Famous People
T
homas
Newcomen (1663-1729)
Thomas newcomen was a blacksmith, plumber, and tinsmith by trade, and baptist lay preacher by calling. He was born in Dartmouth, England, near a part of the country noted for a number of tin mines. Flooding was a major problem, restricting the depth at which the mineral could be mined. Newcomen perfected a steam engine for pumping water. He developed the steam engine with his business partner Thomas Savery in 1712. A boiler was connected to a cylinder, in which a piston was lifted by the pressure of steam. At the top of the stroke, cold water was sprayed into the cylinder. This condensed the steam, causing a vacuum, and atmospheric pressure acting on the top of the open cylinder forced the piston down again, completing the cycle. This downward stroke was the power stroke, so the device became known as an atmospheric engine. Newcomen's engine had more than a few drawbacks, among which was its inefficiency. It was expensive to run because the cold-water spray, besides condensing the steam, also cooled the cylinder which was heated again at the next cycle. Constant heating and cooling meant the boiler required more fuel, but this was not a problem where the engine was designed to be used - in coalmines. The first Newcomen engine went into operation at a coal mine at Dudley Castle in Staffordshire in 1712.
Unit IV. Perfect Participle and Participle II (special cases)
Read the following sentences. State the voice and the tense forms of the predicates. Find perfect participle or participle II in each sentence and explain the use of them. Translate the sentences into Russian.
Having changed the voltage they could proceed with the experiment.
Having been heated to 1C ice began to melt.
Having explained the structure and mechanics of the Universe Newton laid down the law of Universal Gravitation.
Having evaluated the data we shall next turn to their interpretation.
Having been given due attention the problem was successfully solved.
Having explained the methods used in our analysis we must report about the results.
Having made the measurements we can process the data. Having been insulated with rubber, the line was tested under unfavourable conditions.
Given the volume and the specific gravity, it is easy to calculate the weight of a body.
Rutherford’s research work followed by many experiments of other scientists made a great contribution to physics.
Given the weight and the specific gravity of a body, you can calculate its volume.
Stated in a simple form the hypothesis runs as follows.
Recrystallization followed by extraction gave good results.
The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably.
Hydrogen is the lightest element known.
Read the following text. Find the predicate in each sentence and state the voice and the tense form. Which of the sentences contain participles? Translate the text into Russian.