VI. Прочитайте і усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 1, 3, 5 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть 2, 4 абзаци. Types of money

1. In economics, money is a broad term that refers to any financial instrument that can fulfill the functions of money. Modern monetary theory distinguishes among different types of monetary aggregates, using a categorization system that focuses on the liquidity of the financial instrument used as money.

2. Commodity money value comes from the commodity out of which it is made. The commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. Examples of commodities that have been used as mediums of exchange include gold, silver, copper, rice, salt, peppercorns, large stones, decorated belts, shells, alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis, candy, barley, etc. These items were sometimes used in a metric of perceived value in conjunction to one another, in various commodity valuation or Price System economies. Use of commodity money is similar to barter, but a commodity money provides a simple and automatic unit of account for the commodity which is being used as money.

3. Representative money is money that consists of token coins, other physical tokens such as certificates, and even non-physical "digital certificates" (authenticated digital transactions) that can be reliably exchanged for a fixed quantity of a commodity such as gold, silver or potentially water, oil or food. Representative money thus stands in direct and fixed relation to the commodity which backs it, while not itself being composed of that commodity.

4. Credit money is any claim against a physical or legal person that can be used for the purchase of goods and services. Credit money differs from commodity and fiat money in two ways: It is not payable on demand and there is some element of risk that the real value upon fulfillment of the claim will not be equal to real value expected at the time of purchase.

5. This risk comes about in two ways and affects both buyer and seller. First it is a claim and the claimant may default (not pay). The second source of risk is time.

VII. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, якa містіть правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What is the financial instrument?

a)…price system.

b)…money.

c)…a unit of account.

2. What money consists of token coins?

a)…commodity money.

b)…representative money.

c)…credit money.

3. What money can be used for the purchase of goods and services?

a)…credit money.

b)…representative money.

c)…commodity money.

Варіант 3

І. Перепишіть наступні речення , визначте в кожному дієслівну форму і стан дієслова-присудка ( див. зразок 1). Перекладіть речення українською або російською мовою.

1. The design of a new organization structure will be much spoken of.

2. If we assume that the stock of capital is being increased relative to the stocks of the other factors of production, the returns to capital will be diminishing.

3. These products will have been designed by a special team.

4. The precious metals were first used as money on the basis of weight.

5. Units of production are officially referred to as establishments.

6. Underdeveloped countries were being rendered urgent substantial assistance to survive in crop failure.

7. Marketing middlemen have always been seen by the public with some suspicion.

ІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською або російською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one. ( див. зразок 2)

1. It is countries with relatively high wage rates which make the most use of labour-saving machinery.

2. The exhibition in Kyiv is more interesting than that in New - York.

3. In London one must get to used to the left-side traffic.

4. It is difficult to save enough money to start a business.