Международный экзамен по английскому языку. Стратегия и тактика письма

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In conclusion, I’d like to say that every person has to be careful and prepare to handle with a growing number of threats in their.

Sergey Bogdanov,

St Petersburg

#2. What is Mankind Afraid of?

Professor Maslov wrote that one of the main of the hu man wants is safety. But today this need isn’t satisfied. Practically a modern person exists in danger. It is selected four types of risk, its personal security risk, reputation risk, political risk and financial risk. I think that the most significant for a person is a political risk alongside a se curity risk.

Firstly, I believe that personal security risk, comprises kidnapping, extortion, terrorism and petty crime. I think that high impact risks are kidnapping and terrorism. Sta tistics show that most people are afraid of it 80% polled are afraid of releasing their own children walking alone, and 20% polled say that they concern about their school security. It’s terrible!

Secondly, a serious risk is political risk. This risk com prises political terrorism, organized crime, international sanctions. It depends on actions of government. For example, my friends and my parents observe the course of political events and analyze it; they want to know what it can change in their life.

I think that personal security risk and political risk both trouble the whole mankind.

So, I want to draw a conclusion that a modern person needs in safety. Sending children to school, parents must not outlive about their safety. Kidnapping, terrorism, or

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ganized crime, fraud is a significant danger. People must be united and fight for their safety.

Alexandra Latortseva, 19

St Petersburg

#3. Risks

I want to tell you about risks, which face a company in such minute.

Risk has a lot of definitions, but it has specific conse quences in every sphere of business. It is difficult to fore see the risk involved in setting up a new business. It is very important to marketing the risk, reduce or minimize the consequences of it.

As a rule, companies face with several types of risks. According to Allan Smith, we may point out the following types of risk.

Firstly, the risk of simply ‘doing noting’, especially in management. The bad work of top manager lead to stage in middle. Another type of risk is credit or guarantee risk, that relates to companies give credit or take and rely or guarantees from others. It is a big responsibility. For example, same com pany fallen with possibility of increasing they basic capital for change in direction and expansion new market. Company was given credit by bank of the USA, but firm was caught up and had no opportunities for paying off the credit.

To my mind the most serious and significant risk is po litical risk, which include terrorism, international sanc tion, organized and petty crimes. As a rule unstable situa tion in country leads to financial risk, especially corrup tion, currency. In management political risk has a one more definition. It is the risk that the value of an invest ment may be affected by something that a government does. And I agree with it.

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On other hand, the most important ability is to foresee and predict the risks in the very beginning. That is why in marketing and PR departments work up anti risk and anti crisis arrangements. As a rule top managers estimate experience other company and compose a recommendation to workers, managers and other categories of staff, how to behave themselves in crisis situation.

Summarize, every company may face same risk. Never theless, the company eliminates, minimizes risks or crisis become in indicator of it power.

Natalya Emelyanova, 20

Stary Oskol, Belgorod region

#4. How Can We Manage Risk?

Jarwaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, said, “The policy of being too cautious is the greatest risk of all”. Nowadays it is impossible to avoid a grow ing number of threats and risky situations in business. Your task is to minimize the disastrous effects. Thus a lot depends on your attitude to risk and your actions when you face it.

In the modern business world each company is in dan ger of risk. Consequently, the feeling of uncertainty caused by risk makes companies and business people suffer. More over, risk can mean hardships or even decline. As a result, business can fail.

On the other hand, we are to regard risks as new op portunities, a chance of changing. When company faces risk, it mobilizes its forces, analyzes its strengths and weaknesses, its opportunities and begins work at self im provement. So, we can say that risk is a creative battle of companies, which provides self perfection that makes com panies more competitive and successful.

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Finally, the key for successful risk management is our readiness to it. You should foresee it. A famous prov erb says, “Knowledge is power”. In our case we can say “Awareness is power.” It means that you should analyze business environment, research market laws and so on. Big companies often have a special department for R&D and antirecessionary management or they can use services of consulting organizations. Small firms, however, just rely on their intuition.

Thus all ways are open for brave and confident people. It is up to you to decide either to manage the risk or to choose the reasonable way to solve the problem. As people say, “Fortune favors the braves”.

Nadezhda Danilova, 20,

Labytnangi (Salekhard)

#5.

“The policy of being too cautious is the greatest risk of all,” — says Jarwaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Min isters.

I think, risk always means the threat at harm and loss, because it is very important to predict, assess and man age it.

There are different types of risk: personal, political, financial and reputation risk. And all of them may mean threat and loss.

To reduce risk you should predict and assess it. Right assessment will help to minimize loss.

It is very important to manage risk. There for, it is very big risk of doing nothing. For example, one old family firm, which had printing presses and a very loyal and skilled workforce was closed down. It was a real shame be cause the market had moved on and their printing presses

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were simply obsolete. So the firm wasn’t able to complete with other companies, that had invested in new printing techniques and eventfully the firm had to close down. Sadly it ended with the company’s equipment being sold off at auction. These companies don’t manage risk; thus the firm was closed.

Nadezhda Polyakova, 20

Norilsk

#6. Risk is the Part of Life

Who can imagine life without risk? Nobody can. The ex perts operate not only with definition “danger” in the art icles and reports but also with such term as “risk”.

Unfortunately in the literature we can see different in terpretations of the word “risk”. Sometimes the meanings differ. For example, risk in insurance is used for designa tions of subject's insurance. The economists understand that the risk as a measure of possible consequences will be shown during the certain moment in the future. So the risk means the action connected with danger, threat of loss or failure.

I think that the most important for each person are the both types of security risk: personal risk and business risk.

In the world market prediction is impossible. It is dif ficult to foresee the risk involved in setting up a new busi ness. Also the obvious fact of the consequences with the currency is its devaluation, which happened in Russia in 1998, when business went wrong, and investors sent their money abroad, when bank deposits disappeared and the entire situation was absolutely disastrous.

Personal environment includes many dangerous threats. Everywhere we suffer from too intensive information, pollution and petty crimes. A report of “SAS Airlines”

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magazine published yesterday reveal that we can reduce risk by trying to predict it sending some information to the staff how to survive.

To summarize, I would like to say that every person or company has to be careful and prepare to handle a grow ing member of threats in an increasingly volatile global market and political tension.

Katya Sveshnikova, 19

St Petersburg

#7.

To what extent do you have a head screwed on a dan ger? Are you very sensible to troubles? What kinds of threat are the foremost?

I think personal safety is the main risk. In this case tak ing appropriate actions is very important in difficult sit uations.

Firstly, personal environment includes many dangers everywhere. Society suffers from too intensive informa tion, pollution, petty crimes and kidnappings. A report of newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda” published yesterday, revealed that we are to reduce risk by sending to staff di rect mail information how to survive; however, what is about world market?

Secondly, in the world market prediction is impossible. It is difficult to foresee the risk involved in setting up a new business. Also obviously the fact of consequences of the currency devaluation which happened in Russia in 1998: business went wrong, investors sent their money abroad, bank deposits were disappeared and situation was absolutely disastrous.

Thirdly, in turn the lifestyle risk: smoking, drinking alcohol, growing fat. Junk food, Coca Cola impact

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not only on appearance, but also on our mood! What are causes of this? Modern life, doing nothing and glo balization affect a human appearance. During last 20 years we see poor lifestyle in addition with eating fast food and modernization in the USA. Companies designed publicity gimmicks to involve society purchasing their products.

To summarize I would like to say we have to manage the risk, protect young generation, and it will pay dividend: youngsters will take an appropriate and swift actions to make lives better!

Irina Gavrilicheva, 19

St Petersburg

#8. In The Traditional Sense, Risk Means The Threat of Harm,

Injury or Loss. Do You Agree or Disagree?

The more we have the more we want. Imagine that you are entrepreneur and someone offers you to take part in a quite dangerous business. Will you deal with him? I hope that you are careful person and haven’t your head in the clouds, therefore your decision will be correct. Only after careful consideration you can take risks.

When you are starting your own business you should choose a corporate strategy. It is necessary to identify as far as your company will be risky. You can hear from every where that trying to minimize risk is an important part of business strategy. I know one person who isn’t afraid of taking risks. Once he won a huge sum of money by playing slot machine. You may agree that it was a risky deal, but he was successful in it.

At the same time you must have special skills to deal with crises. Because, if you are gentle, shy and perceptive

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you can’t dominate the situation. You should be poised, self confident, skeptical, should have common sense and good feeling of situation.

Thirdly, you should have an excellent work team. Every person must know how to deal with risks. You must be sure that these people will not betray you, that they will be de voted for your common cause. Statistic shows us that only 9 per cent of entrepreneurs believe their employees fully. One never knows what may happen. When you deal with your partner you ask yourself: “Is he one that can be trusted?” Be sure you will know it later. There is the same situation when you want to take risk.

Nothing venture nothing have. It is not so bad to be risky person. Risk means changes and change can present risks but also opportunities for growth and profit making. In any case act up to your opinions and you always will be successful.

Ann Novikova

Cherepovets

Assignment: OnDline commerce challenges and opportunities. To buy onDline or not?

#1. On Line Shopping

Today more and more people have access to the Inter net. The Internet penetrates into many spheres of the life of the people. More and more popularity purchase on line shopping wins. My friend does shopping on the Internet only and considers that on line shopping is a shocking invention. But I think that it’s not exactly. So, of course e commerce is very comfortable because it saves time; moreover, you can buy all necessities without leaving home. But there are downsides in on line e commerce,

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because you can not consider what you buy, and practi cally you buy “a cat in a bag”.

I think that on line shopping saves time. Statistics show that more businessmen use e commerce because they can do all buying in five minutes and return to work. Statis tics show that more people buy books on line.

Nevertheless, I think that on line shopping is a huge risk. You can not consider what you buy. You don’t have guarantees. There is more fraud in the Internet. For ex ample, my friend has bought CD on line, but he has not got it. He was fraudulent.

So, I think that now in Russia e commerce is developed badly. Many on line shopping’s rascaldoms and such shops must not be trust cal.

I think that on line shopping develops in Europe. In Europe it’s really comfortable because you always get the thing what you have booked, in Russia, on the contrary. You buy one thing but get quite another one. Each person must beforehand think if he wants to risk or not. As for me, I don’t want to risk!

Alexandra Latortseva, 19

St Petersburg

#2. Problems On Line Commerce

Each person today has an access to the Internet. Spe cialists say that the Internet opens huge possibilities, and, more than that, the Internet is “our future”. I completely agree with this statement. The Internet allows running out of cash without leaving home.

On line commerce gains popularity. But I think that it isn’t correct. Of course, on line commerce is very com fortable and saves your time. But there is downside of

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the on line commerce, because you can not consider what you buy: you buy a picture, an advertisement, but not a real thing.

Before identifying problems of the on line commerce I want to emphasize its opportunities. I think that the on line shopping saves our time; moreover, it is possible to find things which are difficult to buy in a usual shop. For example, I have found the album of my favorite singer, which was not in the shops of the city, but only in the Net shop “Ozon”. I was very glad to have it.

However, I think that it scored to me. On line commerce in Russia has many problems. E commerce is developed in Europe and you have guarantees that you’ll get your or der, in Russia on the contrary. On line commerce turns out to be rascaldom in the most cases. Statistics show that 70% of the polled people which use e commerce were at least fraudulent once.

So, I think that now in Russia on line commerce is under developed and has opportunities.

In conclusion, I want to say, if we want the on line com merce to be developed, we must fight against rascaldom. But it is possible only for our government.

Alexandra Latortseva, 19

St Petersburg

#3. On line Commerce.

Challenges and Opportunities

We are now living in the 21 century in which various kinds of technology have been developed. The Internet be comes more and more available for the majority of the up to date people. I think that with a help of online commerce our life in the nearest future will be much more comfort able.