XVII. Read and retell the following text using the introductory phrases.

New vibrating rollers

Several new types of vibrating rollers are being made in England. Standard electric vibrating motors are fixed within the rollers. The smallest of the rollers is propelled by hand and incorporates one motor. The largest roller is propelled mechanically. The vibrating motors rotating in opposite directions provide the vibration.

Tandem rollers (катки с двумя цилиндрами) are also available. The compacting force in this case is slightly greater. The alternator (генератор переменного тока) and control switches are attached to the tractor which tows the roller.

Now a few words about a new 48 inches vibratory roller which has been announced by Tampo Manufacturing. This roller features articulated steering, variable position of wheels, hydrostatic vibratory drive and Vibro-Meter, which enables an operator to see exact resonant frequency of material being compacted. Articulated steering allows manoeuvrability for working close to obstructions. Powered by a gasoline engine and having a gross weight of 7,925 lb., the machine is ideal for primary highway construction, shoulder widening, streets, and other projects.

XVIII. Learn the following dialogue.

Situation: Imagine that you are at the exhibition on road making machines.

You see different types of compactors. You want to know something

about them. You come up to the guide and start a conversation with him.

A. Would you kindly tell me just a few words about the compactors.

B. With pleasure. What do you want to know?

A. Can compactors be trailer and semi-trailer?

B. Yes, they may be also self-propelled and pendant.

A. Oh, it`s interesting. And what types of compactors are there?

B. There are rollers, tampers and vibrators.

A. And what machines are the most widespread?

B. Rollers are.

A. I see, thank you.

B. You are welcome.

Приложение

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ

Supplementary reading

The DESIGN OF CRANES

Tower and other rotary jib cranes (crawler and truck-mounted, etc.) should be so designed as to circumvent the hazard (преодолеть опасность) of being tipped over by an excessive load or an excessive load moment. Since the weight of the structures that have to be raised at construction sites is difficult to estimate beforehand, automatic devices are used for this purpose. A load and a height stop (ограничитель веса и высоты подъема) is considered to be the most widespread device. With an electric drive a switch is used. It stops the electric motor operation when the stop acts upon it. The stop is mounted at the end of the boom. The end of the rope of the pulley system is secured by a clamp (зажим) to the rod with a calibrated spring. When the weight of the load exceeds the safe limit, the spring will be compressed, the rod and the arm will go down, the end of the lever will press on a small weight and open the contact of the switch. This will stop the motor of the hoisting mechanism. If the hook casing (крюковая подвеска) reaches the upper limit, the lug (рычажок) will raise the weight and stop the motor.

Sometimes stops of this kind are mounted on tower and other rotary cranes whose outreach changes when the boom is being raised. They automatically change the safe load-carrying capacity while keeping the load moment constant making it possible to increase the weight of the load at a smaller outreach. Cranes with a load moment of 4, 16, and 25 ton-meters are intended primarily for village and industrial community construction. Crane with a load moment of 40, 60, 100, and 160 ton-meters are intended for municipal and civil building, and cranes with 160 and 250 ton-meters – for industrial construction. All tower cranes except for the KB-4 crane are known to be equipped with mechanisms for smooth setting of load, brought-out (выносные) cabs, and devices for passing around the curves (кривые). Their main units - slewing and traveling mechanisms, load and jib winches (грузовые и стреловые лебедки), turntables, cabs, load stops, casings, pulley system, - are all similar in type.

When transported the cranes are folded down and moved as a whole except for the KB-250 crane.

A-FRAME DERRICKS AND MAST ELEVATORS

A-frame derricks (мачтово-стреловые краны) are stationary cranes. The bottom support and the upper pivot (верхняя головка) of the mast enables the mast and the bottom to turn through 360 deg. The mast rests on a ball bearing while the upper support keeps the mast in place by means of guy ropes (канатные растяжки, ванты). When turned the boom passes under the guy ropes. The angle of the boom inclination can be varied over a wide range. The crane winch carries several drums one of which lifts and lowers the load, the other luffs (изменять угол наклона) the boom and the third slews the mast together with the boom. An additional fourth drum is used when the crane operates in conjunction with a grab bucket. A-frame derricks are employed for the erection of hydro-technical structures. When coupled with a grab bucket such cranes can serve a storage of loose building materials. The load-lifting capacity of A-frame derricks varies between 5 to 30 tons.

Mast elevators are employed when the building is almost completed and it is no longer rational to use tower cranes for lifting small articles for delivering them through window and door apertures (оконные и дверные проемы).

Mast elevator consists essentially of a winch mounted on the frame, a mast standing freely or attached to the building, and a lifting platform which is raised by the winch and a hoisting rope. Mast elevators are of four main sizes, with load-lifting capacities of 125, 300, 500, and 800 kg. Elevators are equipped with winches designed on the same lines as electrically driven cranes and construction winches.

Elevators lifting loads of 125 and 300 kg to a height of 9-18 meters may be powered by internal combustion engines. Elevators raising 800 kg to 40-50 meters are intended foe industrial construction. The platform of such elevators carries a device for delivering materials directly into window apertures.

OVERHEAD TRAVELLING AND GANTRY CRANES

Overhead traveling cranes (мостовые краны) are widely used in workshops and storages for moving loads in three mutually perpendicular directions: a) raising and lowering the load, by the hoisting mechanism of the trolley (тележка); b) motion of the trolley along the crane bridge; c) motion of the crane bridge together with the trolley along runway rails (подкрановые пути).

The crane bridge is a steel structure of a beam-type or a lattice truss supported by wheels of the bridge traveling mechanisms. The trolley moving on the truss carries a hoisting mechanism and its own traveling mechanism. All three mechanisms of an overhead crane have independent electric motors controlled from the operator`s cab. The operator can use different combinations of the three movements to lift the load in any direction in space.

Among the load handling attachments of overhead traveling cranes are hooks, hoisting electric magnets, a grab bucket, etc. The trolley of cranes designed to carry 15 tons and more may have two hoisting mechanisms – one main and the other auxiliary. Cranes of normal series for medium duty with one hook can handle 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 50 tons. Normal-series cranes with two hooks for medium duty have a load-lifting capacity of 15/3, 20/5, 30/5, 50/10 and up to 250/30 tons (the numerator (числитель) indicates the handling capacity of the main hook, and the denominator (знаменатель) that of the auxiliary hook).

The spans (пролеты) of normal-series overhead traveling cranes range from 10 to 32 meters. The span of an overhead traveling crane, i.e. the distance between the centers of the crane runway rails, depends on the width of the building. The lifting speed of overhead cranes usually varies within 8-10 m/min (for medium duty cranes) reaching 20-30 m/min under strenuous (напряженный) operating conditions.

Gantry cranes. A gantry crane has a metal structure which comprises a horizontal truss or a beam and supporting legs. A gantry is driven over the rails by a motor in the center of the truss or by two motors. Gantry cranes can handle from 5 to 300 tons.

Now just a few words about derrick cranes. They may have either a steam engine or an electric drive. An electrically driven crane may be powered by one or two motors. There are two hoisting speeds in these cranes: the higher speed and the lower speed. The higher speed is used only for light loads. The lower speed is used when the load is maximum. These cranes usually have two main brakes. One is foot operated and the other is worked by a hand wheel used for preventing the crane from slewing.

HOPPERS, GATES AND FEEDING DEVICES

Auxiliary conveying equipment includes hoppers (бункера), their gates (затворы) and feeding devices (питатели).

Hoppers are used to store and discharge loose materials. The bottom of a hopper ends in a converging section with a chute having a gate feeder or a pipe attached to it. It should be noted that pyramidal or conical hoppers are the most common. Hoppers are made of steel and reinforced concrete (железобетон). They are filled by means of cranes, skip hoists, conveyors or directly from railway cars and trucks dumped into them. The chutes of hoppers are closed by gates. Sector-shaped gates operated by hand or by an air-operated cylinder are used to regulate the flow of light loose materials.

Mechanical feeding devices are employed to deliver loose materials smoothly from the hopper to the receiver. Feeders installed at the discharge openings of hoppers serve at the same time as gates. Feeding devices are of different groups: belt feeders and plate feeders or chain feeders. Feeders are intended for stationary or for mobile service.

Belt feeding devices are essentially short belt conveyors with a rubberized fabric belt. They handle sand, gravel, coal, etc. The capacity of such feeding devices can reach 300 cubic meters per hour. Plate feeders are usually employed to carry heavy big-lump materials.

A shaking feeder (вибрационный питатель) consists of a tray (лоток) secured to inclined springs. The tray is reciprocated by an electromagnetic vibrator. Being vibrated the material flows along the tray. A screw-type feeding device handles cement and other light loose materials.

A rotary table conveyor (тарельчатый питатель) is provided with a horizontal rotating disk receiving the material from the discharge hopper. These feeders are used to carry dry fine-grained (мелко-зернистый) material and lumpy (кусковой) materials up to 100 mm in size and have a capacity ranging from 2 to 100 cub.m./hr.

SOME ROAD-MAKING AND CONSTRUCTION MACHINES

Rubber-tyred Dozer. Allis-Chalmers has expanded its rubber-tired dozer line by adding a 38,100 lb. unit, the D-30. Unit`s 11,000 turbo-charged diesel engine with 240 hp (max.) and a single stage torque converter (гидротрансформатор) give the machine power for a variety of dozing and material handling jobs, as well as for push-loading small scrapers. Full power shift transmission (трансмиссия с механическим переключением) provides fast manoeuvering. One lever controls 2 forward and 3 reverse speed ranges and direction of travel. With top speed of 23 mph, the unit carries blade that can be raised 4 ft. with lift, tilt and pitch controlled by double acting hydraulic jacks.

Transfer Trailer. Challenge-Cook Bros. has introduced a new electrically-powered transfer trailer. With unit, 1 dump truck and 1 driver can haul 2 loads instead of 1. Combined pay loads are up to 26 tons in some states. Unit is a pull-type trailer and available for either rear or front transfer. At the job site the driver parks the trailer and dumps the load in the truck body, coming back to the trailer the driver transfers the trailer body into the truck body, then the driver dumps the trailer body.

4-WheelDrive Tractor.M-R-S Mfg.Co. announced addition of Model 1-80 to its line of 4-wheel drive, 4-wheel steer tractors. With 141 brake hp. unit is designed to provide power for all types of drawbar works (тяговые работы) – sheep-foot rollers, vibrators, rubber tired compactors and heavy disk plows (плуг, снегоочиститель). Hydraulic bulldozer blade is provided for backfill work (засыпные работы) and spreading dumped fill material. In addition, a power take off (пусковая мощность) and hydraulics are available for operation of large hydraulic backhoes (обратные лопаты). Unit features independently controlled 4- steering that provides close turning and wide degree of steering selectivity.

New hydraulic loader. Ware Machinery Works has a new Ware Model 160 Hydro-Loader, hydraulic loader. Unit has rated lifting capacity of 6,000 lb. and carrying capacity of 8,000 lb. Clearance in fully dumped position is 9 ft.3in. with 33ft. forward reach. An automatic bucket leveler and 40 deg. bucket rollback allow unit to come up with fully loaded bucket every pass. Controls are claimed to be easily reached from cushioned bucket seat that swivels 360 deg. 2,000 psi (pounds per square inch – фунт на квадратный дюйм) hydraulic system is sealed and filtered.

Rubber-Tired Loader. Model H-100C rubber-tired loader carries a standard 3.25 cub.m excavating bucket, and has a capacity of 12,750 pounds (5780 kg). The bucket and front frame can swing through 80 degrees, and turning radius is less than the machine`s length.

Power is supplied by a 275 or 285 hp diesel engine connected to a four-speed transmission with travel speed up to 32.7 miles (52.6 km) per hour. The H-100C has the power to work as an excavator as well as a stockpiler (укладчик). Weighing 43,000 pounds (19,500 kg), the machine develops a bucket breakout force of 73,000 pounds (16,783 kg).

Short Tilt Cab Trucks. Dodge has available a new model “L” tilt-cab truck produced in 6 models, 3 single axle and 3 tandem axle. The truck cab of riveted aluminum panels with fiberglass skirt (обод из стекловолокна) around bottom is 49 in. long thus permitting longer hauling trailers within legal limits. The cab can be tilted 55 degrees for max. accessibility to engine compartment. Straight block V-6 and V-8 diesel engines having outputs from 195 to 235 gross hp are standard. Max. gross vehicle weights range from 36,000 lb. in single axle to 50,000 lb. in tandem. 10 wheel base lengths range from 98 in. through 200 in.

A Fork-Lift Truck (грузовик с вилко-образным подъемником). There is a fork-lift truck which can lift up to 3,500 pounds at a load-center of 20 inches. The frame of this fork-lift truck is made of heavy steel channel (швеллер) and a plate. And all the lifting and tilting forces imposed by the lifting mast and the load are contained within the frame. The carriage of the lifting channel is mounted on rollers running on the inner section. The channels are placed wider so that the mast could withstand the forces imposed by the load when the truck is traveling over rough ground. All hinge points on the tilting mechanism are fitted with bushes and pins. The pins are lubricated with grease. The towing capacity is equal to the capacity of 35 horse-power tractor thus loads of up to 16 tons may be drawn on good roads, and of up to 8 tons in difficult conditions. There are eight forward and two reverse gears, which permit acceleration to maximum speed while carrying heavy loads on good roads, and to run at optimum speeds in bad conditions.

The driver can see the load and all the corners of the vehicle. And it is very comfortable.

SOIL COMPACTING

There are three mechanical means of compacting soil: namely by the application of weight, impact and vibration.

The application of weight is most effective in cohesive or slightly cohesive soils where the moisture content is sufficient to render the finer fractions of the soil plastic or semi-plastic.

Impact is most effective in somewhat (до некоторой степени) dryer soils of this type and in soils containing a considerable amount of angular rock fragments (обломки).

Vibration has an advantage over the other methods when compacting cohesionless soils such as sand and gravel. Machines using a combination of two or more of these forces are useful over a wider range of soil types and conditions.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Суффиксальное словообразование

И Н Ф О Р М А Ц И Я 1

Слова в английском языке могут образовываться путем прибавления к основе суффиксов. Суффикс в английском языке – это часть слова, стоящая после корня и сообщающая слову новое значение. Суффикс изменяет не только значение слова, но и часть речи. Например: Engage (основа, имеющая значение “зацеплять”) + ed (суффикс, выражающий законченность действия)- engaged – “зацепленный”; + ment - engagement (cуффикс, обозначающий результат) – “зацепление”;+ ing - engaging (суффикс, обозначающий процесс)-зацепляя.

Наиболее продуктивными суффиксами в технической литературе, связанной с ремонтом, конструкцией и эксплуатацией дорожно-транспортных и строительных машин, являются: -er, -or, -tion, -ion, - ure, -ance, -ness, - ssion, -able, -ing, -al, - ly.

З а д а н и е 1. Переведите следующие слова и укажите в них суффиксы.

Clearance, pressure, compression, equipment, feeder, widely, resistant, conveyer, inclined, manoeuvrable, mechanically, generator, stability, compactness, braking, frictional, compressor.

И Н Ф О Р М А Ц И Я 2

Суффиксы -er - or , образующие существительные от основы глагола, указывают на исполнителя или орудие действия.

М о д е л ь : V+ -OR, - ER

Например: to mix – перемешивать - mixer – смеситель;

to operate – работать - operator - оператор

З а д а н и е 2. Опираясь на значение глаголов, переведите существительные.

To rip (рыхлить) – a ripper; to excavate (копать) – an excavator; to clean (очищать) –a сleaner; to compress (сжимать) a compressor; to start (запускать) – a starter; to vibrate (вибрировать) – a vibrator; to protect (предохранять) –a protector; to dump (разгружать) - a dumper; to roll (укатывать) – a roller; to govern (регулировать) – a governer; to feed (питать)- a feeder; to load (нагружать) – a loader; to absorb (поглощать) – an absorber; to scarify (разрыхлять) - a scarifier; to ditch (окапывать) – a ditcher; to trail (тащить) – a trailer.

З а д а н и е 3. Найдите варианты, соответствующие английским терминам.

1. A crusher а) грузоподъемник

2. Dipper b) дробилка

3. Ripper c) транспортер

4. Roller d) питатель

5. Loader e) уплотнитель

6. Crawler f) ковш

7. Conveyer g) гусеничный трактор

8. Feeder h) рыхлитель

9. Elevator i) погрузчик

10. Compactor j) тягач

11. Ditcher k) канавокопатель

12. Trailer l) каток

З а д а н и е 4. Закончите предложения терминами, образованными по модели

V + OR, -ER.

Example: A machine which digs soil is called a …

A machine which digs soil is called a digger.

1. A machine which loads different materials is called a … .

2. A device which vibrates the material is called a … .

3. A machine which rolls roads is called a …

4. A mechanism which conveys different materials is called a … .

5. A device which feeds different loose materials is called a …

6. An appliance which elevates loads is called an … .

7. A device which generates energy is called a … .

8. A machine which compacts soil is called a … .

9. A machine which dumps loads is called a … .

10. A device which absorbs shocks is called a … .

И Н Ф О Р М А Ц И Я 3

Суффиксы - ion, - tion, - ssion, - ment, - ure, - ance, образующие существительные от глаголов, указывают на процесс, результат.

М о д е л ь : V = -ION, -TION, -SSION, -MENT,- URE, -ANCE

Например:To operate – paботать, operation – работа;

To compress – сжимать, compression – сжатие;

To equip - оборудовать, equipment – оборудование;

To press – давить, pressure - давление;

To resist – сопротивляться, resistance – сопротивление.

З а д а н и е 5. Образуйте существительные по модели: V + TION. Определите их значения.

To construct, to operate, to insulate, to install, to invent, to cultivate, to ventilate, to irrigate, to erect, to compact, to ignite, to explore (исследовать), to oscillate.

З а д а н и е 6. Найдите эквиваленты русским терминам из числа тех, которые приведены под чертой.

Воспламенение, вентиляция, обработка, осушение, установка, изоляция, исследование, уплотнение, работа, монтаж.

Operation, compaction, erection, ignition, exploration, cultivation, ventilation, installation, insulation, irrigation.

З а д а н и е 7. Используя данные в скобках глаголы, образуйте существительные по модели V + - MENT.

Регулирование ( to adjust), развитие (to develop), оборудование (to equip), измерение (to measure), фундамент (to base), усовершенствование (to improve), рабочий объем цилиндра (to displace), замещение (to replace), устройство (to arrange), приспособление (to attach), достижение (to achieve), расцепление (to disengage), обработка (to treat), требование (to require).

З а д а н и е 8. Найдите эквиваленты английским терминам из числа тех, которые даны под чертой.

Adjustment, disengagement, displacement, attachment, improvement, measurement, arrangement, engagement.

Рабочий объем цилиндра, устройство, приспособление, регулировка, измерение, усовершенствование, зацепление, расцепление.

З а д а н и е 9. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на суффиксы существительных.

1. Engagement and disengagement are effected by the pressure of the foot on the

pedal.

2. The engine has displacement of 154 cubic inches (cu.in.).

3. This truck does not require any adjustment.

4. The equipment consists of an electrically powered pump unit.

5. The new arrangement incorporates some improvements resulting in operation efficiency.

З а д а н и е 10. Опираясь на значения существительных, образованных по модели V + - URE, - SSION, - ANCE, переведите глаголы.

Transmission (трансмиссия) – to transmit, suspension (подвеска) – to suspend, compression (сжатие) – to compress, clearance (вредное пространство в цилиндре двигателя, очистка) – to clear, maintenance (техническое обслуживание) – to maintain, resistance (сопротивление) – to resist, endurance (сопротивляемость изнашиванию) – to endure, pressure (давление) – to press, inclusion (включение) – to include.

З а д а н и е 11. Найдите эквиваленты из числа тех, которые даны под чертой.

Displacement, maintenance, erection, performance, engagement, endurance, equipment, adjustment, compaction, pressure, suspension, resistance, improvement , insulation, disengagement.

Cопротивление, рабочий объем цилиндра, монтаж, расцепление, сопротивляемость изнашиванию, техническое обслуживание, характеристика работы машины, зацепление, изоляция, регулирование, подвеска, уплотнение, давление, усовершенствование, оборудование.

И Н Ф О Р М А Ц И Я 4

Суффиксы – ITY, - NESS, образующие существительные от основы прилагательного, указывают на состояние, качество или свойство.

М о д е л ь : A + -ITY, - NESS

Например: rigid (жесткий) – rigidity – жесткость;

hard (твердый) - hardness – твердость.

З а д а н и е 12. Опираясь на значения прилагательных, переведите существительные, учитывая, что суффиксам – ITY, - NESS в русском языке соответствуют суффиксы –“ ОСТЬ”, -“ ЕСТЬ”.

Visibility (visible – видимый), manoeuvrability (manoeuvrable – маневренный), accessibility (accessible – доступный), effectiveness (effective- эффективный), reliability (reliable – надежный), stability (stable –устойчивый), durability (durable – долговечный), toughness (tough –жесткий), fineness (fine – тонкий).

З а д а н и е 13. Образуйте существительные по модели A + ITY. Переведите их.

Simple, mobile, adaptable (приспособляемый), visible, reliable, stable, possible, capable (способный), reversible, elastic, proper (свойственный), productive (производительный).

З а д а н и е 14. Найдите эквиваленты терминам среди существительных, данных под чертой.

Reliability, stability, elasticity, visibility, mobility, accessibility, durability, simplicity, productivity, capability, adaptability.

Доступность, устойчивость, способность, надежность, видимость, подвижность, простота (легкость), долговечность, приспособляемость, упругость, производительность.

И Н Ф О Р М А Ц И Я 5

Суффикс – ING, с помощью которого образуются существительные от глагола, м о д е л ь V + ING, обозначают : а) процесс, действие ( например: to dig – копать, digging – копание); b) результат действия ( например: to disconnect – рассоединять; disconnecting – рассоединение).

З а д а н и е 15. Образуйте существительные, используя модель V + ING. Определите их значения. Помните, что английскому суффиксу - ING в русском языке соответствуют окончания - “НИЕ” – “КА”.

Control, support, turn, lubricate, travel, service, brake, steer, excavate, compact, load, heat, mix, dump (разгружать).

З а д а н и е 16. Используя модель V + ING, дайте английские эквиваленты следующим словам:

Копание (to dig), выравнивание (to level), профилирование (to shape), нагружение ( to load), разгрузка (to unload), выкапывание (to excavate), управление (to control), переключение (to gear), транспортировка (to handle), смазывание (to lubricate), расцепление (to disconnect), обслуживание (to serve).