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Тема 8. The Gerund

Is a non-finite form of a verb and possesses the features of a noun and a verb. It describes an activity as a developing process. The Gerund is used

after certain verbs

to begin, to continue, to like, to finish, to try, to want, to intend, to avoid, to hope, to promise, to recommend ……

after verbs with prepositions

To depend on, to insist on, to object to, to prevent from, to rely on, to succeed in, , to result from;

after word combinations with prepositions

be aware of, to be sure of, to be proud of, to be glad at, to be worth while, no use, cannot help

after certain nouns

Pleasure of, reason for, skill in, objection to, intention of, apologize for; a way of solving the problem;

after compound prepositions

instead of, due to, owing to; with a view to ; for the purpose of; with the object of (для того чтобы); on account of ( ввиду, вследствие,)

In the sentence the gerund can fill a position of a subject, a predicate, an object ( direct or indirect) , an attribute and adverbial modifier.

The Gerund can be translated by

  • noun,

  • infinitive,

  • adverbial participle (причастие)

  • subordinate clause

Examples

Gerund as Subject

  1. Not keeping pace with the time must cause in the end great disbalance in economy.

  2. Setting up a common European market was a long and complicated process.

  3. Putting things off till tomorrow can no longer be tolerated.

  4. Selling candidates like soap is widely spread in the election campaigns of the USA.

  5. Arm-twisting is the policy of the ruling circles in the junta ruled regimes.

Gerund as Object

  1. Instead of setting territorial disputes by negotiations, Iraq started military aggression against Kuwait.

  2. The military Commission set up after the Korean war accused the US of having deployed some 1,000 nuclear warheads in South Korea.

  3. Labour MPs called on the government to ban the German ship from entering Britain with its cargo of 2,000 tons of toxic chemicals.

  4. We think that jointly with the previous US Ad­ministration we had done a great deal for making specific decisions.

  5. Committee objected to taking any decision without a thorough discussion. The problem needs urgent attending to.

  6. The NATO ministers' meeting in Portugal accused Russia of having modernized long-range nuclear weapons and called on it to bring them down to current NATO levels.

Gerund as Attribute

  1. There was the arms race imposed on us in 1980s with a view to wearing us down economically and picturing the USSR as a military threat to peace.

  2. The task of placing the nuclear power engineering under the effective public control is a key problem at the moment.

  3. There are ways of democratic planning and ways of combining elements of planning with the market conditions.

  4. The time for juggling with economic and political words is over.

  5. American and Iraqi officials formed a peace committee with a definite purpose of arriving at an agreed settlement.

  6. The task of preserving peace and ensuring universal security was so pressing that it concerned everyone — politicians, business people and scientists.

Gerund as Adverbial Modifier

  1. Distrust and hostility must be overcome by deepening international detente.

  2. Major savings could be made in military spendings after having taken a wide range of steps in disarmament.

  3. The treaty cannot be signed without solving all disputable problems.

  4. After visiting Westminster Abbey, the Russian President and his wife made an unscheduled stop to chat with numerous cheering crowds.

  5. In proclaiming its modified economic policy the Russian Government must convince the international community that it has the will and ability to make a breakthrough.

  6. Fully in keeping with the spirit of time Russia has adopted a course towards market economy.

Задание 5. Prepared Translation

From the news press

21. Ирак заявляет, что он не производит биологического оружия

В Ираке иностранные журналисты в субботу имели возможность убедиться в том, что в стране не ведутся работы по про­изводству биологического оружия. Они по­сетили одно из главных иранских произ­водств по разработке и выпуску пестицидов и удобрений в Аль-Хакам. Там установле­ны 16 камер, которые передают центру ООН в Багдаде все, что делается в Аль-Ха-каме. Как сообщили журналистам, все обо­рудование в Аль-Хакаме произведено в Ираке после войны в Персидском заливе.

Переводческие решения

1. ... журналистам сообщили ...

No Production of Biological Weapons, Iraq Claims

In Iraq foreign reporters had a chance on Saturday to make sure that no work was being carried out in the country on the production of biological weapons. The

reporters visited Iraq's main enterprise developing and producing pesticides and fertilizers at Al Hakarn. Sixteen cameras have been installed, which send back to the UN centre in Baghdad pictures of eve­rything done at Al Hakam. The journalists were told that all the facilities in use there had been made in Iraq since the Gulf War.

Translator's Decisions

1.

., the journalists were told

22. Поездка дипломатов

ООН организовала в субботу поездку в столицу Афганистана Кабул дипломатов, постоянно работающих в Пакистане. Дип­ломаты из США, Дании, Великобритании, Норвегии, Швеции, Голландии, Японии и Европейского союза ознакомились с ходом проведения ООН гуманитарных акций в Кабуле. Представители западных стран пообещали продолжить выделение финан­совой помощи на реализацию гуманитар­ных программ Организации объединен­ных наций. Однако они отказались выде­лить какие-либо средства президенту Аф­ганистана Рабани. ООН пытается вопло­тить в жизнь мирный проект, согласно ко­торому президент Раббани передаст власть многопартийному Совету. Дипломаты так­же посетили наиболее пострадавшие райо­ны афганской столицы.

Переводческие решения

  1. ... выделение финансовой помощи ...

  2. ... выделить средства ...

  3. ... воплотить в жизнь ...

  4. ... наиболее пострадавшие районы ...

22. A Trip for Diplomats

On Saturday the UN organized a trip to the Afghan capital Kabul for diplomats who work permanently in Pakistan. Diplo­mats from the US, Denmark, Britain, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Japan and the European Union became acquainted witli the programme of UN humanitarian aid in Kabul. Western representatives have promised to go on allotting financial help for such aid programmes but have refused to allocate any funds to Afghan President Rabani. The UN is trying to effect a peace project whereby President Rabani will hand over power to a multi-party Council. The diplomats also visited the worst-hit regions of the Afghan capital.

Translation's Decisions

  1. ... allotting financial help ...

  2. ... to allocate any funds ...

  3. ... to effect ...

  4. ... the worst-hit regions ...

23. Ловись, рыбка ...

Российско-японские отношения чуть было не дали трещину, когда российская береговая охрана задержала два японских рыболовных траулера в проливе Лаперу-за, между северным японским островом Хоккайдо и российским Сахалином.

Японские официальные представите­ли согласились с заявлением России о том, что траулеры находились в российских территориальных водах; капитан одного судна был ранен и отправлен в сахалин­ский военный госпиталь. По утверждению российских властей, всего было обнаруже­но 10 японских кораблей-нарушителей Это уже шестой за текущий год инци­дент, во время которых были ранены три японских рыбака. Меньше чем 3 месяца остается до парламентских выборов в Рос­сии, и подобный конфликт может сыграть на руку националистически настроенным политикам.

Популярной темой текущей предвы­борной кампании стали требования воз­рождения утраченного Россией политиче­ского и военного лидерства; насторожен­ность российского дальневосточного насе­ления к Японии и другим азиатским стра­нам все усиливается.

В наши дни японская рыболовецкая промышленность испытывает сильное коммерческое давление—это-то и толкну­ло капитанов траулеров на заход в спор­ные воды. Поиск японскими траулерами новых рыболовецких территорий вновь возродил спор о территориальной принад­лежности Курил, омываемых богатыми рыбой водами.

Россия усиленно охраняет свою 12-мильную пограничную зону и требует от Японии платы за право рыболовства в зоне спорных островов.

23. Fishy Relations

Russo-Japanese relations nearly cracked when coast-guards detained two Japanese trawlers in the La Perouse Strait between Hokkaido, the most northerly Japanese island, and the Russian island of Sakhalin.

Japanese officials agreed with the statement made by Russia, which said that the trawlers had really been in Rus­sia's territorial waters. The captain of one of the vessels had been wounded and was sent to the military hospital on Sakhalin, according to the Russian authorities the number of Japanese vessels, which had violated Russia's waters, was ten. This is already the sixth incident this year in which a total of three Japanese fishermen have been wounded. With less than three months left before parliamen­tary elections in Russia this conflict may play into the hands of nationalist-minded politicians.

During the current election campaign it has become popular to demand that Russia regain its former political and military leadership. The cautious attitude of Russia's Far-Eastern population to­wards Japan is gaining strength.

These days the Japanese fishing in­dustry is experiencing strong commercial pressure and it is this fact that has pushed the trawler captains to enter dis­puted waters. The search by Japanese trawlers for new fishing grounds has re­vived the dispute about who owns the Kuril islands and their fish-rich waters.

Russia strenuously guards its 12-mile limits, and is demanding that Japan should pay for the right to fish in the zone of the disputed islands.

Задание 6. Interview

Interview with Koji Sugimori,

(he onetime secretary of the Socialist Party and general secretary of Japan's Association for Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries

Q: Г-н Сугимори, Японию всегда приводили в пример как страну, где произошло «экономическое чудо», страну с очень стабильной национальной валютой и высокой заработной платой. Одна­ко после недавнего кризиса многие экономисты высказывают все больше критических слов в адрес Японии. Выходит, что «чудо» за­кончилось?

A: Japan has entered a period of stagnation. The task our society set itself after the Second World War, namely, achieving a high rate of industrial growth and abundance (изобилие) of everything, has been virtually fulfilled. But politicians whose job is to map out a development course for the state have likewise found themselves trapped in a blind alley (тупик). Which way to take, what landmarks to otter to society? Alas, today they do not know answers to these questions.

Q: Многие ли в Японии разделяют ваши взгляды?

A: The situation is so obviously alarming that it is difficult to remain in blissful (блаженное) ignorance for long. There is a whole range of research centres and groups now looking for a way out of the current crisis. There is even the new Party, a recent addition to Japan's political spectrum, that emerged under the slogan of a change of landmarks. I mean there is a kind of "brainstorming" of the problem going at the moment. And the main objective of our Political Innovation Forum is to dislodge (вывести) society from the dead point.

Q: Выходит, что одними только мерами экономического харак­тера ситуацию не выправить? Проблема более многогранна?

A: You are perfectly right. Therefore, the work we do goes along several lines. These include political reform, efforts to harmonize society's development with the environment, relationships with the outside world and studies of the situation in other countries, among them Russia and the CIS.

Q: Как вы думаете, каково место России в той картине, которую вы нарисовали?

A: The Soviet Union was habitually regarded as a superpower thanks to its economic and military, notably nuclear, potential. As it is increasingly obvious now, the whole thing was largely a fraud. Now even IM F and CIA experts realized the depth of the crisis your economy had been plunged in. And I suppose even your military might was grossly overrated. The USSR was just another colossus with feet of clay, which is now plain to anyone. Sadly, Russia seems to have inherited the worst of the USSR and lost what was good there. Her position in the world’s politics and economics has shrunk.

Задание 6. Note Taking

К о н т р о л ь н ы е т е к с т ы

на абзацно-фразовый перевод и/или перевод с листа (ПСЛ) на рус/англ язык

. The credit card, an idea born 50 years ago when an absent-minded businessman dining out left his wallet elsewhere, now provides financial convenience for an estimated 157 million Americans — close to the adult population of some 200 million.

2. For Miss Smith, of Washington, the cards' convenience means that when she flies on her frequent trips to Europe, she often takes less than $20 cash. "There are two things I check before I go on a trip: my passport and plastic," she said.

3. She carries five or six cards — close to the U.S. average. And she uses her ATM card in machines overseas to get local currency.

4. Credit cards were paper originally, like library cards. They didn't become plastic until 1959, a move by American Express to make them less vulnerable to fraud and easier to process.

5. The first card is said to have appeared in 1950. Businessman Frank McNamara had dined at Major's Cabin Grill in Manhattan reaching for his wallet, realized he had left it at home. Fortunately, his wife paid the tab, but McNamara wondered if a different solution could be found.

6. At a later meal at Major's, McNamara tried paying with a small cardboard card bearing his signature, which he dubbed a diner's club card — and it worked.

7. McNamara and his attorney founded Diners Club, now owned by banking giant Citigroup.

UNIT 13

Задание 1. Мнемотехника

1.1 С момента зарождения Земли не прошло не одно столетие без войны

Ученые из Кембриджа провели историческое исследование, выяснив при этом, что с момента зарождения Земли не прошло не одно столетие без войны. Историки посчитали, что примерно на три года мира приходится семь лет войны. Войны всегда несут собой смерть и разрушения. Но помимо этого они несут и технический прогресс: гонку вооружений и технологий. Правительства всех стран тратят огромные средства для усовершенствования вооружения своих армий, финансируя при этом и научные открытия.

1.2.WAR QUOTES

  1. All they that take the sword, shall perish with the sword.(The Bible)

  2. History teaches that war begins when governments believe the price of aggression is cheap.(Ronald Reagan)

  3. Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed.(Mao Zedong)

  4. The death of one man is a tragedy. The death of millions is a statistic.(Josef Stalin)

  5. The victor will never be asked if he told the truth.(Adolf Hitler)

  6. Their sword will become our plow, and from the tears of war the daily bread of future generations will grow.(Adolf Hitler)

  7. England has been offered a choice between war and shame. She has chosen shame and will get war.(Winston Churchill)

  8. Older men declare war. But it is youth that must fight and die (Herbert C. Hoover)

  9. I'm fed up to the ears with old men dreaming up wars for young men to die in.(George McGovern)

  10. Join the army, see the world, meet interesting people, and kill them (Unknown)

  11. All war represents a failure of diplomacy.(Tony Benn)

  12. An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind. (Mahatma Gandhi)

  13. An unjust peace is better than a just war.(Cicero)

  14. Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and not clothed.(Dwight D. Eisenhower)

  15. God is not on the side of the big battalions, but on the side of those who shoot best.(Voltaire)

  16. War does not determine who is right - only who is left.(Bertrand Russell)

  17. Mankind must put an end to war before war puts an end to mankind.(John F. Kennedy)

  18. We have to face the fact that either all of us are going to die together or we are going to learn to live together and if we are to live together we have to talk.(Eleanor Roosevelt)

Задание 3. Грамматические трудности перевода

Tema 9. Gerund Clause

  1. Would you mind our taking part in the discussion?

  2. Our being tired is easy to explain.

  3. There is high probability of their being invited to the congress as special quests.

  4. The manager insisted on all the employees getting bonuses.

  5. We insisted on its being signed immediately

  6. We objected to the buyer’s paying only part of the invoice amount.

  7. President Coleman’s being late was accepted with patience.

  8. They objected to the talks being held without all the parties represented.

  9. Such result may be accounted for by their having started the experiment in the middle of the year.

  10. Newton’s having discovered the laws of mechanics determined the development of science for many years to come.

  11. I have no objection to your coming late.

  12. We are concerned about the company's trading in raw materials.

  13. She was very much surprised at his being so worried about the incident.

  14. Do you know the reason for the miners stopping work?

  15. Some parents don't approve of their children watching a lot of television.

  16. His being a foreigner and an ex-enemy was bad enough.

  17. I can't imagine your mother approving of what you are doing.

  18. He was against my going there alone.

  19. I remember his saying it.

  20. I object to children going out on such a windy day.

  21. He insisted on my sister's coming with us.

We know of Kondakov’s having made the first synthetic rubber in the world.

Задание 2. Note Taking

К о н т р о л ь н ы е т е к с т ы

на абзацно-фразовый перевод и/или перевод с листа (ПСЛ) на рус/англ язык

Дорогие друзья!

Позвольте мне сердечно при­ветствовать Вас, господин президент, Вас, господа руководители прави­тельств и всех наших гостей на этом приеме. Нам доставляет всегда боль­шую радость возможность принимать вас, дорогие друзья, в качестве гостей нашей страны, или хотя бы нашего посольства во все растущей и обновляющейся столице России.

Я преисполнен глубокого желания выразить свою сердечную благодар­ность за то радушное гостеприимство, с которым меня и мою супругу теперь, как и всегда раньше, приняли здесь.

Вчера в Кремле во время встречи с высшим руководством государства у нас была большая, дружественная, откровенная и прямая беседа об от­ношениях между нашими странами и по многим международным вопро­сам. После того, во время устроен­ного Вами в Кремле завтрака, Вы, господин президент, ссылаясь на эту беседу, изложили позицию Рос­сии по вопросу положения в Евро­пе. Позвольте мне теперь ответить на Вашу речь, хотя для этого необхо­димо провести более широкие, чем обыкновенно, обоснования.

CONFERENCE

NON-POPULAR WARS

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