VII. Learn the following information about «that».

Помните, что «that» может быть:

а) указательным местоимением и переводится как «этот, эта, это».

Например: That bulldozer is very efficient in operation.

Этот бульдозер очень эффективен в работе.

б) союзом.

Например:That tower cranes are widely used in construction is a well-known fact То, что башенные краны широко используются в строительстве хорошо известный факт.

в) словом-заменителем для замены упомянутого ранее существительного.

Переводится тем слово, которое заменяет, или вообще не переводится.

Например: Bulldozers mounted on low-pressure air-tyred wheel tractors are be- coming more popular as their efficiency is higher than that of crawler bulldozers. Бульдозеры, смонтированные на колесных тягачах с шинами низкого давления, становятся более популярными, т.к. их производительность выше, чем производительность гусеничных бульдозеров.

Или: … так как их производительность выше, чем у гусеничных тракторов.

г) союзным словом.

Например; It is difficult to estimate beforehand the weight of the structures that have to be raised.

Трудно определить заранее вес груза, который должен быть поднят.

VIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word “that”.

1. Air-tyred and truck-mounted cranes are provided with outriggers that increase the bearing surface of the crane.

2. That belt conveyors are widely used in construction is a well-known fact.

3. A mast elevator consists of a winch, a mast and a load-lifting platform that is raised by the winch and a hoisting rope.

4. Winches of that type develop a pull of up to 10 tons.

5. It should be noted that crawler cranes can operate without outriggers.

6. The efficiency of a rack-and-pinion jack is higher than that of a screw jack.

IX. Read and translate the following text.

EARTH-MOVING MACHINES

B u l l d o z e r s

A bulldozer is a pendant attachment mounted on crawler and wheel tractors. In laying a roadbed bulldozers are employed to remove bushes, stumps and small trees, dig and transport soil from cuts to a pile, build fills, push soil from cuts to spoil banks, fill up trenches, ditches and pits, etc.

A bulldozer coupled with other machines can also be used for auxiliary jobs. It should be noted that in winter-time bulldozers are employed to remove snow from motor-roads, airfields and municipal squares. At a storage depot and at construction sites bulldozers transport, pile and load crushed stone, sand, gravel and other loose materials. Bulldozers can erect fills and dig cuts to a height or to a depth of up to 3 meters.

Bulldozers can be classified as follows:

a) by the mounting of the blade: fixed-blade bulldozers whose blade is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tractor and universal-blade bulldozers where the blade can be set either perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the machine or at angles to cast dirt to either side. A universal blade can push the earth forward and aside, fill up ditches and trenches and shape an earth bed;

b) by the control system: bulldozers with cable or hydraulic control.

In cable bulldozers the blade is raised and lowered by a cable hoist system driven by a winch mounted on the tractor.

In hydraulic bulldozers the blade is operated by hydraulic cylinders supplied with working fluid by a pump under pressure;

2. by the type of carrying vehicle: there are crawler and wheel tractors and special air-tyred tractors.

Bulldozers mounted on low-pressure air-tyred tractors are highly manoeuvrable and have almost the same cross-country capacity as crawler-mounted machines. They are becoming more popular as their efficiency on a number of jobs is 1.7 – 2 times higher than that of crawler bulldozers.