VII. Learn the following information about the Gerund.

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, обозначающая действие в самом общем виде. Например: using- использование, digging – копание.

На русский язык герундий может переводиться следующим образом:

а) существительным. Например: Elevating graders are used for slice by slice cutting soil. Грейдеры-элеваторы используются для послойной разработки грунта.

б) инфинитивом. Например: Elevating graders are also employed for digging irrigation ditches. Грейдеры-элеваторы также используют, чтобы выкапывать оросительные каналы.

в) деепричастием: The length of the conveyor can be increased by using an extension frame. Используя вставку, можно увеличить длину транспортера. (или: Длина транспортера может быть увеличена путем использования вставки).

Употребление герундия с предлогами:

Помните, что:

by + герундий – может переводиться с помощью союза «путем», «при» + существительное или деепричастием (by using –путем использования, при использовании; используя);

without + герундий – переводится деепричастием с частицей «не» или существительным с предлогом «без» (without using – не используя, без использования);

for + герундий – переводится существительным с предлогом «для» (for using – для использования);

in + герундий – переводится существительным с предлогом «при» или деепричастием настоящего времени и обозначает процесс действия (in using – при использовании, используя);

on + герундий – переводится деепричастием прошедшего времени и обозначает результат действия (on using – использовав).

VIII. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerund.

1. In an elevating grader the two functions of cutting and transporting a load are quite separate.

2. The belt conveyor is attached to the frame by using chains and cables.

3. In laying a roadbed bulldozers are employed to remove bushes (кусты), stumps (пни) and small trees.

4. Modern types of loaders have a hydraulic system for raising and lowering the bucket.

5. A hoist is used for assembling machines.

6. Some types of cranes cannot be transported without splitting them into separate units.

7. The pulling force of a tractor can be used much better by making two or three scrapers into a train with a centralized control.

8. Without outriggers the lifting capacity of a crane drops sharply.

9 Special types and models of tractors have been developed for maintaining highways.

10. A tractor going down a slope is braked and stopped by using the same brakes applied to both tracks simultaneously.

IX. Read and translate the following text.

ELEVATING GRADERS

Elevating graders are intended for slice by slice cutting soil and moving it away by means of a conveyor into a dump. Elevating graders can erect fills up to 1.2 - - 1.5 meters high for a roadbed constructed in a level country, dig cuts and built fills on hillsides with slopes up to 12 degrees. They are also employed for digging irrigation ditches. It is interesting to note that in an elevating grader the two functions of cutting and transporting the load are quite separate. The work is done by a knife and a belt conveyor.

Elevating graders can be classified as follows:

a) by the arrangement of the operating member – with a disk knife and a system of flat knives;

b) by the position of the conveyor – transverse, longitudinal or oblique;

d) by the mode of locomotion – trailer, semi-trailer, pendant or self-powered.

The principal parts of an elevating grader are the main frame, carrying the engine and control mechanisms, a vertical frame, a share arm with a disk knife, a conveyor, front and rear axles with wheels and a hitch.

The disk knife and the belt conveyor constitute the operating members of the machine. The share arm can be raised and lowered with the disk knife in order to change the penetration of the knife into the soil and thereby increase or decrease the thickness of the slice being cut. The belt conveyor is secured to the main frame and the vertical frame in three points by means of chains and cables. The control mechanisms can be used to raise the upper or lower part of the conveyor separately. The length of the conveyor can be increased from 6 to 8.5 meters with the aid of an extension frame. The engine actuates the driving drum of the conveyor through the transmission – the clutch, gear box and universal-joint shaft. The power developed by the engine is transmitted through the gear box to the conveyor control mechanisms and the share arm hoist. An elevating grader travels on six wheels.