Famous People
J
ames
Watt (1736—1819)
James Watt, Scottish inventor and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution. While working at the University of Glasgow as an instrument maker, Watt was asked to repair a model of Thomas Newcomen's steam engine. Watt who was quite skilled with his hands made the repairs. The engine just barely worked, and after much experimentation he showed that about 80% of the heat of the steam was consumed in heating the cylinder, because the steam in it was condensed by an injected stream of cold water. In his new working model he caused the steam to condense in a separate chamber apart from the piston, and maintained the temperature of the cylinder at the same temperature as the injected steam. He devised improvements that resulted in a new type of engine (patented in 1769) with a separate condensing chamber, an air pump to bring steam into the chamber, and parts of the engine insulated. He also perfected a rotary engine. Matthew Boulton, the great industrialist, financed Watt's work and was his partner (1775-80) in manufacturing the engines at Soho near Birmingham. Watt introduced the term horsepower. The watt, a unit of electrical power, was named for him.
Unit V. The Absolute Participle Construction
Read the following sentences. State the voice and the tense forms of the predicates. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the absolute participle construction.
Any moving object can do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.
There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all forms of energy.
An object losing its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy.
The electric current passing through the device, we can measure light intensity.
Different types of materials for current collectors having been discussed, engineers chose steel and copper as the best ones.
There being no atmosphere on the Moon, its surface is exposed to direct sunlight.
The speed of light being extremely high, we cannot measure it using ordinary methods.
The falling water loses its potential energy, that energy changing into kinetic energy.
The necessary data having been obtained, we could proceed with our experiment.
The turbine drives the electric generator, the latter producing electric energy.
All the necessary preparations having been done, the operator began
to assemble the engine.
The article deals with optical electronics, particular attention being paid to lasers.
The temperature of the fluid increasing, its density decreases.
Electrical devices find a wide application in every house, a refrigerator being one of them.
The device consists of two electrodes, one of them being coated with photoemissive material.
Read the following text. Find the predicate in each sentence and state the voice and the tense form. Which of the sentences contain the absolute participle construction? Translate the text into Russian.