- •Series Editor’s Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •1 Introduction
- •References
- •2.1 Methodological Introduction
- •2.2 Geographical Background
- •2.3 The Compelling History of Viticulture Terracing
- •2.4 How Water Made Wine
- •2.5 An Apparent Exception: The Wines of the Alps
- •2.6 Convergent Legacies
- •2.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •3.1 The State of the Art: A Growing Interest in the Last 20 Years
- •3.2 An Initial Survey on Extent, Distribution, and Land Use: The MAPTER Project
- •3.3.2 Quality Turn: Local, Artisanal, Different
- •3.3.4 Sociability to Tame Verticality
- •3.3.5 Landscape as a Theater: Aesthetic and Educational Values
- •References
- •4 Slovenian Terraced Landscapes
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Terraced Landscape Research in Slovenia
- •4.3 State of Terraced Landscapes in Slovenia
- •4.4 Integration of Terraced Landscapes into Spatial Planning and Cultural Heritage
- •4.5 Conclusion
- •Bibliography
- •Sources
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.3 The Model of the High Valleys of the Southern Massif Central, the Southern Alps, Castagniccia and the Pyrenees Orientals: Small Terraced Areas Associated with Immense Spaces of Extensive Agriculture
- •5.6 What is the Reality of Terraced Agriculture in France in 2017?
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Looking Back, Looking Forward
- •6.2.4 New Technologies
- •6.2.5 Policy Needs
- •6.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Study Area
- •7.3 Methods
- •7.4 Characterization of the Terraces of La Gomera
- •7.4.1 Environmental Factors (Altitude, Slope, Lithology and Landforms)
- •7.4.2 Human Factors (Land Occupation and Protected Nature Areas)
- •7.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •8.1 Geographical Survey About Terraced Landscapes in Peru
- •8.2 Methodology
- •8.3 Threats to Terraced Landscapes in Peru
- •8.4 The Terrace Landscape Debate
- •8.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Australia
- •9.3 Survival Creativity and Dry Stones
- •9.4 Early 1800s Settlement
- •9.4.2 Gold Mines Walhalla West Gippsland Victoria
- •9.4.3 Goonawarra Vineyard Terraces Sunbury Victoria
- •9.6 Garden Walls Contemporary Terraces
- •9.7 Preservation and Regulations
- •9.8 Art, Craft, Survival and Creativity
- •Appendix 9.1
- •References
- •10 Agricultural Terraces in Mexico
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Traditional Agricultural Systems
- •10.3 The Agricultural Terraces
- •10.4 Terrace Distribution
- •10.4.1 Terraces in Tlaxcala
- •10.5 Terraces in the Basin of Mexico
- •10.6 Terraces in the Toluca Valley
- •10.7 Terraces in Oaxaca
- •10.8 Terraces in the Mayan Area
- •10.9 Conclusions
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Materials and Methods
- •11.2.1 Traditional Cartographic and Photo Analysis
- •11.2.2 Orthophoto
- •11.2.3 WMS and Geobrowser
- •11.2.4 LiDAR Survey
- •11.2.5 UAV Survey
- •11.3 Result and Discussion
- •11.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Case Study
- •12.2.1 Liguria: A Natural Laboratory for the Analysis of a Terraced Landscape
- •12.2.2 Land Abandonment and Landslides Occurrences
- •12.3 Terraced Landscape Management
- •12.3.1 Monitoring
- •12.3.2 Landscape Agronomic Approach
- •12.3.3 Maintenance
- •12.4 Final Remarks
- •References
- •13 Health, Seeds, Diversity and Terraces
- •13.1 Nutrition and Diseases
- •13.2 Climate Change and Health
- •13.3 Can We Have Both Cheap and Healthy Food?
- •13.4 Where the Seed Comes from?
- •13.5 The Case of Yemen
- •13.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Components and Features of the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •14.4 Ecosystem Services of the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •14.5 Challenges in the Satoyama and the Hani Terrace Landscape
- •References
- •15 Terraced Lands: From Put in Place to Put in Memory
- •15.2 Terraces, Landscapes, Societies
- •15.3 Country Planning: Lifestyles
- •15.4 What Is Important? The System
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Case Study: The Traditional Cultural Landscape of Olive Groves in Trevi (Italy)
- •16.2.1 Historical Overview of the Study Area
- •16.2.3 Structural and Technical Data of Olive Groves in the Municipality of Trevi
- •16.3 Materials and Methods
- •16.3.2 Participatory Planning Process
- •16.4 Results and Discussion
- •16.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •17.1 Towards a Circular Paradigm for the Regeneration of Terraced Landscapes
- •17.1.1 Circular Economy and Circularization of Processes
- •17.1.2 The Landscape Systemic Approach
- •17.1.3 The Complex Social Value of Cultural Terraced Landscape as Common Good
- •17.2 Evaluation Tools
- •17.2.1 Multidimensional Impacts of Land Abandonment in Terraced Landscapes
- •17.2.3 Economic Valuation Methods of ES
- •17.3 Some Economic Instruments
- •17.3.1 Applicability and Impact of Subsidy Policies in Terraced Landscapes
- •17.3.3 Payments for Ecosystem Services Promoting Sustainable Farming Practices
- •17.3.4 Pay for Action and Pay for Result Mechanisms
- •17.4 Conclusions and Discussion
- •References
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Tourism and Landscape: A Brief Theoretical Staging
- •18.3 Tourism Development in Terraced Landscapes: Attractions and Expectations
- •18.3.1 General Trends and Main Issues
- •18.3.2 The Demand Side
- •18.3.3 The Supply Side
- •18.3.4 Our Approach
- •18.4 Tourism and Local Agricultural System
- •18.6 Concluding Remarks
- •References
- •19 Innovative Practices and Strategic Planning on Terraced Landscapes with a View to Building New Alpine Communities
- •19.1 Focusing on Practices
- •19.2 Terraces: A Resource for Building Community Awareness in the Alps
- •19.3 The Alto Canavese Case Study (Piedmont, Italy)
- •19.3.1 A Territory that Looks to a Future Based on Terraced Landscapes
- •19.3.2 The Community’s First Steps: The Practices that Enhance Terraces
- •19.3.3 The Role of Two Projects
- •19.3.3.1 The Strategic Plan
- •References
- •20 Planning, Policies and Governance for Terraced Landscape: A General View
- •20.1 Three Landscapes
- •20.2 Crisis and Opportunity
- •20.4 Planning, Policy and Governance Guidelines
- •Annex
- •Foreword
- •References
- •21.1 About Policies: Why Current Ones Do not Work?
- •21.2 What Landscape Observatories Are?
- •References
- •Index
9 Australian Dry Stone Terraces: An Historical and Contemporary … |
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Fig. 9.4 Early terraces overlooking Sydney Harbour. Photo R. Marshall
Appendix 9.1
1. The Leader, 20 April 1867, p. 9
The vineyard of the Hon J.G. Francis, M.L.A., said the Leader, was one of the first to be set up in Sunbury locality under the “novel industry” clause of the 1862 Land Act. It was ‘the most extensive concern in the hands of one proprietor’.
Francis’ vineyard now exceeded his original selection and had extended onto land “since acquired at auction”; already 38 acres have been planted with vines and an additional 10 acres were to be planted during the coming season. The oldest vines were in their fourth season and covered about twelve acres located on a hot and dry hillside of deep volcanic debris; the natural drainage was said to suit the vines which were expected to produce wines of “first-class quality”.
The sites selected by Francis were chosen not only for their natural suitability for vine-growing but also keeping in mind the particular requirements of different grape varieties:
… the steep bank of six acres selected for part of the current season’s operations will not be easily or inexpensively worked, but these disabilities are overlooked in favour of the thorough adaptability of the site for the production of superior wine. The loose black soil is so intermixed with stones large and small that it can be worked in no other way than be hand, and the estimated cost of preparing this land is £30 per acre. This, added to the cost of planting, tending for three years, and staking, makes vine growing a rather costly investment.
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The already established vines were supported on trellises made of ironbark stakes and iron wires. The grape varieties grown were Chasselas, Riesling, Hermitage, Mataro, Verdeilho (sic), Espart and White Pineau. Some wine had already been made of the Riesling grapes. Mr. Baldini was the overseer of the vineyard.
2. The Australasian, 2 January 1869, p. 24
Francis now had 37 acres planted and 3 acres more to be planted to complete the vineyard as intended, said the Australasian. It reported that: A great part of this land has been rendered fit for planting at heavy expense, being almost precipitous, and full of great stones and rocks. However the soil is naturally good, and where the stones have been taken out, to be used as terrace walls or for filling up the hollows, the vines thrive admirably.
Mr. Baldini was the vineyard manager. The report noted that the 1866 claret had been tasted; the 1867 claret was not yet bottled; the chasselas of 1867 was light and pleasant to drink; the riesling of 1867 was still in wood; and the verdeilho of 1867 was full bodied and rich in flavour.
3. The Australasian, 7 May 1870, p. 601
“The steep banks beside Jackson’s Creek are peculiarly fitted for the vine, the soil being rich and the stones numerous; but it has been costly work in some places, terracing, and leveling, and filling up holes”.
The Illustrated Australian News, 10 June 1878
The Illustrated News reported that Goonawarra vineyard, formed in 1864, was nearly 37 acres in area. It was situated on slopes facing North West, West, and South West, with a frontage to part of Jackson’s Creek. The formation had cost, in some parts of the vineyard, as much as £100. The ground was said to have originally been ‘rocky spurs of the Mount Macedon range’. The vineyard was nearly in full bearing.
4. The Australasian, 8 July 1882, p. 56
The vineyard occupies a somewhat narrow strip of land extending along the creek for some distance, the vines extending from the water’s edge well up towards the crown of the sloping banks. In places there is an alluvial flat of considerable width between the creek and the gently sloping hill, and in other places the banks rise bold and steep from the edge of the stream.
This portion of Jackson’s Creek would be pleasing in a state of nature, but with the vines covering such a long stretch of its winding and undulating banks, its appearance is exceedingly beautiful, so that from the residence a charming view is obtained of vine-clad slopes and the waving line of water.
Along the upper boundary of the vineyard a road has been cut in the hillside and substantially formed with stone, while on a portion of the hill too steep for vines to grow, terraces are being formed for their cultivation. The terraces appear to be formed to complete the outline of the landscape. The road is ornamental as well as useful and a cursory inspection of the surroundings of the vineyard is sufficient to show that utility has not been the only object aimed at in its management.
9 Australian Dry Stone Terraces: An Historical and Contemporary … |
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5. The Australasian 2 June 1883, p. 696
The vineyard was 50 acres in extent, of which less than 40 acres were in full bearing, the balance of 10 acres having been added recently. The Australasian looked back on the unusual terraces:
This vineyard, situated on the eastern side of the stream, is confined entirely to the hill slope and takes the shape of a crescent. The situation is a pleasant one indeed … At the northern end the decline is rather precipitous, and here a system of terracing, which must have entailed considerable expense, has been carried out. In order to prevent the storm waters from the hills washing away the soil, the bank of each terrace was faced with stone, and this elaborate work which is carried out for some distance, must have added considerably to the first cost of establishing the vineyard.
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