Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on antibiotics.

Ex. 19. Give a summary of the following text:

Penicillin

Penicillin is used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. There are several different kinds of penicillins. Each is used to treat different kinds of bacterial infections. One kind of penicillin usually may not be used in place of another. Penicillins are used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. They are sometimes given with other antibacterial medicines. Carbenicillin is used only to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract and prostate gland. Penicillin G and penicillin V are also used to prevent “strep” infections in patients with a history of rheumatic heart disease. Piperacillin is given by injection to prevent bacterial infections before, during, and after surgery also. Some penicillins may also be used for other problems. However, none of the penicillins will work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Penicillins (except some of them) are best taken with a full glass of water on an empty stomach (either 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals) unless otherwise directed by the doctor. To help clear up the infection completely, keep taking penicillin for the full time of treatment, even if you begin to feel better after a few days. If the patient has a “strep” infection, he/she should keep taking this medicine for at least 10 days. This is especially important in “strep” infections. Serious heart problems could develop later if the infection is not cleared up completely. Also, if a person stops taking this medicine too soon, his/her symptoms may return. Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects, they are difficulty in breathing, skin rash or itching, abdominal or stomach pain, blood in urine, diarrhea, and joint pain.

Ex. 20. Read and translate one of the following abstracts:

AMPICILLIN

Indications: urinary-tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, and gonorrhea.

Cautions: history of allergy; renal impairment; chronic lymphatic leukemia; and possibly HIV infection.

Contra-indications: penicillin hypersensitivity.

Side-effects: nausea, diarrhea; rashes (discontinue treatment); rarely, antibiotic-associated colitis.

Dose: by mouth, 0.25-1 g every 6 hours, at least 30 minutes before food.

Gonorrhea, 2-3.5 g as a single dose with probenecid 1 g.

Urinary-tract infections, 500 mg every 8 hours

By intramuscular injection or intravenous injection or infusion, 500 mg every 4-6 hours; higher doses in meningitis.

Child under 10 years, any route, half adult dose.

TETRACYCLINE

Indications: exacerbations (загострення) of chronic bronchitis; pleural effusions due to malignancy or cirrhosis.

Precautions: hepatic impairment; renal impairment; rarely causes photosensitivity.

Contra-indications: pregnancy and breast-feeding, children under 12 years of age, systemic lupus erythematosus.

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; headache; hepatoxicity.

Dose: by mouth, 250 mg every 6 hours, increased in severe infections to 500 mg every 6-8 hours.

Non-gonococcal urethritis, 500 mg every 6 hours for 7-14 days.

By intravenous infusion, 500 mg every 12 hours; max. 2 g daily.

ERYTHROMYCIN

Indications: alternative to penicillin in hypersensitive patients, pneumonia, syphilis, chronic prostatitis; diphtheria and whooping cough prophylaxis.

Cautions: hepatic impairment; renal impairment; pregnancy and breast-feeding.

Contra-indications: estolate contra-indicated in liver disease.

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea; rashes and other allergic reactions.

Dose: by mouth, Adult and child over 8 years, 250-500 mg every 6 hours or 0.5-1 g every 12 hours; up to 4 g daily in severe infections; Child up to 2 years 125 mg every 6 hours, 2-8 years 250 mg every 6 hours, doses doubled for severe infections.

By intravenous infusion, Adult and Child severe infections, 50 mg/kg daily by continuous infusion or in divided doses every 6 hours; mild infections, 25 mg/kg daily.

OVERVIEW

Antibiotic is a chemical substance that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. The term is used to refer to substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or anti-parasitical activity. Antibiotics can be divided into two groups: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidal antibiotics destroy bacteria, and bacteriostatic antibiotics prevent bacteria from multiplying. Antibiotics are used to treat serious bacterial infections. Each antibiotic is effective only against certain bacteria. Usually, antibiotics are given by mouth, while intravenous antibiotics are used in more serious cases. Antibiotics may also sometimes be administered topically. One of the more common side effects is diarrhea. Some side effects may disrupt the function of the kidneys, liver, bone marrow, or other organs.