5. Give sentences using word-combinations from Ex.3, 4.

6. Study the text, and find sentences with the Gerund. Translate them into Ukrainian.

7. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. It is no use renewing this center.

2. It is worth adapting new planning methods to this city.

3. This city center needs restructuring.

4. Everybody understands the reason for establishing multifunctionality.

5. They are engaged in creating conditions for controlled light.

6. The architect is busy listing buildings which need renewing.

7. Town authority doesn’t mind changing the city center.

8. We enjoyed our city center’s having been reconstructed.

9. We don’t know the reason of architect’s changing mind.

10. After having combined different urban functions, they succeeded in building a new center.

V. Talking Assignments

1. Divide the text into logical parts.

2. Express the main idea of each part. Use the following phrases:

– The first (second, third …) part of the text is about …

– It describes (considers, deals with, informs) …

– The author stresses (points out) that …

3. Ask your friend questions in English about their content. Summarize his/her answer:

– Що включає планування міста?

– Якими міста були раніше? Які вони зараз?

– Скільки функцій повинен виконувати багатофункціональний центр?

– З якими проблемами стикаються планувальники?

– Які нові технології допомагають планувати міста?

– Які переваги контрольованого освітлення та вентиляції?

– Які переваги вертикального перевезення?

4. Explain the difference between the terms “multifunctional center” and “unifunctional center”, “productive surface” and “land surface”.

5. Pair-work. Role-play. You are a professor. You are examining one of your students. Ask him questions concerning Modern Urban Planning.

6. Summarize your students’ point of view. Do you agree with them? Give your reasons:

– To start with … ;

– If I am not mistaken … ;

– Frankly speaking … ;

– To tell the truth … ;

– Actually … ;

– I suppose.

7. Give a short summary of the text.

VI. Listening Comprehension

1. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

arbitrary; overlapping functions; seat of institution; resort town; dawn; temple; trade; raw materials; supply of labour; historical continuum; recuperation.

2. Mask the text “Types of Modern Cities” and listen to it attentively:

Text b. Types of Modern Cities

Any classification of cities is somewhat arbitrary. The criteria of classification are a matter of choice. We classify cities according to function, but we recognize that most cities are dedicated to a plurality of overlapping functions. The type is derived from the predominating function. Some cities, of course, are distinct types, such as college towns, one-industry towns, or agricultural trading centers. But such clear distinction is the exception rather than the rule.

To establish a system of classification, we arrange func­tion according to the manner in which it occurred in urban history. There are cities that function as seats of institutions, trading centers, industrial centers, metropolitan centers, and resort towns.

The first mentioned city type, characterized as the seat of- one or several institutions, reaches back into the dawn of urban history when city life was centered around the temple or the palace of the ruler. There were economic reasons, of course, that made the foundation and growth of such cities possible. They were dependent upon an agricultural surplus in the immediate hinterland. Yet the economic function of these early cities was subsidiary to religious worship or secu­lar homage.

The city as a center exclusively for trade and commerce was prominent at another phase of urban development. Such singleness of purpose is unusual for the large city in the contemporary scene. The cities at the shores of the Mediter­ranean Sea in antiquity, however, could be considered pri­marily centers of trade and commerce. Upon these cities the products of a vast rural hinterland converged. Between these cities, products of the hinterland were exchanged. From the urban centers, these products Were distributed to the country population in the region.

In the Middle Ages, urban commerce developed before urban industry. Trade gave a livelihood to merchants and to those engaged in transportation before it stimulated the de­velopment of crafts and industries which were later to replace the commercial activities in importance. In the contemporary scene, we have to look to our agricultural trading centers for a similar type of town.

The industrial city reaches its full development during the industrialization process itself. It is dependent, in both location and growth, upon the availability of raw materials within a favorable range of transportation. It is also depend­ent upon a supply of labour, and not unconcerned with the distance at which the product can be marketed.

In the metropolitan center, the process of urbanization reaches its climax. The metropolitan center is characterized by a multiplicity of functions. It contains industry as well as commerce, educational as well as governmental institu­tions. The metropolitan center feeds on the cumulative pro­cesses of urban growth.

The metropolis may start its development from any of the above mentioned types.

We place the resort town at the very end of our historical continuum. The resort town appears as the outgrowth of a metropolitan way of life that requires specialized services for purposes of human recuperation. The resort is most frequently tied to small urban set­tlements which function simultaneously as agricultural trading centers. Accessibility to metropolitan travelers and a site which appeals through natural catures such as lakes and meadows and mountains are important prerequisites.

Such conditions establish for the indigenous population the opportunity of additional income through boarding houses, hotels, cabins, and artificial recreational facilities.