Death; embryo; adolescent; occur; amount; achieve; subsequent; myelin sheath; push; raise; grasp; listen; quietly; laugh; loud.

Ex. 10. Read the following text:

First year after birth

The stages of life from fertilization to death are as following: 1) the germinal period – fertilization to 14 days; 2) the embryo – 14 to 60 days after fertilization; 3) the fetus – 60 days after fertilization to birth; 4) neonate – birth to 1 month after birth; 5) infant – 1 month to 1 or 2 years; 6) child – 1 or 2 years to puberty; 7) adolescent – puberty (age 11 to 14) to 20 years; 8) adult – age 20 to death.

A great number of changes occur in the life of the newborn from the time of birth until 1 year of age. The time when these changes occur may vary from child to child. The brain is still developing at this time, and much of what the neonate can accomplish depends on the amount of brain development achieved. It is estimated that the total adult number of neurons is present in the central nervous system at birth, but subsequent growth and maturation of the brain involve the addition of new neurological cells, some of which form new myelin sheaths, and addition of new connections between neurons, which may continue throughout life.

By 6 weeks the infant is usually able to hold up its head when placed in a prone position and begins to smile in response to people or object. At 3 months of age the infant’s limbs are exercised aimlessly. However, the arms and hands are in enough control that voluntary thumb sucking can occur. The infant can follow a moving person with eyes. At 4 months the infant begins to do push-ups (i.e., raises itself by its arms). It can begin to grasp things placed in its hand, roll from its back to its side, listen quietly when hearing a person’s voice or music, hold its head erect, and play with its hands. At 5 months the infant can usually laugh out loud, reach for objects, turn its head to follow an object, lift its head and shoulders, sit with support, and roll over. At 8 months the infant can recognize familiar people, sit up without support, and reach for specific objects that it sees. At 12 months the infant may pull itself to a standing position and may be able to walk without support. The infant can pick up objects in its hands and examine them carefully. It can understand much of what is said to it and may say several words of its own.

Ex. 11. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:

Піднімати|підіймати|, підбирати|добирати|; зародок, ембріон; мієлінова| оболонка; діставати, тягнутися до чогось; розвиток; плід; здійснювати|скоювати,чинити|, досягати; перекочувати(ся|ся|), перевертати(ся|ся|); вправляти; довільний; подальший|наступний|, наступний|слідуючий|; новонароджений; смоктання; великий палець (руки); статева зрілість; народження; кінцівка|скінченність|; визнавати; запліднення.

Ex. 12. Translate the text “First Year After Birth” into Ukrainian:

Ex. 13. Insert the missing words:

1. The stages of life are as following: the germinal period; the _; the fetus; neonate; infant; child; _; and adult. 2. A great number of changes _ in the life of the newborn until 1 year of age. 3. The _ is still developing at this time. 4. By 6 weeks the infant is usually able to _ up its head and begins to smile in response to people. 5. At 3 months of age the infant’s limbs are _ aimlessly. 6. The infant can follow a moving person with _. 7. At 4 months the infant begins to do _. 8. It can begin to _ things placed in its hand, _ from its back to its side, hold its head erect, and play with its hands. 9. At 5 months the infant can usually laugh out loud, _ for objects, turn its head to follow an object, lift its head and shoulders, sit with support, and _ over. 10. At 8 months the infant can recognize _ people, sit up without support, and reach for specific objects. 11. At 12 months the infant may _ itself to a standing position and may be able to walk without support. 12. The infant can understand much of what is _ to it and may say several words of its own.

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:

1. What stages of life do you know? 2. Do a great number of changes occur in the life of the newborn during the first year? 3. What changes occur in the brain? 4. What does the infant do by 6 weeks? 5. What changes can occur at 3 months? 6. What does the infant begin to do at 4 months? 7. What can the infant do at 5 months? 8. What can the infant recognize at 8 months? 9. What does the infant do at 12 months?

Ex. 15. Match the following words with their definitions:

1. Embryo	A. Developing human from the ninth week of development until birth.
2. Fetus	B. Process that begins with the penetration of the secondary oocyte by the spermatozoon and is completed with the fusion of the male and female pronuclei.
3. Fertilization	C. Developing human from the second to the eight week of development.
4. Puberty	D. Series of events that transform a child into a mature adult.

Ex. 16. Combine corresponding parts into sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the sentences:

1. The newborn baby, or neonate, experiences _. 2. The ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta and allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation, _. 3. The fetal blood supply passes to the placenta through umbilical arteries from the internal iliac arteries and _. 4. When a baby is born, _. 5. Within the first 8 hours of life, a striking increase in gastric acid secretion occurs, _.

A. returns through the liver and joins the inferior vena cava; B. it is suddenly separated from its source of nutrients provided by the maternal circulation; C. closes off within 1 or 2 days after birth; D. causing the stomach pH to decrease; E. dramatic changes at the time of birth.

Ex. 17. Make up a plan of the text “First Year After Birth”.

Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “First Year After Birth”.

Ex. 19. Speak on the infant’s development during the first year of life.

Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the infant’s development during the first year of life.

Ex. 21. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:

Plumpness| повнота; babyhood| дитинство; toddler| мала дитина|дитя|, що починає ходити; will| воля; бажання; explorer| дослідник; exciting| збуджуючий|збудливий|, такий, що хвилює; explosion| спалах, бурхливе зростання|зріст|; brief| короткий, недовгий; temper| tantrum| напад|приступ| гніву; rake| граблі (садовий інструмент); згрібати; підчищати граблями; alternate| почерговий, (по)змінний, такий, що чергується; descend| спускатися, сходити; imagination| уява; фантазія, уявний образ|зображення|, уявлення|вистава,подання,представлення||; vivid| яскравий; invariably| незмінно.

Ex. 22. Read and translate the following text: