5. Лексика

5.1. ABOUT MYSELF

Words to be remembered

to introduce – представиться, познакомить

surname (last name) – фамилия

to be born – родиться

Siberia – Сибирь

a first – year student – первокурсник

to finish school – закончить школу

favourite subject – любимый предмет

to be interested in – интересоваться

to know – знать

knowledge – знания

career – карьера

mathematics – математика

mathematician – математик

physics – физика

physicist – физик

economics – экономика

economist – экономист

hospital – больница

relatives – родственники

to come tosee – навещать

to have much work about the house – иметь много работы по дому

to keep house – вести хозяйство

Text

Let me introduce myself. My name is Oleg. My surname or last name is Ivanov. I was born in October 1987 in Omsk. It is the most beautiful city in Siberia. Now I am a first – year student of the Omsk State Technical University. In five years I shall be an engineer. Last year I finished secondary school. My favourite subjects at school were mathematics, physics and English. I was interested in learning English because I wanted to become a programmer and I think that knowledge of foreign languages helps me in my life and career. My family is rather large. There are five people in our family. My father is an economist, he works in a commercial firm, my mother is a doctor and works in a hospital. My sister is a pupil, she is in the fifth form at school. My grandmother lives with us, she is a pensioner. She has much work about the house and we all try to help her to keep house. We have many relatives. They live in Omsk and often come to see us.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian

to introduce, surname (last name), to be born, a first – year student, favourite subject, to be interested in, to know, knowledge, hospital, hostel, pensioner, to have much work, about the house, to keep house, relatives (uncle, aunt, cousin), to come to see.

Ex. 2. Remember the synonyms

surname – last name

area – region – distric

housewife – housekeeper

to do well – to be good at

home – house – building

secondary school – middle school

higher school – higher educational institution

form – class

to be fond of – to be interested in

to want – to be going to

to come to see – to visit

Ex. 3. Answer the questions

1. What is your name?

2. What is your surname (last name)?

3. When were you born?

4. Where were you born?

5. Where is your city situated?

6. What are you?

7. Where do you study?

8. When will you be an engineer?

9. When did you finish your school?

10. What were your favourite subjects?

11. How does knowledge of foreign languages help you in your life?

12. Is your family large?

13. How many people are there in your family?

14. What is your father (mother) by profession?

15. Where does your father (mother) work?

16. Where does your sister (brother) study?

17. Who keeps your house?

18. Have you any relatives?

19. Do you often meet together?

20. What is your home – town?

Ex. 4. Compose the utterances using the following words

to be born, to be fond of, to have much work to do, to keep house, to be on pension, to be married, to be single, at the age of, to serve in the Army, to be interested in, to finish school, to enter the University, to graduate from the higher school, to go in for sports, to be going to, to be sure, to be busy, to be glad, to be free.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English

1. Я – студент первого курса.

2. Я учусь в ОмГТУ.

3. Мне 17 лет.

4. Я окончил школу в прошлом году.

5. Я родился в Омске.

6. Омск находится в Сибири.

7. Через пять лет я буду инженером.

8. Я увлекаюсь спортом.

9. Мои любимые предметы – математика, физика, английский язык.

10. Знания иностранного языка помогут мне в моей жизни и карьере.

11. Моя семья состоит из пяти человек.

12. Мой папа – экономист.

13. Моя мама работает врачом в госпитале.

14. Моя сестра учится в пятом классе.

15. Моя бабушка на пенсии.

16. Она ведёт домашнее хозяйство.

17. Мы все помогаем ей по дому.

18. У меня есть много родственников – дядя, тетя, двоюродный брат.

19. Мы часто ходим друг к другу в гости.

Ex. 6. Tell some words about yourself using words and expressions from the text: « About myself ».

5.2. INSTITUTE

Words to be remembered

all-round education – всестороннее образование

profound knowledge – глубокие знания

applicant – абитуриент

entrance exams – вступительные экзамены

extra-mural department – заочное отделение

curriculum – учебный план, программа

post-graduate courses – аспирантура

humanitarian education – гуманитарное образование

prolifiration – узкая специализация

environment security – защита окружающей среды

launch systems – пусковые системы

entrepreneurship – предпринимательство

master of science – кандидат наук

preliminary courses – подготовительные курсы

to be at smb’s disposal – быть в чьём-либо распоряжении

to submit – представить (результаты работы)

descriptive geometry – начертательная геометрия

to overestimate – переоценить

indispensible – неотъемлемый

strengths – сильные стороны

objective – цель

high-level job – квалифицированная работа

Text

The aim of all higher schools is to give their students an all-round education. They train specialists with profound theoretical knowledge combined with practice. For entering a higher institution it is necessary to leave a secondary school. In order to enter an institute or university the applicant should take entrance exams. If he passes the competitive entrance exams successfully, he is admitted to the educational institution. There are wide opportunities to get higher education both for the young people and the elder ones. Such opportunity may be achieved at the full-time, part-time and extra-mural departments.

As a rule, the course of study at higher institutions runs for 5 or 6 years. Each academic year is divided into two terms. At the end of each term the students take exams and credit tests. Having studied a great number of theoretical and practical subjects, which are included into the curriculum, he becomes a qualified specialist.

At the end of study, the students of technical institutions submit graduation projects and take final state exams. The students of humanitarian institutions also take final state exams and fulfill diploma works. The most skilled graduates who are interested in scientific and research work may continue their study at the post-graduate courses and attain a degree of Master of Sciences in the future.

There are great opportunities to get comprehensive knowledge at one of the 11 faculties of Omsk State Technical University. These faculties are: mechanical – technological, machine – building, polygraphic, electrical, petro – chemical, aero – space technique, electrical engineering, radio engineering, automation, economical, humanitarian education.

It is very important to mention that at each faculty there are several qualifications and prolifirations.

Mechanical – technological faculty trains the students in technology of machine – building, metal – cutting machine – tools and instruments, safety of the technological processes at production, hydraulic machines, hydraulic drive and hydropneumatic automation, maintenance and service of transport and technological machines and equipment (service of automobiles).

Machine – building faculty has the following qualifications: machines and technology of casting, machines and technology of processing metals by pressing, equipment and technology of welding, the systems of automated design.

Polygraphic faculty includes the qualifications: polygraphic machines and automated complexes, technology of polygraphic production, polygraphy, environment security, advertising, design.

Electrical – engineering faculty represents heat energy science: stations, industrial heat energy, cryogenic machines and installations, inter – plant electrical equipment, theoretical principles of electrical engineering, electronics in industry and electrosupplying, electro – supplying in various branches, informational – measuring technique, industrial electronics.

Petro – chemical faculty suggests the following qualifications: vacuum installments, including compressors and pneumatic aggregates, machines and apparatus of chemical productions and building materials enterprises, technology of organic substances, chemical technology of organic substances.

Aero – space faculty trains the specialists in higher mathematics, theoretical mechanics, details of machines, automated installments, launch and technical systems of rockets and space vehicles, standartization and sertification in machine – building, engines of flying vehicles production, rocketry, dynamics and strength of machines, engineering protection of environment.

Radio engineering faculty offers the following qualifications: designing and manufacturing radio equipment, designing radio – electronic equipment, designing and technology of electronic and radio – electronic equipment, radio – technical devices and the systems of diagnosicts, means of communication with moving objects.

Automation faculty has a wide range of qualifications: science of information and computers, automation and robots, automation of technological processes and productions, robots and robototechnical systems, metrology and instrument – making, automated systems of processing information and control.

Economical faculty suggests some modern qualifications: marketing and economical sociology, economy and labour organization, economy and management at canteen feeding enterprises and trade, organization of production and management, marketing and entrepreneurship, economy and management in branches.

Humanitarian education faculty trains the students in social work, public relations, archives cause (occupation), management of personnel, psychology, publishing.

State technical university firstly was called machine – building institute/ It was founded on the 21^st of November 1942 and then there were only two faculties: technological and mechanical, which trained engineers in 6 specialities. The first 25 engineers graduated from this institute in 1947.

In 1963 the Machine – Building institute was renamed into the Polytechnical institute and trained students at 7 faculties in 12 specialities. In 1993 the Polytechnical institute was called the State Technical University. At the university there are full – time, part-time and extra – mural departments, where 12 000 students study, they are taught by almost 900 teachers. Among them – academicians, correspondent members of the Russian Academy of sciences, doctors of sciences, professors, masters of sciences, highly qualified teachers. Before entering the university the applicants study at the preliminary (preparatory) courses.

The library, several reading halls, computer centres, gymnasiums and a canteen are at teachers and students disposal. The teaching staff and the students have the opportunity to carry out a scientific and research work. The students can realize their abilities taking part in the annual students scientific conferences having submitted the results of their research in the form of a report, both in Russian and in a foreign language (English, German or French). The teachers also take part in the annual scientific conferences devoted to various problems of technology, technological processes, advanced methods of research and teaching.

For the people who are scientifically inclined at the university there are the post – graduate courses. Besides, there are several specialized councils for defending scientific degrees. A great number of well – equipped laboratories give the teachers and the students fine opportunity to teach and study materials in various subjects, to control knowledge.

The state Technical University is the largest in Omsk, it has 8 academic buildings, a printing centre, 7 hostels and a sport camp in the Omsk region. It trains the students in about 60 qualifications. The students of all the faculties study general – educational and specialized subjects. To the general – educational subjects belong: Higher mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Drawing, Descriptive Geometry, Philosophy, History, Foreign Language, Physical Training. Great attention is paid to the study of computers and composing programs for them. Since all machine languages are based on English language, it is difficult to overestimate its significance in the system of higher education. It is clear, that nowadays no specialist can do his work properly without using computers for calculations.

Now the graduates of higher institutions are not sent to any enterprises, they are searching for a job themselves. The indispensible part of this process is preparing a resume. Without the proper resume you can’t get a high – level job. Your resume should reflect your professional experience and strengths. You should point out what is your objective, what kind of position you want, what abilities qualify you for this job. If you presented a proper resume, you may be invited to an interview, where the employer’s main interest is in what you can do for the company or enterprise.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian

aim, higher, knowledge, practice, competitive, success, extra – mural, curriculum, graduate, science, faculty, technique, hydraulic, pneumatic, qualification, environment, vacuum, launch, missile, vehicle, sociology, entrepreneurship, resume, qualify, interview.

Ex. 2. Remember the synonyms and use them in the utterances

цель: aim, purpose, objective, target, goal;

сдавать экзамены: to take exams, to hold exams;

получать: to get, to receive to, attain;

достигать: to gain, to attain, to achieve, to reach;

высшее учебное заведение: institute, higher school, higher institution, higher educational establishment;

длиться, продолжаться: to run, to last;

всесторонний: all – round, comprehersive;

отрасль: branch, field, area, sphere;

производство: production, manufacture;

дневное отделение: full – time department, day – time department;

вечернее отделение: part – time department, evening department;

заочное отделение: extra – mural department, correspondent department;

исследование: research, investigation;

подготовительные курсы: preliminary courses, preparatory courses;

специальность: speciality, qualification;

Ex. 3. Answer the questions to the text

1. What is the role of higher schools?

2. When is it possible to enter an institute?

3. What departments are there at each institute?

4. What subjects are usually included into the curriculum of a higher school?

5. What is the end result of studying?

6. What faculties are there at the Technical university?

7. What range of specialities are trained by this university?

8. What faculty do you study at?

9. Why did you choose this speciality?

10. When was machine – building institute founded?

11. When and how was it renamed?

12. What can you tell about scientific life at the university?

13. What are educational facilities of the university?

14. What is the role of foreign language in higher education?

15. How are the young specialists recruited nowadays?

Ex. 4. Make up sentences using the following word combinations

to be trained in …; to be aimed at …; to deal with …; to be acquainted with …; to consist of …; to be divided into …; to be interested in …; to rename into …; to carry out …; to take part in …; to devote to …; to belong to …; to search for …; to point out ….

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English

1. Многие люди в наше время стремятся получить высшее образование.

2. В Омске есть большое количество высших учебных заведений.

3. В институт поступают после окончания средней школы.

4. Все институты проводят вступительные экзамены.

5. В высших учебных заведениях есть подготовительные курсы.

6. В каждом институте есть дневное, вечернее и заочное отделение.

7. Учебный год состоит из двух семестров.

8. Выпускники институтов могут продолжать учёбу в аспирантуре.

9. В техническом университете есть 11 факультетов, среди них технические и гуманитарные.

10. Университет готовит специалистов различных специальностей.

11. Преподаватели и студенты участвуют в ежегодных научных конференциях.

12. Во всех учебных заведениях большое внимание уделяется изучению компьютеров.

13. При поступлении на работу люди пишут резюме и проходят собеседование.

14. Целью высших учебных заведений является подготовить компетентных специалистов с всесторонними знаниями.

15. Специальные предметы являются основой будущей специальности.

16. Чтобы найти квалифицированную работу нужно представить резюме и пройти собеседование.

Ex. 6. Tell about the university including the following information

1. Why is it very important to get higher education?

2. How is it possible to enter the institute?

3. How long does the study last?

4. What is a curriculum?

5. How many and what faculties are there at the Technical University?

6. What is its history?

7. What opportunities are there at the university for becoming a competent specialist?

8. How is it possible to find a good job?

5.3. MY HOME – TOWN

Words to be remembered

Siberia – Siberian – Сибирь, сибирский

to be situated – быть расположенным

on the banks – на берегах

to be founded – быть основанным

under the guidance – под руководством

fortress – крепость

wooden – деревянная

stone – каменная

to connect – соединять

in the past – в прошлом

provincial – провинциальный, захолустный

dusty – пыльный

a place of exile – место ссылки

it was … that (who) – именно

to send – проводить

a former – бывший

merchant – купец, купеческий

to turn into – превратиться

to number – насчитывать

inhabitants, population – жители, население

Oil Refinery Plant – нефтезавод

petrochemestry – нефтехимия

to put into operation – вводить в действие

output – выпуск

production – производство

educational establishment –учебное заведение

to be famous for – быть известным

to be worth seeing – стоит посмотреть

5.4. OMSK

Omsk is an old Siberian city. It is situated on the banks of the Irtysh and Om rivers. Omsk was founded by a group of Russian soldiers and cossacs under the guidance of an officer Buchgolts in 1716. They built a wooden fortress which was later named as Omsk. At the end of the nineteenth century the Great Trans – Siberian Railway connected Omsk with European part of our country. In the past Omsk was a provincial town with wooden houses, dusty streets without parks and gardens. For many years Omsk was a place of exile. It was Dostoevsky (a great Russian writer) who spent four years in the Omsk stone fortress.

Omsk is a birthplace of a well – known painter M. Vrubel. The names of such famous people as V. Kuibyshew, D. Karbyshev, V. Shebalin and others are closely connected with Omsk.

In the XX^th century a former small merchant town Omsk has turned into a large industrial, scientific and cultural centre of West Siberia. The city today numbers about 1 200 000 inhabitants.

In 1965 the first Oil Refinery Plant a giant of Siberian petrochemistry was put into operation. Omsk is also a centre of machine – building industry. Many plants and factories are connected with output of automation and aircraft production.

Omsk is a large cultural and educational centre of Siberia.There are many gymnasiums, colleges, lycees, secondary and technical schools, universities and other educational establishments. Omsk is famous for its theatres: Drama, Musical, Children and Puppet theatres which are often visited by our people and the guests of our city. Among the places of interests there are: a Concert Hall an Organ Hall, a Circus, the Omsk symphony Orchestr and the Omsk Folk Choir. There are also many museums in our city: Vrubel Museum, Dostoevsky Museum, Reginal Museum. They are worth visiting. In the centre of the city there is the A.S. Pushkin Library. It is the biggest library in Omsk which contains a great number of books, magazines and newspapers. There is a large green belt in the centre of the city on the right bank of the – Irtysh river – the Green Island.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian

Siberia, Siberian, a bank of the river, to te founded, under the guidance, century, railway, connect, in the past, Europe – European, province, provincial, a wooden fortress, a stone fortress, a place of exile, a birthplace, famous people, industry, industrial, science, scientific, culture, cultural, museum, output, to be worth seeing.

Ex. 2. Remember the synonyms

city – town

to connect – to link

a well known – famous

small – little

to number – to count

inhabitants – population

oil – petrolium

plant – factory – works

higher school – university – institute

to visit – to call on

choir – ansemble

a great number of – many – a great deal of.

Ex. 3. Answer the questions

1. What is your home town?

2. Where is Omsk situated?

3. When was Omsk founded?

4. By whom was Omsk founded?

5. What fortress was Omsk at first?

6. When was the first Trans-Siberian railway built?

7. How did Omsk look like in the past?

8. What famous writer spent four years in the Omsk stone fortress?

9. Names of what people are closely connected with our city?

10. What centre is Omsk now?

11. When was the first Oil Refinery Plant built?

12. What is the population in Omsk?

13. What educational establishments are there in Omsk?

14. What cultural centres is Omsk famous for?

15. Where can you get all necessary books and magazines?

16. Where is the Green Island situated?

Ex. 4. Compose sentences using expressions

to be situated, to be founded, to be built, under the guidance, a wooden fortress, to connect, a place of exile, famous people, to turn into, to put into operation, cultural centre, educational centre, museums, contain books, on the right bank, Green Island.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English

1. Омск – старый сибирский город.

2. Омск был основан в 1716 году.

3. Наш город расположен на берегах рек Иртыш и Омь.

4. Омск связан железной дорогой с европейской частью страны.

5. В прошлом Омск был провинциальным городом.

6. Достоевский – великий русский писатель.

7. Он провёл в Омской крепости четыре года.

8. Омск – большой промышленный и культурный центр.

9. Население Омска насчитывает 1 млн. 200 тыс. человек.

10. В Омске много культурных и образовательных учреждений.

11. Многие места в нашем городе стоит посмотреть.

12. Омск знаменит своими парками и садами.

Ex. 6. Compose monologue using expressions from the text.

5.5. MOSCOW – THE CAPITAL OF OUR COUNTRY

Words to be remembered

government – правительство

to locate – размещать

boundaries – границы

to expand – расширять

to be advanced – быть высокоразвитым

enterprise – предприятие

to include – включать

dozen – дюжина, зд. десяток

highways – шоссе, автомагистраль

special – специальный

specialized – специализированный

sightseengs – достопримечательности

to associate – связывать

to possess – владеть

to be in full swing – быть заполненным

ancient manuscripts – древние рукописи

Text

Moscow is the capital of Russia and one of the biggest cultural and scientific centres of the world. It was founded by the Prince Jury Dolgoruky in 1147.

Moscow became the capital of the first socialist state in 1918. Now Moscow is the seat of the Russian Government where all the governmental offices are located.

Now Moscow’s boundaries have expanded greatly. Moscow today is an advanced industrial city with the population of about 9 million.

The city has numerous modern enterprises, engineering and metal – working plants with a wide range of output which includes programme – controlled machine – tools, automatic production lines, motor cars, electric motors, television sets, watches, etc. Moscow is also a major centre of the chemical industry. Some 300 of the city’s plants and factories export their products to about 70 foreign countries.

Today some two dozen highways connect the Russian capital with the most distant parts of the country. Air lines connect Moscow with many points within the country and abroad.

Moscow is the seat of the Russian Academy of Sciences and seversl specialized academies, among them the academies of medicine, pedagogics, arts and economy.

Moscow may be called the city of students. More than a half million students are trained at the higher educational institutions and more than a million students are study in technical and general secondary schools. Moscow State Lomonosov University with 16 faculties is the biggest University in our country.

The capital has a great number of sightseeings, memorial places associated with Russian history, our past and our culture. The tour of Moscow usually begins with a visit to the Red Square and the Kremlin.

The Tretyakov Gallery and the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum possess wonderful collections of Russian and European paintings. Some Olympic Projects used as concert halls are greatly visited by the Moscovites and the guests of the capital. The Bolshoi Theatre is famous for its opera and ballet productions (постановки) all over the world and is always in full swing. The State Library, the biggest in Russia, possesses more than 22 million books, many ancient documents and manuscripts.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions

1. What is Moscow?

2. When was it founded?

3. By whom was Moscow founded?

4. When did Moscow become the capital of our country?

5. What industy is there in Moscow?

6. How is Moscow connected with other cities?

7. What educational establishments are there in Moscow?

8. How many students study in our capital?

9. What interesting places are there in Moscow?

10. Where can you see a great collection of paintings?

11. What theatre is the most famous in the world?

12. How many books does the State Library possess?

Ex. 2. Read the following words and translate them into Russian

capital, culture – cultural, science – scientist – scientific, state, govern – government, locate – location, boundaries, expand, advance, indystry – industrial, enterprise, engineer – engineering, include, major centre, export, dozen, highiways, distant, academy, a half, to train specialists, sightseeings, associate, possess, guests to be in full swing, ancient,manuscripts.

Ex. 3. Compose the utterances using word – combinations

to be founded, to be situated, to be associated with, the tour of Moscow, a visit to the Red Square and the Kremlin, the Tretjakov Gallery and the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum, to possess a wonderful collections of paintings, to be worth visiting, to be famous for opera and ballet.

Ex. 4. Translate the sentences from Russian into English

1. Москва – столица нашей страны.

2. Москва расположена на Москва – реке.

3. Москва была основана князем Юрием Долгоруким в 1147 году.

4. В 1918 году Москва стала столицей первого социалистического государства.

5. Население нашей столицы составляет 9 миллионов человек.

6. В Москве много предприятий, связанных с производством новых машин и оборудования.

7. Десятки автомагистралей соединяют нашу столицу с городами страны.

8. Москва – центр студенчества.

9. Университет им. М.В. Ломоносова имеет 16 факультетов.

10. Государственная библиотека имеет 22 миллиона книг, древних рукописей, газет и журналов.

11. Москва знаменита своими театрами, музеями и концертными залами.

12. Центр столицы – это Красная Площадь и Кремль.

Ex. 5. Try to tell about our capital according to the plan

1. History of Moscow.

2. Moscow is the capital of our country.

3. Moscow is a great student’s and cultural centre.

4. Moscow is famous for (theatres, museums and etc.)

5. Places Which are worth seling in Moscow.

Ex. 6. Translate the text using a dictionary

Situated on the north bank of the Moskva River, the Kremlin is the dominant landmark of Moscow. A stone wall, up to 21 m in height and 19 towers, surrounds this triangular complex of former palaces, cathedrals, and other monuments of tsarist times, some of them dating from the Middle Ages. The Great Kremlin Palace, com­pleted in 1849, is the most imposing structure within the Kremlin. Other notable Kremlin palaces are the Granovitaya Palace (1491) and the Terem (1636).

Among many cathedrals, now used mainly as muse­ums, are the Cathedral of the Assumption (Успения) and the Archangel Cathedral, each with five gilded domes, and the Cathedral of the Annunciation (Благовещения) (13^th – 14th century), with nine gilded domes. Another landmark of the Kremlin is the Tower of Ivan the Great, a bell tower 98 m high. On a nearby pedestal is the Tsar's Bell (nearly 200 tons), one of the largest in the world. A recent addition to the Kremlin is the Palace of Con­gresses, completed in 1961.

St Basil's Cathedral, famous for its unique architec­ture and coloured domes, stands at one end of Red Square.

One of the best-known sections of Moscow is the Kitaigorod (Chinese City), the ancient commercial quarter lying to the east of the Kremlin. This section is now the site of many government office buildings. Other points of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium, comprising about 130 buildings for various sports and the tall Ostankino TV tower, which contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform.

5.6. LONDON

Words to be remembered

attractive – привлекательный

to stretch for – тянуться, простираться

settlement – посёлок, поселение

environment – окружающая среда

impressive – впечатляющий

confessor – духовник, проповедник

eminent – видный, заметный

precious breed – ценная порода дерева

treasures – сокровища

abbey – аббатство

magnificent – величественный

to span – перекрывать мостом реку

leaf bridge – разводной мост

conqueror – завоеватель

fortress – крепость

to execute – казнить

traitor – предатель, изменник

jewels – драгоценности

yeoman – ист. йомен, мелкий землевладелец

warder – тюремный надзиратель, стража

raven – ворон

cathedral – собор

masterpiece – шедевр

to admire – восхищаться

to perish – погибнуть, исчезнуть

crypt – крипт (место захоронения)

to erect – воздвигать, сооружать

regiment – отряд

picturesque – живописный

to be worth mentioning – стоит упомянуть

exhibition – выставка

Text

London is the capital of Great Britain. It is one of the most attractive cities in the world. It stretches for over 30 miles and its population accounts over 9 million people. London has the origin in the Roman Settlement of Londinium built in 43 – 41 B.C. and is 2000 years old. Present day London preserved a lot of old buildings, which are of great interest for tourists. While London is a huge metropolis, its environmental is quite well owing to the acres of beautiful parks and gardens. The most famous of them are: St. Jame’s park, Regent park and Hyde park. London has an Underground with very high fee. It was built in 1863 and its distance was about four miles. Its early trains were driven by steam locomotives. The Underground was not deep and tunneling began in 1890. The first escalator was installed in 1911. Now the passengers are served by more than 4000 underground trains.

According to historical role and appearance London may be divided into four parts: the West End, the East End, the City and Westminster. Westminster is the central part of London. One of the most impressive buildings here is Westminster Abbey. It is the place where the kings and queens are crowned and famous people are buried: Charles Darvin, Isaac Newton, Charles Dickens. Westminster Abbey was founded by Edward the Confessor in 1050 and served as a monastery for a long time. Lately the King Henry III began to rebuild the church and now it contains the memorials to many of Britain’s most eminent citizens. The interior of the church is rich decorated with polish wood of precious breeds and valvet draperies. One of the treasures of the Abbey is the oaken Coronation Chair made in 1300. The Abbey is also known for its Poet’s Corner, where graves and memorials to many English poets and writers are found round about. The most prominent memorial is that to William Shakespear. It is the round column with the figures of the characters from all his plays. Westminster Abbey is one of the finest examples of early English architecture. The most attractive building of the central part of the city is the Palace of Westminster built on the north bank of the Thames. It is a magnificent structure and a remarkable example of Gothic architecture. Until the 16^th century the palace served both as a royal residence and also as a parliament house. Later the royal family moved to another residence, Whitehall Palace, and the Westminster Palace became the place of the Parliament. That is why it is now associated with the Houses of Parliament. One of the wonders of architecture is the Clock Tower, which is called «Big Ben» and is known in the whole world. In the front site of Westminster Palace there is a bridge which is spanning the river Thames. It is called Westminster Bridge and was constructed in 1862. Among the famous bridges are: London bridge, Waterloo bridge, the Tower bridge. The latter is two – deck leaf bridge, it can be raised to allow vessels to enter the Pool of London, therefore the Tower Bridge is called «river gateway to London». The two parts of the bridge can be raised and lowered in less than two minutes. The Tower Bridge leads directly to the Tower. This area is the main approach to London from the east. Over 800 years ago William the Conqueror began building the Tower as a strong fortress to protect the City of London. The Tower is the most impressive castles since the Norman invasion in 1066. During the ages it was extended and used for various purposes. It has been used as a royal palace, an observatory, an arsenal, a prison, where a lot of people have been executed. The Tower is famous for the Bloody Tower, Traitors Gate, the Crown Jewels, Yeoman Warders and the ravens. Nowadays it is a museum, the most attractive place of which is the Crown Jewels, keeping the royal crowns and swords decorated with the finest precious stones, constituting the national treasure. The national tradition is supported by the Yeoman Warders, who were formed in 1485 by King Henry VII as his personal bodyguard. They wear up to now their traditional bright red Tudor uniforms.

The natural centre of London is Trafalgar Square. It was thought of between 1829 and 1841 as a memorial to Admiral Nelson and named so in the memory of his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 in which he was deadly wounded. The famous column carries bronze reliefs of his most glorious victories. The Statue of Nelson is 16 feet high and the whole monument is 56 feet high. The column is surrounded by two bronze lions and two beautiful fountains which are flooded and colourful at night.

On the northern side of the square there are the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. They both contain the outstanding collection of paintings. The pride of Englishmen are the pictures and portraits of British artists: William Hogarth (1697 – 1764), Joshus Reynolds (1723 – 1792), Gainsborough (18^th century), Scot Constable (1776 – 1837).

In London there is also the famous Tate Gallery, opened in 1897 owing to financial support of Sir Henry Tate. Firstly his collection accounted 65 paintings and now the Tate Gallery contains a unique collection of British painting from the 16^th century to the present days. The Gallery has also a great collection of sculptures.

One of the prominent buildings in London is St. Paul’s Cathedral. It dates from the year 604. The Anglo – Saxons built a cathedral, the Normans rebuilt it from 1180 and at the end of the Middle Ages, it was one of the largest Gothic churches in Europe. After its destruction in the Great Fire of London in 1666, it was rebuilt by sir Christopher Wren and is his masterpiece. Although damaged in the Second World War, it survived and is now seen by many people both living in England and by million of tourists visiting London. They admire unprecedented beauty and luxurious decoration of the interior. St. Paul’s Cathedral is also famous for its Organ which sounds fine. A lot of people are buried in the Cathedral who perished saving it from the Fire. Admiral Nelson and Wellington are also buried in the crypt.

Another sight of London is Buckingham Palace, the royal residence. It was built in 1705 and restored by the architect Nash in 1825 and has become the home of the reigning monarch since the time of George III. In front of the Palace the Victoria Memorial stands, the finest of many statues of Queen Victoria, erected in 1911. The most remarkable sight connected with the Buckingham Palace is Queen’s Guard. The Brigate of Guards comprises the Household Cavalry and five regiments of Foot Guards. The colourful and picturesque cloth of the Guards is of great interest for tourists. The Horse Guards at the Buckingham Palace are very impressive.

Another sight of British capital is Piccadily Circus. It is of round shape with beautiful fountain in the centre. The fountain is dominated by the Statue of Eros, which was erected in 1893 to the memory of the Earl of Shaftesbury.

Also in the West End of London there is famous Downing Street named after Sir George Downing, who built the houses here in the 17^th century. The house number 10 is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain.

In the west End there are a lot of museums, large department stores and theatres. The most prominent cultural institution is the Albert Hall. It has become a famous centre for music. The Albert Hall and Albert Memorial were built a little more than a hundred years ago. Its circular amphitheatre seats 10 000. The monument was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott as a memorial to Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria.

Among museums it is worth mentioning the famous Madame Tussaud’s Museum of wax figures. The first figures appeared between 1770 – 1778 and only in 1835 the exhibition was permanently settled in Baker Street. Now it is situated in Marylebone street. There are some collections more in other cities and countries: in Copenhagen (Denmark), Amsterdam (Holland) and in Windsor – the town of royal residence near London.

The next area of London is the City. The City is financial and business centre of London. It is rather small part, only one square mile. In the City various offices and banks are situated. It is the most crowded part of London.

The constract to the West End is the East End of London. There we can see not very rich two – storeyed houses. They are very neat and have a lot of flowers at each entrance to a flat. This part of London is the working district with the port and docks. The architecture of the buildings here is very simple.

The international airport in London is called Hithrow.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian

to stretch, origin, tourist, environmental, owing, Abbey, queen, monastery, interior, precious, treasure, architecture, Thames, century, royal, parliament, associate, wonder, among, Tower, to lower, to lead, area, Conqueror, castle, since, invasion, age, to execute, Bloody, Crown, Jewels, Yeoman, Warders, to wound, column, statue, unique, sculpture, church, luxurious, sight, to reign, Guard, regiment, picturesque, Circus, circular, to design, wax, figure.

Ex. 2. Remember the synonyms and use them in the utterances

превосходный: excellent, perfect;

строить: to build, to construct;

возводить, сооружать: to construct, to erect;

прекрасный, красивый: beautiful, fine;

известный, знаменитый: famous, wellknown;

метро: Underground (Gr. Br.), Metro (Russia), Subway (USA);

устанавливать, монтировать: to install, to mount;

(внешний) вид: appearance, look;

видный, значительный, выдающийся: eminent, prominent, outstanding;

великолепный: magnificent, splendid, fine;

величественный, внушительный: majestic, grand, imposing;

замечательный, удивительный: remarkable, wonderful;

связывать, соотносить: to associate, to connect;

часть города, район: part, area, district;

художник: painter, artist;

включать, вмещать, состоять из чего-либо: to comprise, to include, to involve;

проектировать, создавать: to design, to develop.

Ex. 3. Answer the questions

1. What are the area, population and age of London?

2. How are the parks of London called?

3. What do you know about the Underground of London?

4. Into what parts is London divided?

5. What is the history of Westminster Abbey?

6. What were the functions of Westminster Palace and what are they now?

7. What is «Big Ben»?

8. What are the most famous London bridges?

9. What purposes was the Tower used for?

10. What is the most interesting Sight of the Tower?

11. Whom is Trafalgar Square devoted to?

12. What are the Picture Galleries and the famous english painters?

13. What do you know about the history of St. Paul’s Cathedral?

14. What is Buckingham Palace?

15. Where is the residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain situated?

16. What is the West End of London?

17. What is the City famous for?

18. What can you tell about the East End?

Ex. 4. Make up sentences using the following word combinations

to stretch for …; a lot of …; to be of great interest; owing to …; according to …; to divide into …; one of …; to serve as …; to be decorated with …; to be known for …; to move to …; to lead to …; to be thought of …; to date from …; both … and …; to be famous for …; to be dominated by …; to be named after …; to be worth mentioning ….

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English

1. Лондон – крупнейшая столица мира.

2. Население Лондона с пригородами – 9 млн. человек.

3. Лондон – один из древнейших городов мира.

4. Множество интереснейших достопримечательностей города привлекают миллионы туристов.

5. Хорошей экологии города способствуют замечательные парки.

6. Традиционно Лондон делится на 4 части: западную, восточную, Сити и Вестминстер.

7. Многие здания Лондона являются шедеврами архитектурного искусства, например: Вестминстерское Аббатство, Вестминстерский дворец, Собор Св. Павла.

8. Парламент Великобритании располагается в Вестминстерском дворце.

9. Тауэр знаменит своей ролью в различные эпохи жизни страны.

10. Трафальгарская площадь посвящена национальному герою Великобритании – адмиралу Нельсону.

11. В Лондоне есть множество картинных галерей.

12. Известными английскими художниками являются В. Хогард, Дж. Рейнольдс, Гейнсборо, С. Констебль.

13. Резиденцией британских королей является Букингемский дворец.

14. Большой интерес у туристов вызывает королевская гвардия.

15. Резиденция правительства Великобритании находится на Даунинг-стрит.

16. Сити является деловой и финансовой частью Лондона.

Ex. 6. Compose monologue about your speciality, including the following information

1. What are the main parts of London?

2. Name the famous parks.

3. Describe Westminster Abbey.

4. What is Westminster Palace?

5. Tell about the bridges of London.

6. What is the Tower, its history?

7. Describe Trafalgar Square and Piccadily Circus.

8. Enumerate the Pictures Galleries.

9. What is St. Paul’s Cathedral famous for?

10. What is the residence of British kings?

11. What is the most famous cultural center in London?

12. What is Madam Tussaud’s Museum?

13. What is the East End of London?

5.7. ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES

Words to be remembered

engineering – техника, технический

strength of materials – сопротивление материалов

bending strength – прочность на изгиб

rupture strength – сопротивление разрыву

compressive strength – прочность на сжатие

flexural strength – прочность на изгиб

frictional strength – сопротивление трению

shear strength – сопротивление сдвигу

shrinkage stress – усадочное напряжение

tensile strength – сопротивление разрыву

torsional strength – сопротивление кручению

property – свойство

susceptibility – подверженность чему-либо

distortion – разрушение, искажение

alloy – сплав

non-ferrous metal – цветной металл

alkali – щелочной металл

alkali earth – щелочно – земельный металл

lustre – блеск

resilience – упругость, эластичность

malleability – ковкость

casting – литьё

welding – сварка

soldering – пайка

forging – ковка

die forging – объёмная штамповка

upsetting – высадка, осаживание

extrusion – выдавливание

powder forging – порошковая штамповка

drawing – вытяжка, протяжка

rolling – прокат

machine-tool – станок

lathe – токарный станок

drilling machine – сверлильный станок

milling machine – фрезерный станок

grinding machine – шлифовальный станок

boring machine – расточной станок

turret lathe – револьверный станок

engine lathe – токарно – винторезный станок

gear-cutting machine – зуборезный станок

copying lathe – копировальный станок

transfer machine – автоматический станок

assembly fixture – сборочная арматура

lever – рычаг

axle – ось

pulley – шкив

wedge – клин

screw – винт

lubrication – смазка

braking system – тормозная система

V-engine – V-образный двигатель

ignition – зажигание

warning – оповещение, предупреждение

labour protection – охрана труда

safety engineering rules – правила техники безопасности

Text

Engineering specialities are aimed at giving technical education in order to work in some branch of industry. The students of engineering faculties study specialized subjects, such as: strength of materials, theoretical mechanics, science of materials, machine elements, theory of machines and mechanisms, electrical engineering, technological processes and others.

Strength of materials deals with various loads and the ability of materials to resist to these loads. The students study different types of resistance: bending strength, rupture, compressive, flexural, frictional, shear, shrinkage, tensile, torsional strengthes. The engineer should be able to calculate the strength of various materials.

The structural materials are: steel, iron, wood, plastics, alloys and others. They possess definite properties, favourable or unfavourable. To favurable properties belong light weight, moisture resistance, high strength; to unfavourable ones – susceptibility to corrosion, deformation under pressure, low resistance and distortion under extreme conditions.

The students of machine – building faculty study various metals, alloys and their properties. There are two kinds of materials used in engineering – metals and non – metals. Metals may be divided into ferrous and non – ferrous. Iron, cast iron and steel are ferrous metals. Copper, bronze, lead are non – ferrous ones. The metals may be also alkali and alkali earth. To alkali metals belong lithium, sodium, potassium. Calcium, strontium, radium are referred to alkali earth metals. All metals possess characteristic features: lustre, plasticity, toughness, flexibility, resillience, malleability. At this faculty various processes connected with metals are studied: casting, welding, soldering, forging, die forging, upsetting, extrusion, powder forging, drawing, rolling. All the metals are widely used in production and are processed by machine – tools. There are various types of machine – tools: lathe, drilling machine, milling, grinding, boring machine, turret lathe, engine lathe, gear – cutting machine, copying lathe, transfer machine.

The graduates of engineering faculties are mainly technologists. The engineer designs a product, makes drawings and specifications, develops new production processes, deals with assembly fixtures. The engineer should be acquianted with technological processes and various types of equipment. Engineering nowadays is a complicated and specialized sphere of activity and technologist is the central figure at manufacture enterprise. Engineering may be divided into some branches: mechanical, electrical, civil, industrial, chemical, aerospace engineering. All the appliances used in various branches of engineering have been thought of and made by mechanical engineers. The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the ancient inventors who in their searchings came to the main facilities which are now the basis of mechanics: lever, wheel, axle, pulley, wedge and screw.

The students of new prolifiration of mechanical engineering faculty study the maintenance of motor vehicles. Firstly it is necessary to know the structure of automobiles and other technological equipment. The main parts of an automobile are: body, wheels, steering system, transmission, lubricating system, braking system. The specialist in this sphere should know well the design of engines, the principles of their work. There are various types of engines: four-, eight-, cyllinder, V-engine, rotor engine and the like. The engineer of this qualification concerns the repair of various systems of an automobile: ignition system, audible warning system, hydraulic system, lighting and air – conditioning system, shock absorbing system and others.

The students of technical specialities should be also acquainted with labour protection and safety engineering rules. With this purpose the course of lectures in Safety Engineering is delivered at the institutes.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian

engineering, speciality, aim, technical, branch, industry, faculty, specialized, strength, mechanics, science, machine, mechanisms, technological, process, other, deal, rupture, flexural, shear, torsional, favourable, moisture, high, susceptibility, corrosion, pressure, low, extreme, alloy, kind, non-metal, iron, lead (свинец), forge, extrusion, powder, lathe, grind, turret, engine, gear, design, fixture, acquaint, equipment, nowadays, sphere, figure, manufacture, mechanical, appliance, ancient, axle, pulley, vehicle, structure, automobile, wheel, steering, lubricate, repair, ignition, hydraulic, labour, rule.

Ex. 2. Remember the synonyms and use them in the utterances

технический: technical, engineering;

специальность: speciality, qualification;

отрасль, сфера, область: branch, sphere, area, field;

прочность: toughness, strength, hardness;

иметь дело с чем-либо: to deal with, to concern, to be busy with, to touch;

благоприятный: favourable, advantageous;

влага, сырость: moisture, wet;

коррозия: corrosion, rust;

разрушение: distortion, damage;

тип, вид: kind, type;

автомобиль: automobile, car, motor vehicle;

двигатель: engine, motor;

правило, распорядок: rule, regulation.

Ex. 3. Answer the questions

1. What is the aim of giving engineering speciality?

2. What specialities are there at the mechanical engineering faculty?

3. What specialities are trained at the machine – building faculty?

4. What specialized subjects are studied at engineering faculties?

5. What types of stresses act on materials?

6. Why are any materials called structural?

7. What properties should materials possess?

8. What are desirable and undesirable properties of materials?

9. What are the most prominent properties of metals?

10. What processes of working with metals do machine – building engineers concern?

11. What are machine – tools?

12. What types of machine – tools do you know?

13. What is the role of technologist at the production?

14. What kinds of branches may engineering be divided into?

15. What are the main concepts of mechanics?

16. What parts and units of an automobile are studied by mechanical engineers?

17. What is the subject Labour Protection necessary for?

Ex. 4. Make up sentences using the following word combinations

to be aimed at …; in order to …; such as …; to deal with …; to resist to …; to be able to …; to divide into …; to process by …; to be acquainted with …; to think of ….

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English

1. Cпециалисты с техническим образованием способствуют становлению, развитию и улучшению производства.

2. Инженеры и технологи – ключевые фигуры на производстве.

3. Программа обучения на технических факультетах включает множество специальных предметов.

4. Неотъемлемыми предметами являются сопромат, теоретическая механика, материаловедение, детали машин, теория машин и механизмов и другие.

5. Прочность материалов заключается в их способности сопротивляться нагрузкам, вызывающим изгиб, разрыв, кручение, растяжение, сжатие, сдвиг, усадку и т.д.

6. Один и тот же структурный материал может обладать как благоприятными, так и неблагоприятными свойствами.

7. Металлы, в основном, классифицируются на чёрные и цветные, а также на щелочные и щелочно – земельные.

8. Металлы обладают характерным блеском, жёсткостью, упругостью, электро- и теплопроводностью, пластичностью.

9. Металлы можно отливать, сваривать, паять, ковать, вытягивать, прокатывать.

10. Металлы можно обрабатывать на станках.

11. Существуют различные типы станков: токарный, сверлильный, фрезерный, шлифовальный, расточной, токарно – револьверный, зуборезный, токарно - копировальный, агрегатный.

12.Инженер–механик должен быть знаком с различными технологическими процессами и оборудованием.

13. Механика является основой многих сфер технической деятельности человека.

14. Основой механики являются шесть изобретений древних мастеров: рычаг, колесо, ось, шкив, клин и винт.

15. Одной из специальностей широкого профиля является – эксплуатация и обслуживание транспортных и технологических машин и оборудования.

16. Специалист данной области должен знать все узлы и детали автомобилей и других агрегатов и их ремонт.

17. При работе с техническими приспособлениями следует помнить об охране труда и правилах техники безопасности.

Ex. 6. Compose monologue about your speciality, including the following information

1. What is the role of engineering in the life of society?

2. What specialized subject do the technical students study?

3. What types of loads may be applied to the structural materials?

4. Describe the properties of various materials.

5. Name technological processes dealing with metals.

6. Name technical appliances for processing materials.

7. Tell about the role of mechanics in industry.

5.8. ECONOMICAL SPECIALITIES

Words to be remembered

comprehensive knowledge – всесторонние знания

household – домохозяйство (в экономике)

available – имеющийся в наличии

taxation – налогообложение

fiscal – финансовый

to be acquainted with – быть знакомым с чем-либо

turnover – оборот, товарооборот

statement – платёжное требование

invoice – счёт-фактура

notice – извещение

payroll – платёжная ведомость

bonus – премия

premium – премия, надбавка, вознаграждение

benefit – прибыль, выручка; пособие, пенсия

incentive – стимул, вознаграждение

bill of exchange – переводной вексель

letter of credit – аккредитив

purchase – покупка

deposit – вклад

to honour drafts – принимать переводные векселя

to grant a loan – предоставить заём

transaction – операция, сделка

intermediary – посредник

Clearing Bank – клиринговый банк (клиринг – система безналичных расчётов путём зачёта взаимных требований и обязательств)

monetary policy – денежная политика

standard of value – мера стоимости

unit of account – единица учёта

store of value – средство сбережения (сохранения стоимости)

standard of deferred payment – средство погашения долга

competitiveness – конкуренция, конкурентоспособность

ethnic composition – национальный состав (населения)

market segment – сектор рынка

market mix – состав рынка

to run – руководить, управлять

employee – сотрудник, работник

decision making – принятие решения

operating management – производственный менеджмент

subordinate – подчинённый

undertaking – предприятие

fabrication personnel – производственный персонал

Text

The students of economical faculty are trained in several qualifications: marketing, economy of enterprises, management, manuciple management and labour economy. The purpose of teaching is to give the students comprehensive knowledge in economics and economy.

Economics is the science and study of the principles of the production, distribution and use of goods and wealth. Economy is an economic system, the principles of house- hold management, as domestic economy.

Economy is the economic system of the country aimed at revealing its available resources, such as natural resources, production powers, machinery, labour resources, land and directing them at accumulating savings and investing them info manufacture. Eco-nomy also deals with the distribution of the national wealth, regulation of prices and taxation. Economy is subject to a great number of laws: rate of profit (норма прибыли), law of return (закон доходности), distribution according to labour (распределение по труду), law of surplus value (закон прибавочной стоимости), law of value (закон стоимости), fiscal law (закон налогообложения), production liability law (закон об ответственности за качество выпускаемой продукции) and so on.

Each economist should be acquainted with economic organization, the stages of which are: what goods to produce, how to produce them, who is the user of the product and how to promote it. In other words, it is necessary, to consider what goods is demanded, the means of its production, to define the consumer and the way of realizing the product.

The interrelations between the consumer and producer form the market. The market exists of two types: factor market and product market. Factor market consists of four components: labour force, earth using, capital and entrepreneurship. Product market is the exchange goods and services for payment or profit.

To be competent in all the spheres of economy the students are taught specialized subjects: economy and planning at the enterprises, theory of economy, book – keeping, document keeping, finances, basis of management, manucipal houschold, marketing, ergonomics.

Planning at the enterprise implies to foresee the turnover of goods and money, to develop all stages of production and is called microeconomy. The theory of economy concerns the sum of industrial relations, corresponding to the particular development level of manufacturing forces of society, studies common laws of economical development, and is called macroeconomy.

Book – keeping is indispensible part of preparing economists. From this subject the students find out how to keep such financial documents as statement, invoice, notice, payroll, debit, credit and how to effect some financial operations: bonus payment, premium payment, payment on account, benefit payment, incentive payments, interest payment.

Dealing with finances the students are acquainted with banking operations and paying documents. The documents may be the bill of exchange (B/E) and the letter of credit (L/C). Invoice is a paying document of standart form which is given by a seller to the buyer for paying off by separate operations. As a rule, it contains the name and address of the buyer, the name of the goods and its price. The bill is an order from a creditor to a debtor to pay on demand or on a named date a certain sum of money, to a person named on the bill. A letter of credit is a paying document of special printed form in which the buyer instructs his bank to issue the L/C for the amount of the purchase and in favour of the seller.

As far as banking is concerned, the main functions of banks are: to accept and hold deposits, to honour drafts, bills of exchange, to grant advances, loans, to transfer funds, to handle foreign currency transactions, to collect payments, to issue notes and credit cards. In order to deal with banking operations successfully it is necessary to know modern banking, types of banks and the functions of money in the household. Banking is a financial intermediary in interrelations between lenders and borrows. Modern banking created several types of banks: main banks in each country (central savings bank in Russia, the Bank of England in Great Britain), commercial banks (also called the Clearing banks). The central banks look after the government’s finance and monetary policy. The Commercial banks provide banking services for the general public and many businesses. These banks offer a wide range of banking services, such as accepting deposits, making loans, managing the customers’ accounts.

To an economist, it is also necessary to know functions of money, the main of which is the means of payment or medium of exchange. Besides the functions of money include a standard of value, a unit of account, a store of value, a standard of deferred payment.

The proliferation «Marketing» trains the student whose future activity is involved in distributing goods from the manufacture to the consumer. Marketing is defined as the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumer or user. In order to satisfy their needs it is necessary to investigate and evaluate the market: the competitive resources and the information about population. This information involves ethnic composition, income, education, age, habits, customs, interests, hobbies. Good specialist in marketing should adhere to marketing concept and marketing strategy. Marketing concept proceeds from identifying the needs of potential customers and earning a profit for the firm. Marketing strategy consists of market segment and market mix. Market segment is the segment of the market which is most effectively served by the given business by targeting and developing its niche. Marketing mix is the combination of the different elements, such as product and services, promotion, pricing and packaging. These four elements are known as the «4Ps». All marketing goals will be achieved by the proper management.

Management is also one of the proliferations offered by the economical faculty. Management can be defined as running production, the sum total of principles, methods, means and forms of running production developed and applied to increase production efficiency and profit. There are various sections of management: 1) interfirm’s planning; 2) staff management; 3) production management; 4) supply and selling management; 5) finance activity management; 6) economical and commercial activity’s management; 7) public and personal services management and others. The basis of management is the sociological approach to the problems decision. Management may be considered as a science and an art of running the people and getting things done by their efforts. Effective management includes the development of individual abilities of the employees to derive perfect organisation, the benefits and profit. The most important task of management is decision making, which concerns the following aspects: 1) recognizing the problem; 2) defining and analyzing the problem; 3) evaluating alternative solutions; 4) choosing the most favorable solution; 5) implementing the chosen approach. There are three management levels: top management, middle management and operating management. Managers are responsible for leading the people who are called subordinates. Management fulfills a lot functions: planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing, innovating.

One of the proliferations connected with management is the manuciple management. The term manuciple means having to do with a town or city activity. It also includes dealing with the manuciple undertakings. Manucipal management deals with the management of the city economy, which concerns the enterprises of utility services: bath-houses, restaurants, wash-houses, hairdressing saloons, dry-cleaner’s, gas, electricity and watersupplying offices, shop, markets, cultural institutions. The manager of any of these enterprises should know the principles of economy, macro-and microeconomics, the laws of personnel management, personnel selection, laws of social development, safety engineering rules, labour laws, material incentives (поощрения), material remuneration (вознаграждение). The manucipal manager should be acquainted with material and technical bases of the enterprises. He should be governed by the principals of running the people.

The new qualification of the economical faculty is labour economy. At each enterprise there are various kind of workers: engineering personnel, fabrication personnel, field personnel (эксплуатация), support personnel. The specialists in labour economy deal with labour conditions and labour productivity. They study the subject which is called ergonomics. Ergonomics is the scientific discipline studying labour processes with the aim of creating optimal labour conditions, which contribute to increasing its productivity and ensure necessary comfortable labour environment. The main concern of this science is saving health, energy and work-capacity of the people.

Each economist should know the trends in modern standard of economy: manufacture, trade and service.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Russian

qualification, manuciple, purpose, comprehensive, knowledge, science, available, resource, natural, production, power, machinery, manufacture, taxation, law, surplus, liability, to acquaint, entrepreneurship, sphere, to imply, microeconomy, financial, premium, issue, to satisfy, strategy, to identify, potential, niche, efficiency, to supply, sociological, decision, employee, subordinate, social, to ensure, environment.

Ex. 2. Remember the synonyms and use them in the utterances

управлять, руководить: to manage, to run, to direct, to supervise, to head, to lead, to handle;

продукт, товар, изделие: goods, product, article, commodity;

организация, структура : organization, structure, system;

продвигать товар: to promote, to advertise;

потребитель: consumer, customer, buyer, user, client;

производитель: producer, manufacturer;

закон о налогообложении: fiscal law, taxation law, taxing law;

ответственность: liability, responsibility;

фактор, показатель, коэффициент: factor, coefficient, index, parameter;

компонент, часть: component, part, item, point;

капитал: capital, fund, equity;

предприниматель: entrepreneur, businessman, undertaker;

сфера деятельности: sphere, field, area, branch;

стадия, этап: stage, level, step;

сила: force, power, energy;

неотъемлемый: indispensible, inalienable;

выплата: payment, paying off;

персонал: personnel, staff, employees;

банковский счёт: account, deposit;

просроченный платёж: delayed payment, deferred payment;

удовлетворять потребности: to satisfy needs, to meet the needs, to meet requirements;

оценивать: to evaluate, to estimate, to appraise, to assess, to appreciate;

прибыль: profit, income, return, reward, receipt, revenue, earning, dividend;

потенциальный: potential, prospective, perspective;

рекламирование товара: publicity, advertising, promotion;

предприятие: enterprise, undertaking;

решение: decision, sollution;

поощрение: encouragement, stimulation, incentive;

производство: fabrication, production, manufacture;

общественный: social, public;

эксплуатация: field, maintenance, operation, running, service, use, working;

технический: engineering, operating, technical;

обеспечивать: to provide, to ensure.

Ex. 3. Answer the questions

1. What qualifications and proliferations are trained at the economical faculty?

2. What is your qualification?

3. What do the terms economics and economy define?

4. What are the main economical laws?

5. What is economic organisation?

6. What specialized subjects do the student of economical faculty study?

7. What does the theory of economy concern with?

8. What does banking deal with?

9. What are the main paying documents?

10. What types of banks are there in all the countries?

11. What are the functions of money?

12. What is the role of marketing in economy?

13. What are the stages of marketing?

14. What is management?

15. What is the aim of management?

16. What are the levels of management?

17. What is the most important task of management?

18. What is manucipal management?

19. What should the manager of manucipal enterprise know and adhere?

20. What does labour economy deal with?

21. What does the subject ergonomics concern?

Ex. 4. Make up sentences using the following word combinations

to invest into …; to be subject to …; to find out …; to pay off …; to look after …; in order to …; as far as …; a wide range of …; from … to …; to proceed from …; to be served by …; to be known as …; to be achieved by …; to be defined as …; to be responsible for …; to do with …; to be governed by …; to contribute to …; to take place in ….

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English

1. Экономический факультет предлагает несколько квалификаций.

2. Экономика – обширная наука и имеет множество направлений.

3. С основными принципами экономики студенты знакомятся, изучая курс общей экономики.

4. Экономика имеет дело с материальными ресурсами страны и законами их создания и распределения.

5. Организация экономики предполагает наличие различных факторов рынка и взаимодействие между производителем и потребителем.

6. Подготовка экономиста включает знание финансовой деятельности и банковского дела.

7. Переводной вексель, аккредитив и счёт – фактура являются платёжными документами.

8. Банковское дело является сложной системой, выполняющей множество функций.

9. Деньги играют большую роль в экономике являясь средством платежа, средством обращения, мерой стоимости, единицей учёта, средством сбережения и средством погашения долгов.

10. В маркетинге основной упор делается на потребителя.

11. Маркетинг направлен на то, чтобы убедить клиента сделать покупку.

12. Чтобы бизнес был успешным, нужно изучать потребительский рынок.

13. Чтобы зарабатывать прибыль, фирма должна иметь маркетинговый план, который является стратегией маркетинга компании.

14. Менеджмент – одно из главных направлений в экономике.

15. Менеджмент существует на каждом предприятии и осуществляется на трёх уровнях: на исполнительном высшем уровне, среднем административном уровне и на производственном уровне.

16. Искусство менеджера заключается в том, чтобы правильно организовать работу служащих и принять правильное решение из нескольких альтернатив.

17. Задачей муниципального менеджмента является управление деятельностью различных предприятий города.

18. Менеджер должен руководствоваться законами экономики, права и поощрения людей.

19. Специалист по экономике труда должен изучать условия работы людей и способствовать их улучшению.

20. Производительность труда во многом зависит от окружающей обстановки, влияющей на здоровье и работоспособность людей.

Ex. 6. Compose monologue about your speciality, including the following information

1. What year student are you?

2. What general educational and specialized subjects do you study?

3. What is the task of your qualified subject?

4. Some special information about your qualification.

5. What is your future work?

6. What is it necessary to know in order to be a competent specialist?

7. Do you like your speciality?

8. Are you satisfied with your choice?

6. ADDITIONAL TEXTS FOR READING WITH A DICTIONARY