V. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, яка містить правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What is economics?

a) ... the study of allocation of scarce resources to produce the highest standard of living and quality of life;

b) ... the study of territorial organization of society;

c) ... the study of laws of development of communities, groups and individuals.

2. What are factors of production?

a) ... land, materials, human labour and capital;

b) ... lodgings, hospitals, schools;

c) ... parks, clubs, holiday centres.

3. By whom is resource allocation generally controlled?

a) ... by government;

b) ... by individual consumers;

c) ... by consumers and government.

Варіант 2

I. Перепишіть. Письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Пам’ятайте, що об’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням. (див. зразок виконання 1.)

1. The manager ordered a cable to be sent at once.

2. This joint-venture company proved to be enormously profitable.

3. This is not a matter to be easily agreed upon.

4. I insist you to send us the catalogues price lists and other documents.

5. The company appears to obtain a comparative advantage in producing aircraft.

6. Loads to be exported are kept in a warehouse.

II. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів (див. Зразок виконання 2).

1. The letter having been delayed, the news reached us too late.

2. Money existing in the modern world has various uses.

3. Having established the seasons we can proceed with our regular work in this matter.

4. The bank is a reservoir of loanable money, streams of money flowing in and out.

5. These factors taken together constitute the main picture of the financial crisis.

6. Dealing with statistical data it is necessary to have all the factors involved.

III. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень (див. Зразок виконання 3).

1. Our lives might be more enjoyable if we had such things as radio, books and toys.

2. If they had given us a good discount we should have signed the contracts.

3. Unless we do not accept our terms we shall not sign the contract.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 1, 3 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 2 абзац тексту. Пояснення до тексту

to exercise power – здійснювати владу

the better off members – більш заможні члени

to run - керувати

to draw up the plan – скласти план

Ownership and Control of Economic Resources

1. Although economic planning may be employed in societies where property is privately owned, it seems realistic to assume that a fully planned economy means one in which all the important means of production are publicly owned. In socialist societies all land, housing, factories, power stations, transport systems and so on are usually owned by the state.

2. The logic of public ownership in these societies is based upon the desire for a more equitable distribution of income and wealth. Private ownership of property leads to great inequalities of wealth, and this, in turn means that the wealthier groups are able to exercise great economic power. Such a situation implies great inequalities of opportunity. The better off members of society are able to use their greater wealth to obtain superior education, better health services, more effective training, and better business opportunities.

3. Although land and capital may be owned collectively rather than individually, it does not follow that control of these resources must be centralized. In some planned economies the state keeps a tight control on the use of economic resources and all important economic decisions are taken by powerful central committees. This is described as bureaucratic organization, because the running of such an economy will require large numbers of planners and administrators to draw up and operate the national plan.