I. Complex object

Состоит из глагола-сказуемого и двух дополнений, выраженных местоимением в косвенном падеже или существительным и инфинитивом или Причастием I:

I asked I let/made I saw

him / my friend him / my friend him / my friend

to come come come / going

Сравните перевод с русского «Я знаю, что он приезжает сегодня вечером»:

a) дословный – I know that he arrives tonight.

b) с оборотом – I know him to arrive tonight.

Таким образом, оборот переводится с английского на русский придаточным предложением с союзами ЧТО, КАК, ЧТОБЫ;

местоимение из косвенного падежа переводится в именительный (HIM – ОН); а глагол из неопределенной формы преобразуется в личную в подходящем времени (TO ARRIVE – приезжает).

ПРИЧАСТИЕ употребляется вместо инфинитива, чтобы подчеркнуть длительность действия

В английском оборот употребляется после глаголов

a) восприятия feel hear see watch notice observe

b) мнения believe consider suppose think find expect know mean

c) волеизъявления let make get have order permit allow enable

d) желания want wish would like (‘d like) like prefer love hate

Запомните: после глаголов to feel, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, let, make, get, have ИНФИНИТИВ ТЕРЯЕТ ЧАСТИЦУ TO!

II. Complex subject

сказуемое

Подлежащее (чаще в ПАССИВЕ) инфинитив

He They Columbus

is said are expected is believed

to arrive tomorrow to come next week to discover America

При переводе на русский язык меняется порядок и добавляется союз ЧТО:

HE IS SAID TO ARRIVE

ГОВОРЯТ, ЧТО ОН ПРИЕЗЖАЕТ

Сказуемое переводится неопределенно-личной формой (говорят, считается, полагают, ожидается, сообщают и т. д.):

запомните IS KNOWN  ИЗВЕСТНО

Инфинитив превращается в сказуемое придаточного предложения (TO ARRIVE  ПРИЕЗЖАЕТ)

Оборот употребляется со сказуемыми 3-х групп

I. в СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ залоге:

is said to

is seen to

is known to

is found to

is thought to

is believed to

is considered to

is supposed to

is expected to

is reported to

is announced to

II. в ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ залоге:

seem to

appear to казаться

turn out to оказываться (как правило, неожиданно)

prove to оказываться (в положительном смысле, т. е. оправдать ожидания)

happen to – (случайно!) оказываться

III. с именным сказуемым, включающим ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ:

is sure to – обязательно, конечно, наверняка

is (un)likely to – (мало)вероятно, скорее всего, наверно (вряд ли)

is certain to – вероятно, обязательно

Complex Object

TASK 19. Translate the sentences, identifying Complex Object:

1. Bernard Shaw wanted marriages to be based upon common sense and eugenics. 2. John Ball wanted all things to be used in common. 3. I look upon every day to be lost, in which I do not make a new acquaintance (S. Johnson). 4. If you would wish another to keep your secret, first keep it yourself (L. Seneca). 5. Taking these costs to be in the same units, it is reasonable to add the two costs and obtain the total cost. 6. He wished the matter to be taken seriously. 7. We want them to attend the conference. 8. We saw concrete parts be pre­fabricated at the works. 9. I heard Professor N. deliver a lecture on the subject. 10. We have already mentioned this method as affording good results. 11. He regards this concept as being not a simple one. 12. He had our research group presented at the last symposium.

TASK 20. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Complex Object with Infinitive:

1. We proved this suggestion to be wrong. 2. There were some rea­sons to believe it to be the case. 3. Jordan supposed the statement not to be obvious and believed it to require a proof. 4. Aristotle supposes happi­ness to be associated with some other human activity. 5. The rule requires all arguments to be available before execution can take place. 6. Although this quantity is not the same, many scientists in the past have assumed it to be so. 7. The problem was recognized by many scientists as being of great importance. 8. One would expect the true value to have a 90% chance. 9. A way to get an interviewee to "open up" is the use of the "open-ended" questions.

Complex Subject

TASK 21. Translate the sentences, identifying Complex Subject:

1. People's knowledge is assumed to be well-organized and facilitate the understanding of new information. 2. This process was expected to be more effective. 3. These stages are assumed to occur sequentially. 4. That represen­tation does turn out to be useful. 5. The approach was reported to apply. 6. From now on this model will be assumed to be adequate. 7. The talks are intended to give the latest advanced ideas in this field. 8. This change seems to have begun towards the end of the last century. 9. The subject is likely to stimulate the reader's interest 10. To be in the weakest camp is certain to be in the strongest school. 11. Good people are unlikely to be corrupted by their surroundings. 13. These two methods turned out to be incompatible in effectiveness. 14. There happened to exist some ideas about the manipulation.

TASK 22. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Complex Subject with Participles:

1. The plant is found growing in the East Indies. 2. This data set should in­tuitively be considered as consisting of two clusters. 3. This method, previously mentioned as affording good results, is being widely used. 4. The permanent in­come is often taken as having been established. 5. The problem can be thought of as being a multivariable generalization of the classical prob­lem.

TASK 23. Read about some of so called Greatest Historical Myths and paraphrase the passages using Complex Subject. Supply the true historic facts, where you can.

Example: Napoleon is believed to have been physically small…

It is said that those who don't know history are condemned to repeat it - and as any history buff can tell you, much of history is something you would NOT want to repeat. However, many well-known historical "facts" are myths, with no basis in fact. Here are some of the most common, which have misled and misinformed people for years, decades, or centuries.

1. Napoleon was a little corporal

Some people believe that Napoleon's domineering ambitions were to compensate for being so physically small. Not so. True, Napoleon was called Le Petit Corporal ("The Little Corporal"), but…

2. King John signed the Magna Carta

The Magna Carta (Great Charter) is known as a landmark in history, limiting the power of the King of England and sowing the seeds of democracy. Paintings show King John reluctantly signing the Magna Carta in a meadow at Runnymede in 1215. Fair enough, except for one thing…

3. Nero played the violin while Rome burned

We all know the story of mad Emperor Nero starting the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, then playing a musical instrument while the city burned. However, this would have been impossible...

4. America became independent on July 4, 1776

Hold the fireworks! As most American school children (and many non-American ones) are aware, America's founding fathers signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. However…

5. Edison invented the electric light

Thomas Edison is known as the world's greatest inventor. His record output – 1,093 patents – still amazes us, over a century later. Astonishing, except for one thing: he didn't invent most of them…

6. Gandhi liberated India

To westerners, Mahatma Gandhi is easily the most famous leader of India's independence movement. He deserves credit for promoting the ancient ideals of ahimsa (non-violence)…

7. The inquisition murdered tens of thousands people

The modern day notion holds that unified and horrible “Inquisition” tried and executed innumerable innocent people (persecution of Protestants). “The Inquisition” was the most violent and suppressive tool of the Church. But the reality?

8. Emperor Caligula made his horse a consul

Caligula’s love for his horse, Incitatus, was well known in his time and in present times. Besides a stall of marble, he even gave his horse a house, a troop of slaves and furniture, and it is also said that he planned to make it consul…

TASK 24. Revision: Translate the sentences, paying attention to the non-finite verb forms:

1. Meeting her seemed a good end to the day.

2. What he had always wanted was doing what he liked.

3. They enjoyed having a guest that evening.

4. She stopped speaking as if waiting for him to speak.

6. I don't want her to make a habit of being late.

7. Strictly speaking their presence is not necessary.

8. It is a matter of common experience that water expands when freez­ing.

9. He insisted on taking part in the conference.

10. I am surprised at his being awarded the prize.

11. Carrying out experiments is a must with every scientist.

12. He carried the crate to the car parked in the narrow passage behind the house.

13. The substance obtained was thoroughly investigated.

14. The properties of the substances involved are as yet not clearly under-stood.

15. Hydrogen is the lightest element known.

16. The equipment needed for the experiment was carefully checked.

TASK 25. Test translation: Translate the sentences, paying attention to the non-finite verb forms and verbal structures:

1. My report to be submitted to the upcoming Symposium emphatically rejects the possibility itself of such view.

2. An extensive research work to acquire reliable data was launched last year.

3. After much debate we did not agree the way to represent our latest findings.

4. The new research plan is expected to define the objectives and set the wide perspective for our work.

5. In his report he is likely to emphasize the necessity of profound rethinking of methodology.

6. They wanted the executors to follow the procedure strictly.

7. Having realized all possible consequences of this step we decided to abstain from it.

8. This subject matter promoted by the participation of our leading scholars will soon become the dominant.

9. The data collected were considered to be insufficient.

10. The excavation was supposed to be completed in that site.

11. The question having been raised closer to the end of the seminar, we had no time to cover it in full.

12. Though having studied German at school for several years, he was unable to translate scientific literature.

13. The academic council was established at our university many years ago, many postgraduates having defended their theses in it.

Conditional Mood

TASK 26. Translate the sentences identifying the cases of Conditional in Indefinite verb form:

1. It is ur­gent that we debate the importance of such gatherings. 2. By about 1880 it seemed as if the world of science were fairly well explained. 3. Care should be taken that the packing be as uniform as possible. 4. The facts do not always answer our questions as unmistakably as might be desirable. 5. Even problems that would be termed "simple" nowadays could not be handled in a straightforward way. 6. This would be truer in some types of operations than in others. 7. Make exact calculations lest you should fail with your experiment. 8. He asked that they be permitted to return to their homes. 9. We might well compare the conditions thus created to the present conditions. 10. They did not mention the subject again lest it should occasion a fresh testing.

TASK 27. Translate the sentences paying attentions to the Conditional in the Perfect verb form:

1. Their communication would have been more vivid if it had been illustrated with examples. 2. The stock level could have been reduced still further if the tax laws had made this advanta­geous. 3. But for the lack of a reliable instrument the problem could have been solved long ago. 4. The system is in a state as if this transaction had never happened. 5. These conclusions are hopeful, while those of chapter 6 are less encouraging. 6. Such a privilege would necessarily have led to competition with the merchants.

TASK 28. In the texts of your field of study find the sentences with the predicate in Conditional mood and translate those sentences.

Complex Sentences

TASK 29. Translate the sentences, mark the Subject clauses.

1. That it is easy to confuse the two notions is indicated by this example. 2. That there is a connection between life and poetry is obvious, and an obvious under­statement. 3. That language is not only an instrument for the expression of thought but also for thinking is the thesis of these scholars. 4. Whether or not a social system evolves and survives is dependent on the efficiency and flexibility with which it processes information. 5. Whether the methods have been used since then is not known. 6. Whether or not this synthesis will take place is not known. 7. Whether the Emperor Michael knew the Pope's intention is to be found out. 8. How the plus and minus came into use is a matter of con­siderable conjecture. 9. How pleasant work can be is shown by a simple fact. 10. Which method is preferred depends entirely on circumstances. 11. Which reaction is best must be decided on the grounds. 12. Why he has not done it is to be found out.

TASK 30. In the texts of your field of study find the sentences introduced with the conjunctions what, that, whether and translate those sentences.

TASK 31. Mark Predicate clauses and translate the sentences:

1. What matters here is that the problem can be solved by straightedge and compass alone. 2. What is wrong in such stories is that they are ide­alistic. 3. A serious difficulty will be in that such questions have not yet been considered. 4. The question remains whether this approach is ap­plicable in all cases. 5. The result is that after many modifications a pro­gram becomes nearly unintelligible. 6. He was what has come to be known as a sociological critic. 7. The problem is whether the results of the test should be recorded, whether successful or not. 8. The question remains whether these data are reliable.

TASK 32. Translate Attributive clauses:

1. A man is known by the company he keeps. 2. Everything comes to him who knows how to wait. 3. This is the only way by which we can distinguish which of the two events came first. 4. Turner was the most imaginative artist England has ever produced. 5. This paper addresses the objectives and requirements document ought to meet. 6. The character­istics we are interested in are shape and size. 7. The people often view problems the way they want to view them. 8. There is no particular rea­son why this should be so. 9. The findings were not meaningful, for which reason we could not use them in our further investigation. 10. These quantities were to be determined correctly, for which purpose we used their technique.

TASK 33. Find examples of Attributive clauses in historical scientific literature.

TASK 34. Mark Adverbial clauses and translate the examples, paying attention to the ways of translating the words since, until/till, unless:

1. You never know what you can do till you try. 2. While there is life there is hope. 3. This procedure is applicable whether or not the product is pure. 4. However many times the experi­ment was repeated the final values were always the same. 5. Whenever Greek colonies were established, there were definite possibilities of sci­entific advance. 6. It is important not to look for solutions until all the facts have been gathered. 17. Since the theory should be a general one it should apply in all cases mentioned.