Foods to cut down on

Sugar gives you energy but has no other benefits; it rots your teeth and too much of it makes you overweight.

Too much fat can make you overweight. Animal fat, which is found in foods such as meat and butter, contains a substance called cholesterol. Over time, this can cause your arteries to get blocked and lead to heart disease.

Some foods, for example milk shakes, ice cream and cookies are mostly fat and sugary.

The goal of HIV Prevention Education is to empower individuals with the knowledge and skills to practice the lowest level of risk behaviour acceptable to them.

How people get infected with HIV. Anyone can become infected with HIV, regardless of age, sex, race, and sexual orientation. HIV is in the blood and semen or vaginal secretions of someone with HIV infection. It is most commonly transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person in the following ways:

• By using contaminated (already used) needles, syringes and drug equipment for injecting drugs, including vitamins or steroids, tattooing, body piercing and acupuncture;

• From HIV-infected mother to child either before or during birth and through breast milk;

• Through any sex without using latex condoms with someone who has HIV.

The virus has also been transmitted by receiving blood transfusions, blood components, tissues, organs, from donors infected with the virus.

How HIV is not transmitted. HIV is not transmitted through the air and by normal day-to-day contact between people (at home, school, work, or elsewhere in the community);

• Touching, coughing, sneezing or dry kissing;

• Contact with toilet seats, eating utensils, water fountains or telephones;

• Being close to other people in the classroom, restaurants, crowded bus or other facility;

• Mosquitoes or other biting insects;

• Donating blood;

• Tears, saliva or sweat.

1. Additional words and expressions:

I would like to make an appointment Будьте ласкаві, я б хотів записатися

with the doctor …, please на прийом до лікаря...

I’m a new patient Я звертаюся в перший раз

I’m not a resident of the area Я не місцевий житель

I have … o’clock appointment Я записаний на …

Some people are allergic to additives, such as food dyes and preservatives, which are put into many foods.

Are we being poisoned by our food?

Scientists have discovered that a huge range of everyday food contains potentially dangerous levels of a cancer-causing toxin. Is this just another food scare, or should we be worrying about acrylamide?

What is acrylamide? It is a chemical that is widely used in industry, particularly in the manufacture of plastics. Highly toxic, it has been shown to cause nerve damage in humans, and has been linked to infertility. The US Environmental Protection Agency lists acrylamide, which causes tumours in rats, as a “probable” human carcinogen, and has limited the maximum permitted level in American drinking water to 0.5 parts per billion. In Europe, the permitted level for acrylamide left on food from packaging is no more than ten parts per billion.

How does acrylamide get into food? Nobody really knows, but tests suggest that it is the cooking process, rather than the food itself, that is responsible. The chemical, which is not present in raw produce, seems to be generated whenever certain foods are backed, microwaved, fried or grilled at temperatures above 120°C. the longer food is cooked at high temperatures, the higher the acrylamide content is likely to be. “I would say that boiling is the only safe cooking method,” says Dr Margareta Tornqvist, the Swedish scientist who first alerted the world to the danger.

Should we be changing our diets? At the moment, the scientific establishment is urging people not to worry about acrylamide, not least because there is no evidence that the substance is a human carcinogen. According to the WHO, the levels the average person consumes are probably lower than those found to cause nerve damage in rats. On the other hand, it would do us no harm to cut back on fatty, fried foods such as crisps and chips, and eat more fruit and vegetables. So if the acrylamide scare encourages people to do that, they will indeed be better off.

In an attempt to create nicer-looking, longer-lasting, more nutritional food, scientists have played around with the genetic structure of food such as fruit and vegetables, soya and corn.

People who have HIV in their bodies are said to have HIV infection or to be HIV-positive. HIV damages the body’s immune system. The immune system normally protects the body from disease. HIV infection is a disease with many stages. An HIV-infected person can range from being healthy to being very sick the length of time between becoming HIV-infected and being diagnosed with AIDS varies from person to person. Some people have had HIV infection for 12 years or longer and still do not have an AIDS diagnosis. However, the average length of time between becoming infected with HIV and being diagnosed with AIDS is approximately eight to ten years. An HIV-infected people may look and feel healthy. They may not even know that they are infected. AIDS is the stage when an HIV-infected person’s immune system gets very weak. When this happens, other diseases and infections can enter the body.

A diagnosis of AIDS is made when a person develops one or more of several specific diseases (pneumonia and sarcoma) or conditions that indicate critical impairment of the immune system.

Scientists who track the spread of HIV/AIDS disease estimated that:

• 60 million people worldwide have been infected with HIV;

• 36 million HIV infected people are ill now with AIDS;

• There are 10 million HIV infected teenagers and young people worldwide;

• 13 million children are orphaned by AIDS;

• 16.000 people become infected with HIV every day;

• Most new HIV infections occur in young people aged 14-24;

• Ukraine with 280.000 HIV infections is the most affected country in Eastern Europe;

• Ukraine has the fastest growing rate of HIV infection in Europe;

• Most HIV infected people don’t know they are infected;

• United Nations officials believe the actual number of causes is four times higher;

• AIDS is an epidemic. The number of people infected with HIV have increased dramatically each year.

The epidemic situation in Ukraine is evident. Many of us don’t want to notice it! First of all, English teachers should remember that HIV/AIDS disease arrive in our country from abroad. That’s why we also need to teach our students to protect themselves from death and to stop spreading of the plague of the XXI century.

Many products on the shelves of the supermarkets in big countries already contain genetically engineered ingredients, and many more are ready to be introduced over the next few years.

So what is genetic modification (GM)? GM food is created by taking DNA from one organism and putting it into another. Many people feel that there has not been enough research done into genetic change, and that our entire food chain could be in danger.

A leading genetist, Dr. Michael Antoniou said: “Once released into the environment, genetic mistakes cannot be cleaned up, but will be passed on to all future generations indefinitely”.

Lesson 15.

Topic: Food and Meals.