conditions might be right for such a train. President Obama has
announced plans to spend eight billion dollars to develop highspeed railroads. John Risch is with the country’s largest labor
union for railroad workers.
39
JOHN RISCH: In California alone, it is estimated that 160,000
construction jobs would be created just to build those two highspeed rail corridors.
The federal project will develop 13 high-speed rail links. Steve
Kulm works for Amtrak, the passenger railroad company. He says
only the links in California and Florida will truly be high-speed.
STEVE KULM: There is a difference between, you know, highspeed in Europe and Asia and high-speed in America. In Europe
and Asia, they are dedicated tracks where only high-speed trains
operate on. Here in America, our passenger trains share tracks with
slower freight trains.
Most of the money will go to improve service on slower trains and
existing transportation. Kulm says Amtraks fastest train is already
competing with airline companies.
STEVE KULM: Before, between Washington and New York, the
passenger train only had about 37 percent of the market. Today,
Amtrak has 61 percent of the market compared to air flights. Same
thing that happened on the north end of the corridor, between New
York and Boston.
Environmental groups have praised the project. Howard Lerner is
head of the Environmental Law and Policy Center.
HOWARD LERNER: On a per passenger-mile basis, rail is about
three times as efficient as travel by car, in terms of fuel efficiency,
and six times as efficient as travel by air. So there are pretty
substantial pollution reduction benefits, both in terms of
greenhouse gases and other pollutants.
John Risch of the United Transportation Union has other reasons.
40
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