VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word “most”.

1. Most engines operate on the four-stroke cycle.

2. Most commonly in construction electric friction-type winches are used.

3. Pyramidal and conical hoppers are the most common.

4. Forced-discharge is the most reliable although it involves a greater consumption of power.

5. Power graders are most widely used in road construction.

VII. Read and translate the following text.

REVOLVING SHOVELS

The principle of operation subdivides all shovels into revolving shovels and ditchers.

Fig. 6. Front attachments of revolving shovels

A revolving shovel digs soil while standing at one place where as a ditcher moves continuously. Revolving shovels are most widely used in all branches of construction: to drain and irrigate land, extract mineral resources, in mining for baring operations, etc. Revolving shovels can be classified by their purpose, bucket capacity, degree of universality, type of power plant, running gear, and controls. Depending on the bucket capacity and purpose revolving shovels can be divided into the following groups:

Building shovels with bucket capacities of 1.5- 4 cubic meters, used together with various alternative attachments for construction and auxiliary jobs and in small quarries for excavating building materials.

Quarry shovels with bucket capacities of 4-8 cubic meters, intended for extracting raw materials in quarries, for digging very heavy soils.

Stripping shovels with bucket capacities of 4-10 cubic meters, employed for removing the capping and dumping it in piles in open-cast mining,

Walking draglines with bucket capacities from 4 to 50 meters for digging deep cuts in soft soil in hydro-technical construction.

Revolving shovels are also subdivided into universal, semi-universal and special types.

Universal shovels are designed for operating with various alternative attachments: face shovel (Fig.6a), drag shovel (Fig.6b), dragline (Fig.6c), crane (Fig.6e), clamshell (Fig.6d), tower crane, pile driver (Fig.6f) and a frozen soil ripper.

Face shovels, drag shovels and draglines are the principal and most widespread kinds of replaceable attachments.

In addition to the principal attachments, semi-universal shovels have one or two auxiliary rigs. Most commonly such shovels carry a face shovel, a dragline or a crane. Special heavy type shovels are designed with only one type of attachment – a dragline or a face bucket.

The power plant of a shovel may be a diesel engine, an electric drive powered from an external supply or a diesel-electric drive. Most building shovels are powered by a diesel engine which can sometimes be replaced by an electric motor powered from the mains.

VIII. Define the functions of the shovels.

1. Building shovels a) are intended for digging deep cuts in soft soil

in hydro-technical construction.

2. Quarry shovels b) are used in construction and in small quarries

for excavating building materials.

3. Stripping shovels c) are employed for removing the capping and

dumping it in piles in open-cast mining.

4. Walking draglines d) are intended for extracting raw materials in

quarries and for digging very heavy soil.